3D Displays

Ernst Lueder, (retired), Department of Electrical Communications, University of Stuttgart, GermanyErnst Lueder is Professor Emeritus at the University of Stuttgart, Germany. He was Director of the Institute of Network and Systems Theory at Stuttgart University until 1999, and also headed up a DM 80 million research laboratory for the fabrication of flat panel displays. He is an IEEE Fellow, as well as a Fellow of SID and in 2009, received SID’s Slottow-Owaki award. Prof. Lueder has also been awarded the order of merit 1st Class of the Federal Republic of Germany. From 2000 until very recently in 2010, Prof. Lueder was President of the Electro Optical Consultancy. He has previously authored 2 editions of Liquid Crystal Displays: Addressing Schemes and Electro-Optical Effects published by Wiley.

“Ernst Lueder’s latest book in the SID–Wiley series, 3D Displays, does an excellent job of taking the incredible diversity of 3D display development and distilling it into key sub-areas … In summary, 3D Displays is encyclopedic in scope, a great reference, and a recommended purchase.”  (Information Display, 1 May 2012)

• Preface xi Series Preface xiiiIntroduction xv1 The Physiology of 3D Perception 11.1 Binocular Viewing or Human Stereopsis 11.2 The Mismatch of Accommodation and Disparity and the Depths of Focus and of Field 31.3 Distance Scaling of Disparity 61.4 Interocular Crosstalk 71.5 Psychological Effects for Depth Perception 101.6 High-Level Cognitive Factor 10Acknowledgments 11References 112 Stereoscopic Displays 132.1 Stereoscopic Displays with Area Multiplexing 132.1.1 Retarders for the generation of polarizations 132.1.2 Wire grid polarizers for processing of the second view 202.1.3 Stereoscopic display with two LCDs 222.2 Combined Area and Time Division Multiplex for 3D Displays 262.3 Stereoscopic Time Sequential Displays 312.3.1 Time sequential viewing with an active retarder 312.3.2 Fast time sequential 3D displays by the use of OCB LCDs 332.3.3 Time sequential 3D displays with black insertions 332.4 Special Solutions for Stereoscopic Displays 412.5 Stereoscopic Projectors 482.6 Interleaved, Simultaneous, and Progressive Addressing of AMOLEDs and AMLCDs 602.7 Photo-Induced Alignment for Retarders and Beam Splitters 68Acknowledgments 68References 693 Autostereoscopic Displays 733.1 Spatially Multiplexed Multiview Autostereoscopic Displays with Lenticular Lenses 733.2 Spatially Multiplexed Multiview Autostereoscopic Displays with Switchable Lenticular Lenses 853.3 Autostereoscopic Displays with Fixed and Switchable Parallax Barriers 953.4 Time Sequential Autostereoscopic Displays and Directional Backlights 1043.4.1 Time sequential displays with special mirrors or 3D films 1053.4.2 Time sequential displays with directionally switched backlights 1093.5 Depth-Fused 3D Displays 1153.6 Single and Multiview 3D Displays with a Light Guide 1253.7 Test of 3D Displays and Medical Applications 129Acknowledgments 129References 1304 Assessment of Quality of 3D Displays 1334.1 Introduction and Overview 1334.2 Retrieving Quality Data from Given Images 1354.3 Algorithms Based on Objective Measures Providing Disparity or Depth Maps 1364.3.1 The algorithm based on the sum of absolute differences 1364.3.2 Smoothness and edge detection in images 1404.4 An Algorithm Based on Subjective Measures 1464.5 The Kanade–Lucas–Toman (KLT) Feature Tracking Algorithm 1534.6 Special Approaches for 2D to 3D Conversion 1584.6.1 Conversion of 2D to 3D images based on motion parallax 1594.6.2 Conversion from 2D to 3D based on depth cues in still pictures 1614.6.3 Conversion from 2D to 3D based on gray shade and luminance setting 1624.7 Reconstruction of 3D Images from Disparity Maps Pertaining to Monoscopic 2D or 3D Originals 1654.7.1 Preprocessing of the depth map 1654.7.2 Warping of the image creating the left and the right eye views 1674.7.3 Disocclusions and hole-filling 1724.7.4 Special systems for depth image-based rendering (DIBR) 176Acknowledgments 182References 1835 Integral Imaging 1855.1 The Basis of Integral Imaging 1865.2 Enhancement of Depth, Viewing Angle, and Resolution of 3D Integral Images 1885.2.1 Enhancement of depth 1895.2.2 Enlargement of viewing angle 1935.2.3 Enhancing resolution 1955.3 Integral Videography 1965.4 Convertible 2D/3D Integral Imaging 207Acknowledgments 214References 2146 Holography for 3D Displays 2176.1 Introduction and Overview 2176.2 Recording a Hologram and Reconstruction of the Original 3D Image 2186.3 A Holographic Screen 2276.4 Digital Holography Based on the Fourier Transform 2296.5 A Holographic Laser Projector 232Acknowledgments 235References 2357 Volumetric 3D Displays 2377.1 The Nature of Volumetric Displays 2377.2 Accessing and Activating Voxels in Static Volumetric Displays 2387.3 Swept Volume or Mechanical 3D Displays 245Acknowledgments 252References 2528 A Shot at the Assessment of 3D Technologies 253Index 257