Harri Holma and Antti Toskala are both with Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN), Finland,  working on cutting edge technologies for mobile communications today.  They are actively involved with 3GPP Standardisation and product development.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xvAcknowledgements xviiList of Abbreviations xix1 Introduction 1Harri Holma and Antti Toskala1.1 Introduction 11.2 Radio Technology Convergence Towards LTE 11.3 LTE Capabilities 31.4 Underlying Technology Evolution 41.5 Traffic Growth 41.6 LTE-Advanced Schedule 61.7 LTE-Advanced Overview 61.8 Summary 72 LTE-Advanced Standardization 8Antti Toskala2.1 Introduction 82.2 LTE-Advanced and IMT-Advanced 82.3 LTE-Advanced Requirements 92.4 LTE-Advanced Study and Specification Phases 102.5 Further LTE-Advanced 3GPP Releases 112.6 LTE-Advanced Specifications 112.7 Conclusions 12References 123 LTE Release 8 and 9 Overview 14Antti Toskala3.1 Introduction 143.2 Physical Layer 143.3 Architecture 223.4 Protocols 233.5 EPC and IMS 263.6 UE Capability and Differences in Release 8 and 9 273.7 Conclusions 28References 294 Downlink Carrier Aggregation 30Mieszko Chmiel and Antti Toskala4.1 Introduction 304.2 Carrier Aggregation Principle 304.3 Protocol Impact from Carrier Aggregation 334.4 Physical Layer Impact from Carrier Aggregation 384.5 Performance 424.6 Band Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 464.7 Conclusions 48Reference 495 Uplink Carrier Aggregation 50Jari Lindholm, Claudio Rosa, Hua Wang and Antti Toskala5.1 Introduction 505.2 Uplink Carrier Aggregation Principle 505.3 Protocol Impacts from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 515.4 Physical Layer Impact from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 525.5 Performance 565.6 Band Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 615.7 Conclusions 62References 626 Downlink MIMO 63Timo Lunttila, Peter Skov and Antti Toskala6.1 Introduction 636.2 Downlink MIMO Enhancements Overview 636.3 Protocol Impact from Downlink MIMO Enhancements 646.4 Physical Layer Impact from Downlink MIMO 656.5 Performance 706.6 Conclusions 73References 747 Uplink MIMO 75Timo Lunttila, Kari Hooli, YuYu Yan and Antti Toskala7.1 Introduction 757.2 Uplink MIMO Enhancements Overview 757.3 Protocol Impacts from Uplink MIMO 767.4 Physical Layer Impacts from Uplink MIMO 777.4.1 Uplink Reference Signal Structure 777.4.2 MIMO Transmission for Uplink Data 797.4.3 MIMO Transmission for Uplink Control Signalling 827.4.4 Multi-User MIMO Transmission in the Uplink 827.5 Performance 837.6 Conclusions 84References 858 Heterogeneous Networks 86Harri Holma, Patrick Marsch and Klaus Pedersen8.1 Introduction 868.2 Base Station Classes 878.3 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management 898.3.1 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management in Idle State 908.3.2 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management in the Connected State 918.3.3 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management with Femto Cells 918.3.4 WiFi Offloading 928.4 Interference Management 948.4.1 Static Interference Avoidance through Frequency Reuse Patterns 968.4.2 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Frequency Domain 978.4.3 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Time Domain 988.4.4 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Power Domain 1018.5 Performance Results 1018.5.1 Macro and Outdoor Pico Scenarios 1028.5.2 Macro and Femto Scenarios 1058.6 Local IP Access (LIPA) 1078.7 Summary 108References 1089 Relays 110Harri Holma, Bernhard Raaf and Simone Redana9.1 Introduction 1109.2 General Overview 1119.3 Physical Layer 1129.3.1 Inband and Outband Relays 1129.3.2 Sub-frames 1139.3.3 Retransmissions 1159.3.4 Relays Compared to Repeaters 1169.3.5 Relays in TD-LTE 1189.4 Architecture and Protocols 1189.4.1 Sub-frame Configuration with Relay Nodes 1189.4.2 Bearer Usage with Relay Nodes 1199.4.3 Packet Header Structure in the Relay Interface 1209.4.4 Attach Procedure 1219.4.5 Handovers 1219.4.6 Autonomous Neighbour Relations 1229.5 Radio Resource Management 1249.6 Coverage and Capacity 1259.6.1 Coverage Gain 1269.6.2 User Throughput Gains 1289.6.3 Cost Analysis 1299.7 Relay Enhancements 1309.8 Summary 132References 13210 Self-Organizing Networks (SON) 135Cinzia Sartori and Harri Holma10.1 Introduction 13510.2 SON Roadmap in 3GPP Releases 13510.3 Self-Optimization 13710.3.1 Mobility Robustness Optimization 13710.3.2 Mobility Load Balancing 14210.3.3 Minimization of Drive Tests 14210.3.4 MDT Management and Reporting 14410.3.5 Energy Savings 14510.3.6 eNodeB Overlay 14610.3.7 Capacity-Limited Network 14710.3.8 Capacity and Coverage Optimization 14810.4 Self-Healing 15010.4.1 Cell Outage Compensation 15010.5 SON Features in 3GPP Release 11 15110.6 Summary 151References 15211 Performance Evaluation 153Harri Holma and Klaus Pedersen11.1 Introduction 15311.2 LTE-Advanced Targets 15411.2.1 ITU Evaluation Environments 15511.3 LTE-Advanced Performance Evaluation 15611.3.1 Peak Data Rates 15611.3.2 UE Categories 15711.3.3 ITU Efficiency Evaluation 15811.3.4 3GPP Efficiency Evaluation 16011.4 Network Capacity and Coverage 16311.5 Summary 165References 16512 Release 11 and Outlook Towards Release 12 166Timo Lunttila, Rapeepat Ratasuk, Jun Tan, Amitava Ghosh and Antti Toskala12.1 Introduction 16612.2 Release 11 LTE-Advanced Content 16612.3 Advanced LTE UE Receiver 16812.3.1 Overview of MMSE-MRC and MMSE-IRC Methods 16912.3.2 Performance of UE Receiver using IRC and its Comparisonto MRC Receiver for Various DL Transmit Modes 17012.4 Machine Type Communications 17212.5 Carrier Aggregation Enhancements 17712.6 Enhanced Downlink Control Channel 17912.7 Release 12 LTE-Advanced Outlook 18112.8 Conclusions 183References 18313 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception 184Harri Holma, Kari Hooli, Pasi Kinnunen, Troels Kolding, PatrickMarsch and Xiaoyi Wang13.1 Introduction 18413.2 CoMP Concept 18413.3 Radio Network Architecture Options 18713.4 Downlink CoMP Transmission 19013.4.1 Enablers for Downlink CoMP in 3GPP 19113.4.2 Signal Processing and RRM for CoMP 19213.4.3 Other Implementation Aspects 19413.5 Uplink CoMP Reception 19413.6 Downlink CoMP Gains 19813.7 Uplink CoMP Gains 20113.8 CoMP Field Trials 20413.9 Summary 205References 20514 HSPA Evolution 206Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho14.1 Introduction 20614.2 Multicarrier Evolution 20614.3 Multiantenna Evolution 20814.4 Multiflow Transmission 21114.5 Small Packet Efficiency 21314.6 Voice Evolution 21514.6.1 Adaptive Multirate Wideband (AMR-WB) Voice Codec 21514.6.2 Voice Over IP (VoIP) 21514.6.3 CS Voice Over HSPA (CSoHSPA) 21514.6.4 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC) 21514.7 Advanced Receivers 21514.7.1 Advanced UE Receivers 21514.7.2 Advanced NodeB Receivers 21614.8 Flat Architecture 21714.9 LTE Interworking 21814.10 Summary 218References 219Index 221

Harri Holma and Antti Toskala are both with Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN), Finland,  working on cutting edge technologies for mobile communications today.  They are actively involved with 3GPP Standardisation and product development.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xvAcknowledgements xviiList of Abbreviations xix1 Introduction 1Harri Holma and Antti Toskala1.1 Introduction 11.2 Radio Technology Convergence Towards LTE 11.3 LTE Capabilities 31.4 Underlying Technology Evolution 41.5 Traffic Growth 41.6 LTE-Advanced Schedule 61.7 LTE-Advanced Overview 61.8 Summary 72 LTE-Advanced Standardization 8Antti Toskala2.1 Introduction 82.2 LTE-Advanced and IMT-Advanced 82.3 LTE-Advanced Requirements 92.4 LTE-Advanced Study and Specification Phases 102.5 Further LTE-Advanced 3GPP Releases 112.6 LTE-Advanced Specifications 112.7 Conclusions 12References 123 LTE Release 8 and 9 Overview 14Antti Toskala3.1 Introduction 143.2 Physical Layer 143.3 Architecture 223.4 Protocols 233.5 EPC and IMS 263.6 UE Capability and Differences in Release 8 and 9 273.7 Conclusions 28References 294 Downlink Carrier Aggregation 30Mieszko Chmiel and Antti Toskala4.1 Introduction 304.2 Carrier Aggregation Principle 304.3 Protocol Impact from Carrier Aggregation 334.4 Physical Layer Impact from Carrier Aggregation 384.5 Performance 424.6 Band Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 464.7 Conclusions 48Reference 495 Uplink Carrier Aggregation 50Jari Lindholm, Claudio Rosa, Hua Wang and Antti Toskala5.1 Introduction 505.2 Uplink Carrier Aggregation Principle 505.3 Protocol Impacts from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 515.4 Physical Layer Impact from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 525.5 Performance 565.6 Band Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 615.7 Conclusions 62References 626 Downlink MIMO 63Timo Lunttila, Peter Skov and Antti Toskala6.1 Introduction 636.2 Downlink MIMO Enhancements Overview 636.3 Protocol Impact from Downlink MIMO Enhancements 646.4 Physical Layer Impact from Downlink MIMO 656.5 Performance 706.6 Conclusions 73References 747 Uplink MIMO 75Timo Lunttila, Kari Hooli, YuYu Yan and Antti Toskala7.1 Introduction 757.2 Uplink MIMO Enhancements Overview 757.3 Protocol Impacts from Uplink MIMO 767.4 Physical Layer Impacts from Uplink MIMO 777.4.1 Uplink Reference Signal Structure 777.4.2 MIMO Transmission for Uplink Data 797.4.3 MIMO Transmission for Uplink Control Signalling 827.4.4 Multi-User MIMO Transmission in the Uplink 827.5 Performance 837.6 Conclusions 84References 858 Heterogeneous Networks 86Harri Holma, Patrick Marsch and Klaus Pedersen8.1 Introduction 868.2 Base Station Classes 878.3 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management 898.3.1 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management in Idle State 908.3.2 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management in the Connected State 918.3.3 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management with Femto Cells 918.3.4 WiFi Offloading 928.4 Interference Management 948.4.1 Static Interference Avoidance through Frequency Reuse Patterns 968.4.2 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Frequency Domain 978.4.3 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Time Domain 988.4.4 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Power Domain 1018.5 Performance Results 1018.5.1 Macro and Outdoor Pico Scenarios 1028.5.2 Macro and Femto Scenarios 1058.6 Local IP Access (LIPA) 1078.7 Summary 108References 1089 Relays 110Harri Holma, Bernhard Raaf and Simone Redana9.1 Introduction 1109.2 General Overview 1119.3 Physical Layer 1129.3.1 Inband and Outband Relays 1129.3.2 Sub-frames 1139.3.3 Retransmissions 1159.3.4 Relays Compared to Repeaters 1169.3.5 Relays in TD-LTE 1189.4 Architecture and Protocols 1189.4.1 Sub-frame Configuration with Relay Nodes 1189.4.2 Bearer Usage with Relay Nodes 1199.4.3 Packet Header Structure in the Relay Interface 1209.4.4 Attach Procedure 1219.4.5 Handovers 1219.4.6 Autonomous Neighbour Relations 1229.5 Radio Resource Management 1249.6 Coverage and Capacity 1259.6.1 Coverage Gain 1269.6.2 User Throughput Gains 1289.6.3 Cost Analysis 1299.7 Relay Enhancements 1309.8 Summary 132References 13210 Self-Organizing Networks (SON) 135Cinzia Sartori and Harri Holma10.1 Introduction 13510.2 SON Roadmap in 3GPP Releases 13510.3 Self-Optimization 13710.3.1 Mobility Robustness Optimization 13710.3.2 Mobility Load Balancing 14210.3.3 Minimization of Drive Tests 14210.3.4 MDT Management and Reporting 14410.3.5 Energy Savings 14510.3.6 eNodeB Overlay 14610.3.7 Capacity-Limited Network 14710.3.8 Capacity and Coverage Optimization 14810.4 Self-Healing 15010.4.1 Cell Outage Compensation 15010.5 SON Features in 3GPP Release 11 15110.6 Summary 151References 15211 Performance Evaluation 153Harri Holma and Klaus Pedersen11.1 Introduction 15311.2 LTE-Advanced Targets 15411.2.1 ITU Evaluation Environments 15511.3 LTE-Advanced Performance Evaluation 15611.3.1 Peak Data Rates 15611.3.2 UE Categories 15711.3.3 ITU Efficiency Evaluation 15811.3.4 3GPP Efficiency Evaluation 16011.4 Network Capacity and Coverage 16311.5 Summary 165References 16512 Release 11 and Outlook Towards Release 12 166Timo Lunttila, Rapeepat Ratasuk, Jun Tan, Amitava Ghosh and Antti Toskala12.1 Introduction 16612.2 Release 11 LTE-Advanced Content 16612.3 Advanced LTE UE Receiver 16812.3.1 Overview of MMSE-MRC and MMSE-IRC Methods 16912.3.2 Performance of UE Receiver using IRC and its Comparisonto MRC Receiver for Various DL Transmit Modes 17012.4 Machine Type Communications 17212.5 Carrier Aggregation Enhancements 17712.6 Enhanced Downlink Control Channel 17912.7 Release 12 LTE-Advanced Outlook 18112.8 Conclusions 183References 18313 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception 184Harri Holma, Kari Hooli, Pasi Kinnunen, Troels Kolding, PatrickMarsch and Xiaoyi Wang13.1 Introduction 18413.2 CoMP Concept 18413.3 Radio Network Architecture Options 18713.4 Downlink CoMP Transmission 19013.4.1 Enablers for Downlink CoMP in 3GPP 19113.4.2 Signal Processing and RRM for CoMP 19213.4.3 Other Implementation Aspects 19413.5 Uplink CoMP Reception 19413.6 Downlink CoMP Gains 19813.7 Uplink CoMP Gains 20113.8 CoMP Field Trials 20413.9 Summary 205References 20514 HSPA Evolution 206Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho14.1 Introduction 20614.2 Multicarrier Evolution 20614.3 Multiantenna Evolution 20814.4 Multiflow Transmission 21114.5 Small Packet Efficiency 21314.6 Voice Evolution 21514.6.1 Adaptive Multirate Wideband (AMR-WB) Voice Codec 21514.6.2 Voice Over IP (VoIP) 21514.6.3 CS Voice Over HSPA (CSoHSPA) 21514.6.4 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC) 21514.7 Advanced Receivers 21514.7.1 Advanced UE Receivers 21514.7.2 Advanced NodeB Receivers 21614.8 Flat Architecture 21714.9 LTE Interworking 21814.10 Summary 218References 219Index 221

Harri Holma and Antti Toskala are both with Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN), Finland,  working on cutting edge technologies for mobile communications today.  They are actively involved with 3GPP Standardisation and product development.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xvAcknowledgements xviiList of Abbreviations xix1 Introduction 1Harri Holma and Antti Toskala1.1 Introduction 11.2 Radio Technology Convergence Towards LTE 11.3 LTE Capabilities 31.4 Underlying Technology Evolution 41.5 Traffic Growth 41.6 LTE-Advanced Schedule 61.7 LTE-Advanced Overview 61.8 Summary 72 LTE-Advanced Standardization 8Antti Toskala2.1 Introduction 82.2 LTE-Advanced and IMT-Advanced 82.3 LTE-Advanced Requirements 92.4 LTE-Advanced Study and Specification Phases 102.5 Further LTE-Advanced 3GPP Releases 112.6 LTE-Advanced Specifications 112.7 Conclusions 12References 123 LTE Release 8 and 9 Overview 14Antti Toskala3.1 Introduction 143.2 Physical Layer 143.3 Architecture 223.4 Protocols 233.5 EPC and IMS 263.6 UE Capability and Differences in Release 8 and 9 273.7 Conclusions 28References 294 Downlink Carrier Aggregation 30Mieszko Chmiel and Antti Toskala4.1 Introduction 304.2 Carrier Aggregation Principle 304.3 Protocol Impact from Carrier Aggregation 334.4 Physical Layer Impact from Carrier Aggregation 384.5 Performance 424.6 Band Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 464.7 Conclusions 48Reference 495 Uplink Carrier Aggregation 50Jari Lindholm, Claudio Rosa, Hua Wang and Antti Toskala5.1 Introduction 505.2 Uplink Carrier Aggregation Principle 505.3 Protocol Impacts from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 515.4 Physical Layer Impact from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 525.5 Performance 565.6 Band Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 615.7 Conclusions 62References 626 Downlink MIMO 63Timo Lunttila, Peter Skov and Antti Toskala6.1 Introduction 636.2 Downlink MIMO Enhancements Overview 636.3 Protocol Impact from Downlink MIMO Enhancements 646.4 Physical Layer Impact from Downlink MIMO 656.5 Performance 706.6 Conclusions 73References 747 Uplink MIMO 75Timo Lunttila, Kari Hooli, YuYu Yan and Antti Toskala7.1 Introduction 757.2 Uplink MIMO Enhancements Overview 757.3 Protocol Impacts from Uplink MIMO 767.4 Physical Layer Impacts from Uplink MIMO 777.4.1 Uplink Reference Signal Structure 777.4.2 MIMO Transmission for Uplink Data 797.4.3 MIMO Transmission for Uplink Control Signalling 827.4.4 Multi-User MIMO Transmission in the Uplink 827.5 Performance 837.6 Conclusions 84References 858 Heterogeneous Networks 86Harri Holma, Patrick Marsch and Klaus Pedersen8.1 Introduction 868.2 Base Station Classes 878.3 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management 898.3.1 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management in Idle State 908.3.2 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management in the Connected State 918.3.3 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management with Femto Cells 918.3.4 WiFi Offloading 928.4 Interference Management 948.4.1 Static Interference Avoidance through Frequency Reuse Patterns 968.4.2 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Frequency Domain 978.4.3 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Time Domain 988.4.4 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Power Domain 1018.5 Performance Results 1018.5.1 Macro and Outdoor Pico Scenarios 1028.5.2 Macro and Femto Scenarios 1058.6 Local IP Access (LIPA) 1078.7 Summary 108References 1089 Relays 110Harri Holma, Bernhard Raaf and Simone Redana9.1 Introduction 1109.2 General Overview 1119.3 Physical Layer 1129.3.1 Inband and Outband Relays 1129.3.2 Sub-frames 1139.3.3 Retransmissions 1159.3.4 Relays Compared to Repeaters 1169.3.5 Relays in TD-LTE 1189.4 Architecture and Protocols 1189.4.1 Sub-frame Configuration with Relay Nodes 1189.4.2 Bearer Usage with Relay Nodes 1199.4.3 Packet Header Structure in the Relay Interface 1209.4.4 Attach Procedure 1219.4.5 Handovers 1219.4.6 Autonomous Neighbour Relations 1229.5 Radio Resource Management 1249.6 Coverage and Capacity 1259.6.1 Coverage Gain 1269.6.2 User Throughput Gains 1289.6.3 Cost Analysis 1299.7 Relay Enhancements 1309.8 Summary 132References 13210 Self-Organizing Networks (SON) 135Cinzia Sartori and Harri Holma10.1 Introduction 13510.2 SON Roadmap in 3GPP Releases 13510.3 Self-Optimization 13710.3.1 Mobility Robustness Optimization 13710.3.2 Mobility Load Balancing 14210.3.3 Minimization of Drive Tests 14210.3.4 MDT Management and Reporting 14410.3.5 Energy Savings 14510.3.6 eNodeB Overlay 14610.3.7 Capacity-Limited Network 14710.3.8 Capacity and Coverage Optimization 14810.4 Self-Healing 15010.4.1 Cell Outage Compensation 15010.5 SON Features in 3GPP Release 11 15110.6 Summary 151References 15211 Performance Evaluation 153Harri Holma and Klaus Pedersen11.1 Introduction 15311.2 LTE-Advanced Targets 15411.2.1 ITU Evaluation Environments 15511.3 LTE-Advanced Performance Evaluation 15611.3.1 Peak Data Rates 15611.3.2 UE Categories 15711.3.3 ITU Efficiency Evaluation 15811.3.4 3GPP Efficiency Evaluation 16011.4 Network Capacity and Coverage 16311.5 Summary 165References 16512 Release 11 and Outlook Towards Release 12 166Timo Lunttila, Rapeepat Ratasuk, Jun Tan, Amitava Ghosh and Antti Toskala12.1 Introduction 16612.2 Release 11 LTE-Advanced Content 16612.3 Advanced LTE UE Receiver 16812.3.1 Overview of MMSE-MRC and MMSE-IRC Methods 16912.3.2 Performance of UE Receiver using IRC and its Comparisonto MRC Receiver for Various DL Transmit Modes 17012.4 Machine Type Communications 17212.5 Carrier Aggregation Enhancements 17712.6 Enhanced Downlink Control Channel 17912.7 Release 12 LTE-Advanced Outlook 18112.8 Conclusions 183References 18313 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception 184Harri Holma, Kari Hooli, Pasi Kinnunen, Troels Kolding, PatrickMarsch and Xiaoyi Wang13.1 Introduction 18413.2 CoMP Concept 18413.3 Radio Network Architecture Options 18713.4 Downlink CoMP Transmission 19013.4.1 Enablers for Downlink CoMP in 3GPP 19113.4.2 Signal Processing and RRM for CoMP 19213.4.3 Other Implementation Aspects 19413.5 Uplink CoMP Reception 19413.6 Downlink CoMP Gains 19813.7 Uplink CoMP Gains 20113.8 CoMP Field Trials 20413.9 Summary 205References 20514 HSPA Evolution 206Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho14.1 Introduction 20614.2 Multicarrier Evolution 20614.3 Multiantenna Evolution 20814.4 Multiflow Transmission 21114.5 Small Packet Efficiency 21314.6 Voice Evolution 21514.6.1 Adaptive Multirate Wideband (AMR-WB) Voice Codec 21514.6.2 Voice Over IP (VoIP) 21514.6.3 CS Voice Over HSPA (CSoHSPA) 21514.6.4 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC) 21514.7 Advanced Receivers 21514.7.1 Advanced UE Receivers 21514.7.2 Advanced NodeB Receivers 21614.8 Flat Architecture 21714.9 LTE Interworking 21814.10 Summary 218References 219Index 221