Lee R. Kump is a Professor in the Department of Geosciences, and an associate of the Earth System Science Center and Astrobiology Research Center at the Pennsylvania State University. A native of Minnesota, he received his bachelor's degree in geophysical sciences from the University of Chicago in 1981, and his Ph.D. in marine sciences from the University of South Florida in 1986. While in Florida he spent two summers as a geologist with the United States Geological Survey's Fisher Island Station. In August of 1986 he joined the faculty at Penn State.Dr. Kump is a Fellow of the Geological Societies of America and London, and a member of the American Geophysical Union, the Geochemical Society, and the Geochemistry Division of the American Chemical Society. His research has been funded by the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Science Foundation, NASA, the Gas Research Institute, the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society, and Texaco. Dr. Kump became Associate Director of the CIAR Earth System Evolution Program in 2004. Dr. Kump's primary research effort is in the development of numerical models of global biogeochemical cycles. His early work focussed on the carbon and sulfur cycles, and on the feedbacks that regulate atmospheric oxygen levels. More recently his emphasis has shifted to the study of the dynamic coupling between global climate and biogeochemical cycles. He studies the long-term evolution of the oceans and atmosphere, using a combination of field work, laboratory analysis, and numerical modeling.James Kasting is a Distinguished Professor of Geosciences at Penn State University. He received his undergraduate degree from Harvard University in Chemistry and Physics and did his Ph.D. at the University of Michigan in Atmospheric Sciences. Prior to coming to Penn State in 1988, he spent 7 years in the Space Science Division at NASA Ames Research Center. His research focuses on the evolution of planetary atmospheres, particularly the question of why the atmospheres of Mars and Venus are so different from that of Earth. He is also interested in the question of whether habitable planets exist around other stars and is involved with NASA’s proposed Terrestrial Planet Finder Mission(s), which will try to answer that question over the next 15-20 years.ACADEMIC HONORS AND AWARDSSumma Cum Laude - Harvard (1975)Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences Department (University of Michigan) Distinguished Alumni Award (1992)American Geophysical Union (Fellow, 2004)American Association for the Advancement of Science (Fellow, 1995)International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life (Fellow, 2002)Geochemical Society (Fellow, 2008)Faculty Scholar Award, Penn State University (2005)Dr. Robert Crane received his bachelor's degree in physical geography from the University of Reading, England, in 1976. He did graduate work in polar climatology, microwave remote sensing, and sea ice-atmosphere interactions at the University of Colorado's Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) and the National Snow and Ice Data Center, receiving a Master's degree in 1978 and a Ph.D. in 1981. As a Research Associate in the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), he continued his work on the microwave remote sensing of sea ice. Subsequently, Dr. Crane spent a year as a visiting professor at the University of Saskatchewan. He joined the faculty of the Pennsylvania State University in 1985. Dr. Crane held a joint appointment in the Department of Geography and in the Earth System Science Center from 1985 to 1993, serving as Associate Director of the Center from 1990 to 1993. He was appointed Associate Dean for Education in the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences in 1993, and currently holds the position of Associate Dean and Professor of Geography. Hi

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• Glossary.1. Global Change2. Daisyworld: An Introduction to Systems3. Global Energy Balance: The Greenhouse Effect4. The Atmospheric Circulation System5. The Circulation of the Oceans6. The Cryosphere7. Circulation of the Solid Earth: Plate Tectonics 8. Recycling of the Elements 9. Focus on the Biota: Metabolism, Ecosystems and Biodiversity 10. Origin of the Earth and of Life11. Effect of Life on the Atmosphere: The Rise of Oxygen and Ozone12. Long-Term Climate Regulation. 13. Biodiversity Through Earth History. 14. Pleistocene Glaciations. 15. Global Warming, Part 1: The Scientific Evidence. 16. Global Warming, Part 2: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation17. Ozone Depletion. 18. Human Threats to Biodiversity. 19. Climate Stability on Earth and Earth-Like Planets. Appendix A: Units and Unit Conversions. Appendix B: Temperature Conversions. Appendix C: Periodic Table. Index.

Lee R. Kump is a Professor in the Department of Geosciences, and an associate of the Earth System Science Center and Astrobiology Research Center at the Pennsylvania State University. A native of Minnesota, he received his bachelor's degree in geophysical sciences from the University of Chicago in 1981, and his Ph.D. in marine sciences from the University of South Florida in 1986. While in Florida he spent two summers as a geologist with the United States Geological Survey's Fisher Island Station. In August of 1986 he joined the faculty at Penn State.Dr. Kump is a Fellow of the Geological Societies of America and London, and a member of the American Geophysical Union, the Geochemical Society, and the Geochemistry Division of the American Chemical Society. His research has been funded by the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Science Foundation, NASA, the Gas Research Institute, the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society, and Texaco. Dr. Kump became Associate Director of the CIAR Earth System Evolution Program in 2004. Dr. Kump's primary research effort is in the development of numerical models of global biogeochemical cycles. His early work focussed on the carbon and sulfur cycles, and on the feedbacks that regulate atmospheric oxygen levels. More recently his emphasis has shifted to the study of the dynamic coupling between global climate and biogeochemical cycles. He studies the long-term evolution of the oceans and atmosphere, using a combination of field work, laboratory analysis, and numerical modeling.James Kasting is a Distinguished Professor of Geosciences at Penn State University. He received his undergraduate degree from Harvard University in Chemistry and Physics and did his Ph.D. at the University of Michigan in Atmospheric Sciences. Prior to coming to Penn State in 1988, he spent 7 years in the Space Science Division at NASA Ames Research Center. His research focuses on the evolution of planetary atmospheres, particularly the question of why the atmospheres of Mars and Venus are so different from that of Earth. He is also interested in the question of whether habitable planets exist around other stars and is involved with NASA’s proposed Terrestrial Planet Finder Mission(s), which will try to answer that question over the next 15-20 years.ACADEMIC HONORS AND AWARDSSumma Cum Laude - Harvard (1975)Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences Department (University of Michigan) Distinguished Alumni Award (1992)American Geophysical Union (Fellow, 2004)American Association for the Advancement of Science (Fellow, 1995)International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life (Fellow, 2002)Geochemical Society (Fellow, 2008)Faculty Scholar Award, Penn State University (2005)Dr. Robert Crane received his bachelor's degree in physical geography from the University of Reading, England, in 1976. He did graduate work in polar climatology, microwave remote sensing, and sea ice-atmosphere interactions at the University of Colorado's Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) and the National Snow and Ice Data Center, receiving a Master's degree in 1978 and a Ph.D. in 1981. As a Research Associate in the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), he continued his work on the microwave remote sensing of sea ice. Subsequently, Dr. Crane spent a year as a visiting professor at the University of Saskatchewan. He joined the faculty of the Pennsylvania State University in 1985. Dr. Crane held a joint appointment in the Department of Geography and in the Earth System Science Center from 1985 to 1993, serving as Associate Director of the Center from 1990 to 1993. He was appointed Associate Dean for Education in the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences in 1993, and currently holds the position of Associate Dean and Professor of Geography. Hi

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• Glossary.1. Global Change2. Daisyworld: An Introduction to Systems3. Global Energy Balance: The Greenhouse Effect4. The Atmospheric Circulation System5. The Circulation of the Oceans6. The Cryosphere7. Circulation of the Solid Earth: Plate Tectonics 8. Recycling of the Elements 9. Focus on the Biota: Metabolism, Ecosystems and Biodiversity 10. Origin of the Earth and of Life11. Effect of Life on the Atmosphere: The Rise of Oxygen and Ozone12. Long-Term Climate Regulation. 13. Biodiversity Through Earth History. 14. Pleistocene Glaciations. 15. Global Warming, Part 1: The Scientific Evidence. 16. Global Warming, Part 2: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation17. Ozone Depletion. 18. Human Threats to Biodiversity. 19. Climate Stability on Earth and Earth-Like Planets. Appendix A: Units and Unit Conversions. Appendix B: Temperature Conversions. Appendix C: Periodic Table. Index.

Lee R. Kump is a Professor in the Department of Geosciences, and an associate of the Earth System Science Center and Astrobiology Research Center at the Pennsylvania State University. A native of Minnesota, he received his bachelor's degree in geophysical sciences from the University of Chicago in 1981, and his Ph.D. in marine sciences from the University of South Florida in 1986. While in Florida he spent two summers as a geologist with the United States Geological Survey's Fisher Island Station. In August of 1986 he joined the faculty at Penn State.Dr. Kump is a Fellow of the Geological Societies of America and London, and a member of the American Geophysical Union, the Geochemical Society, and the Geochemistry Division of the American Chemical Society. His research has been funded by the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Science Foundation, NASA, the Gas Research Institute, the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society, and Texaco. Dr. Kump became Associate Director of the CIAR Earth System Evolution Program in 2004. Dr. Kump's primary research effort is in the development of numerical models of global biogeochemical cycles. His early work focussed on the carbon and sulfur cycles, and on the feedbacks that regulate atmospheric oxygen levels. More recently his emphasis has shifted to the study of the dynamic coupling between global climate and biogeochemical cycles. He studies the long-term evolution of the oceans and atmosphere, using a combination of field work, laboratory analysis, and numerical modeling.James Kasting is a Distinguished Professor of Geosciences at Penn State University. He received his undergraduate degree from Harvard University in Chemistry and Physics and did his Ph.D. at the University of Michigan in Atmospheric Sciences. Prior to coming to Penn State in 1988, he spent 7 years in the Space Science Division at NASA Ames Research Center. His research focuses on the evolution of planetary atmospheres, particularly the question of why the atmospheres of Mars and Venus are so different from that of Earth. He is also interested in the question of whether habitable planets exist around other stars and is involved with NASA’s proposed Terrestrial Planet Finder Mission(s), which will try to answer that question over the next 15-20 years.ACADEMIC HONORS AND AWARDSSumma Cum Laude - Harvard (1975)Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences Department (University of Michigan) Distinguished Alumni Award (1992)American Geophysical Union (Fellow, 2004)American Association for the Advancement of Science (Fellow, 1995)International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life (Fellow, 2002)Geochemical Society (Fellow, 2008)Faculty Scholar Award, Penn State University (2005)Dr. Robert Crane received his bachelor's degree in physical geography from the University of Reading, England, in 1976. He did graduate work in polar climatology, microwave remote sensing, and sea ice-atmosphere interactions at the University of Colorado's Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) and the National Snow and Ice Data Center, receiving a Master's degree in 1978 and a Ph.D. in 1981. As a Research Associate in the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), he continued his work on the microwave remote sensing of sea ice. Subsequently, Dr. Crane spent a year as a visiting professor at the University of Saskatchewan. He joined the faculty of the Pennsylvania State University in 1985. Dr. Crane held a joint appointment in the Department of Geography and in the Earth System Science Center from 1985 to 1993, serving as Associate Director of the Center from 1990 to 1993. He was appointed Associate Dean for Education in the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences in 1993, and currently holds the position of Associate Dean and Professor of Geography. Hi

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• Glossary.1. Global Change2. Daisyworld: An Introduction to Systems3. Global Energy Balance: The Greenhouse Effect4. The Atmospheric Circulation System5. The Circulation of the Oceans6. The Cryosphere7. Circulation of the Solid Earth: Plate Tectonics 8. Recycling of the Elements 9. Focus on the Biota: Metabolism, Ecosystems and Biodiversity 10. Origin of the Earth and of Life11. Effect of Life on the Atmosphere: The Rise of Oxygen and Ozone12. Long-Term Climate Regulation. 13. Biodiversity Through Earth History. 14. Pleistocene Glaciations. 15. Global Warming, Part 1: The Scientific Evidence. 16. Global Warming, Part 2: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation17. Ozone Depletion. 18. Human Threats to Biodiversity. 19. Climate Stability on Earth and Earth-Like Planets. Appendix A: Units and Unit Conversions. Appendix B: Temperature Conversions. Appendix C: Periodic Table. Index.