Stuart Casey-Maslen is honorary professor at the Law Faculty of the University of Pretoria. He holds a doctorate in international humanitarian law, a master's degree in international human rights law, and a master's degree in forensic ballistics. He was formerly head of research at the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights and is editor of the Mine Action Review, an assessment of the implementation of international disarmament law published by Norwegian People's Aid. Sean Connolly is an expert on policy development and implementation across the public sector, especially in reducing inequality and promoting community safety and involvement. He has particular experience in programme management of neighbourhood-based regeneration programmes. Most recently he was Intelligence and Analysis Manager at Birmingham City Council, managing a partnership approach to shared intelligence across the police, the council, and the National Health Service with a view to supporting families with multiple needs.

• Introduction; 1. A history of law enforcement; 2. Policing and social and economic policy; 3. Core principles governing use of force for law enforcement; 4. Use of firearms; 5. Use of 'less-lethal' weapons; 6. Facilitating peaceful protest and ensuring crowd safety during assemblies; 7. Use of force in custodial settings; 8. Use of force in counterterrorism; 9. Private security and use of force; 10. Counterpiracy at sea; 11. Accountability; Index.

Stuart Casey-Maslen is honorary professor at the Law Faculty of the University of Pretoria. He holds a doctorate in international humanitarian law, a master's degree in international human rights law, and a master's degree in forensic ballistics. He was formerly head of research at the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights and is editor of the Mine Action Review, an assessment of the implementation of international disarmament law published by Norwegian People's Aid. Sean Connolly is an expert on policy development and implementation across the public sector, especially in reducing inequality and promoting community safety and involvement. He has particular experience in programme management of neighbourhood-based regeneration programmes. Most recently he was Intelligence and Analysis Manager at Birmingham City Council, managing a partnership approach to shared intelligence across the police, the council, and the National Health Service with a view to supporting families with multiple needs.

• Introduction; 1. A history of law enforcement; 2. Policing and social and economic policy; 3. Core principles governing use of force for law enforcement; 4. Use of firearms; 5. Use of 'less-lethal' weapons; 6. Facilitating peaceful protest and ensuring crowd safety during assemblies; 7. Use of force in custodial settings; 8. Use of force in counterterrorism; 9. Private security and use of force; 10. Counterpiracy at sea; 11. Accountability; Index.

Stuart Casey-Maslen is honorary professor at the Law Faculty of the University of Pretoria. He holds a doctorate in international humanitarian law, a master's degree in international human rights law, and a master's degree in forensic ballistics. He was formerly head of research at the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights and is editor of the Mine Action Review, an assessment of the implementation of international disarmament law published by Norwegian People's Aid. Sean Connolly is an expert on policy development and implementation across the public sector, especially in reducing inequality and promoting community safety and involvement. He has particular experience in programme management of neighbourhood-based regeneration programmes. Most recently he was Intelligence and Analysis Manager at Birmingham City Council, managing a partnership approach to shared intelligence across the police, the council, and the National Health Service with a view to supporting families with multiple needs.

• Introduction; 1. A history of law enforcement; 2. Policing and social and economic policy; 3. Core principles governing use of force for law enforcement; 4. Use of firearms; 5. Use of 'less-lethal' weapons; 6. Facilitating peaceful protest and ensuring crowd safety during assemblies; 7. Use of force in custodial settings; 8. Use of force in counterterrorism; 9. Private security and use of force; 10. Counterpiracy at sea; 11. Accountability; Index.