Richard Evans has taught at the University of South Africa, Pretoria, and at Cardiff University, UK. Most recently he has been a Visiting Researcher and Research Fellow in the Department of Biblical and Ancient Studies at the University of South Africa. He is the author of a number of monographs, of which the most recent are Fields of Death: Retracing Ancient Battlefields (2013), Fields of Battle: Retracing Ancient Battlefields (2015) and Ancient Syracuse: From Foundation to Fourth Century Collapse (2016). He has also edited Mass and Elite in the Greek and Roman Worlds: From Sparta to Late Antiquity (2017). He is currently an Academic Associate at the University of South Africa.Martine De Marre is an Associate Professor of Ancient History in the Department of Biblical and Ancient Studies at the University of South Africa. Her research to date has focused on social and cultural history of Roman North Africa during the entire period of antiquity up to the wars of Justinian, particularly in interpreting the role of women. The latter has also been the focus of studies on the literary sources of Late Antiquity, such as the works of Augustine, Fulgentius and Corippus.

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• Contributors; Preface; Acknowledgements; Abbreviations; Introduction: Clifford Ando; 1 Seth Richardson, By the Hand of a Robber: States, Mercenaries, and Bandits in Middle Bronze Age Mesopotamia; 2 Matthew Trundle, The Limits of Nationalism: Brigandage: Piracy and Mercenary Service in Fourth Century BCE Athens; 3 Richard Evans, Piracy and Pseudo Piracy in Classical Syracuse: Financial Replenishment through Outsourcing, Sacking Temples and Forced Migrations; 4 Alex McAuley, Terra cognita sed vacua? (Re-)Appropriating Territory through Hellenistic City Foundations; 5 Roman Roth, The Colonisation of Pontiae (313 BC), Piracy, and the Nature of Rome’s Maritime Expansion before the First Punic War; 6 Aaron Beek, Campaigning against Pirate Mercenaries: A Very Roman Strategy?; 7 Stephen Harrison, Pirating Pastoral Poverty: Poetics in Tibullus 1.1; 8 John Hilton, The revolt of the boukoloi, class, and contemporary fiction in Achilles Tatius's Leucippe and Clitophon; 9 Martine de Marre, ‘Bad Girls’? Collective Violence by Women and the Case of the Circumcellions in Roman North Africa; 10 Eve MacDonald and Sandra Bingham, Piracy, Plunder and the Legacy of Archaeological Research in North Africa; 11 Liliana Tappeiner, Spoils of Empire: Rider Haggard’s appropriation of the katabasis motif in King Solomon’s Mines; Epilogue: Richard Evans and Martine De Marre; Bibliography; Index of Ancient Sources; General Index