Intelligent and Soft Computing Systems for Green Energy

A. Chitra is an associate professor in the School of Electrical Engineering, at Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India. She has published many papers in reputed journals and conferences and is a Board of Studies member at Pondicherry Engineering College, where she received a Gold Medal while studying for her MTech and also where she earned her PhD. V. Indragandhi, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Electrical Engineering, VIT, Vellore, Tamilnadu. She received her PhD from Anna University in Chennai, India. She has over 12 years of experience in the area of power electronics and renewable energy systems and has authored over 100 research articles in leading peer-reviewed international journals. She has filed three patents and has one book to her credit. She has also received the best researcher award from NFED, Coimbatore and from VIT. W. Razia Sultana, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Electrical Engineering, at the Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, where she also received her PhD.

• Preface xvii1 Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generator and Capacitor in a Radial Distribution System Considering Load Growth 1G. Manikanta, N. Kirn Kumar, Ashish Mani and V. Indragandhi1.1 Introduction 21.2 Problem Formulation 31.3 Algorithm 51.4 Results & Discussions 91.5 Discussion 201.6 Conclusions 21References 212 Security Issues and Challenges for the IoT-Based Smart Grid 25Prathiga, Kavya K., Nanthitha N., Nithishkumar K., Ritika T. and Vishal T.2.1 Introduction 252.2 Usage of IoT in the Smart Grid Context 272.3 Advantages of IoT-Based Smart Grid 292.4 Cybersecurity Challenges 302.4.1 Review of Recent Attacks 322.4.1.1 Tram Hack Lodz, Poland 322.4.1.2 Texas Power Company Hack 322.4.1.3 Stuxnet Attack on Iranian Nuclear Power Facility 322.4.1.4 Houston, Texas, Water Distribution System Attack 332.4.1.5 Bowman Avenue Dam Cyberattack 332.5 Other Major Challenges Hindering Growth of IoT Network 332.5.1 Standardization Protocols 332.5.2 Cognitive Capability 342.5.3 Power 342.5.4 Consumer Illiteracy 352.5.5 Weak Regulations 352.5.6 Fear of Reputational Damage 362.6 Future Prospects 362.7 Conclusion 38References 393 Electrical Load Forecasting Using Bayesian Regularization Algorithm in Matlab and Finding Optimal Solution via Renewable Source 41Chinmay Singh, Yashwant Sawle, Navneet Kumar, Utkarsh Jha and Arunkumar L.3.1 Introduction 423.2 Algorithm 433.2.1 Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm 433.2.2 Bayesian Regularization 453.2.2.1 Comparison of Bayesian Models 463.2.2.2 Bayesian Ways to Neural Network Modeling 463.2.3 Scaled Conjugate Gradient Algorithm 473.2.3.1 Steps of Algorithm 473.2.4 Gradient Descent 483.2.5 Conjugate Gradient 483.3 Methodology and Modelling 493.4 Results and Discussion 523.5 Conclusion 55References 554 Theft Detection Sensing by IoT in Smart Grid 59N. Siva Mallikarjuna Rao, M. Ramu and Lekha Varisa4.1 Introduction 604.1.1 Power Theft Identification 604.1.2 Basic Structure of Smart Grid 604.2 Problem Identification 624.2.1 Power Theft Methods 624.3 Methodology for Implementation of IoT to Different Theft Mechanisms in Smart Grid 644.4 Conclusion 664.5 Future Work 67References 675 Energy Metering and Billing Systems Using Arduino 69M. Ramu, Lekha Varisa and N. Siva Mallikarjuna Rao5.1 Introduction 695.2 Smart Meters and Billing Systems 725.2.1 Arduino Mega 725.2.2 Lcd 725.2.3 Proteus Software 735.3 Working 735.4 Applications 745.5 Time of Use 745.6 Observations 745.7 Equations 755.8 Results 755.9 Adoption in India 765.10 Excess Generation of Electricity 765.11 Commercial Use & Home Energy Monitoring 765.12 Conclusion 77References 776 Smart Meter Vulnerability Assessment Under Cyberattack Events – An Attempt to Safeguard 79Kunal Kumar and R. Raja Singh6.1 Introduction 806.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure Architecture 826.2.1 Smart Meter Architecture and Design 836.2.2 AMI Communication Network 836.2.3 Home Area Network 846.2.4 Data Concentrator 846.3 Possible Attacks on AMI 846.3.1 Manual Attacks 846.3.2 Cyberattacks 846.3.3 Threats and Countermeasures of Attacks on Smart Meter 876.4 RSA Attack Detection Model 876.4.1 RSA Keys Creation 896.5 Hash Code for Data Integrity 896.6 Results and Discussion 906.6.1 Attack Detection System 906.6.2 Python Implementation 916.7 Conclusion 93References 947 Power Quality Improvement for Grid-Connected Hybrid Wind-Solar Energy System Using a Three-Phase Three-Wire Grid-Interfacing Compensator 97Boopathi R. and Dr. Indragandhi V.7.1 Introduction 987.2 Proposed Current Control System 1007.3 Simulation Analysis and Discussion 1037.4 Conclusion 107References 1088 Energy Trading in Virtual Power Plant Enabled Communities Using Double Auction Technique and Blockchain Technology 111Radhika Yadav, Balla Manoj Kumar, Saurav Baid and Padma Priya R.8.1 Introduction 1128.2 Related Work 1138.3 Proposed Methodology 1148.3.1 System Model 1158.3.2 Problem Formulation 1168.3.2.1 Objective 1 (Optimum Reimbursements for both the Traders) 1168.3.2.2 Objective 2 (Shortest Line Routing System) 1168.3.2.3 Utility Function (Maximum Social Welfare) 1168.3.3 Our Approach 1178.3.3.1 Double Auction 1178.3.3.2 Shortest Line Route Detection 1198.3.3.3 Blockchain 1198.3.3.4 ElGamal Cryptography 1208.4 Performance Evaluation 1218.4.1 Evaluation Methodology 1218.4.2 Evaluation Results 1228.5 Conclusion 123References 1249 Sales Demand Forecasting for Retail Marketing Using XGBoost Algorithm 127M. Kavitha, R. Srinivasan, R. Kavitha and M. Suganthy9.1 Introduction 1289.2 Related Work 1299.3 Methodology 1309.3.1 XGBoost Algorithm 1309.3.2 Architecture 1319.4 Experimental Results 1319.4.1 Exploratory Data Analysis 1329.4.1.1 Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function (ECDF) 1329.4.1.2 Exploring the Dataset and Making Visualizations between Months and Sales 1339.4.1.3 Correlation between each Feature or Attribute 1349.4.1.4 Time Series Analysis 1349.4.2 Model Prediction 1379.5 Conclusion 138References 13910 Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks for Selective Search 141R. Kavitha, Srinivasan R, P. Subha and M. Kavitha10.1 Introduction 14210.2 Literature Review 14310.3 Existing Method 14510.4 Proposed Methodology 14510.5 Implementation and Results 14710.6 Conclusion 149References 15011 Design and Development of Mobility System for Double Amputees 151Dr. Saravanan T S, Dr. Sagayaraj R, Dr. Sivaraman P R, Sivamani D, Jaiganesh R and Ragupathy P11.1 Introduction 15211.2 Block Diagram 15211.3 Working Methodology 15311.4 Design Calculation 15411.5 Hardware Implementation 15611.6 Conclusion 159References 15912 A Review: Precision Vehicle Control Using Internet of Things 163R. Srinivasan, Kavitha R, Kavitha M and Sridhar K12.1 Introduction 16312.2 Related Works 16412.3 Proposed Work 16612.4 Existing System 16712.4.1 Advantages 16712.4.2 Disadvantages 16812.4.3 Applications 16812.5 Proposed System 16912.6 Conclusion and Future Enhancement 170References 17113 A Process of Analyzing Soil Moisture with the Integration of Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Network 173R. Srinivasan, Kavitha R, V. Murugananthan and T. Mylsami13.1 Introduction 17413.1.1 Wsn 17413.1.2 IoT 17413.2 Literature Study 17513.3 Proposed Work 17613.3.1 Sensing and Transmitter Module 17613.3.2 Receiver Unit 17813.3.3 IoT Activation 17813.3.4 Event Recognition Algorithm 17913.4 Result and Discussion 18013.5 Conclusion 182References 18314 Automatic Angular Position Stabilization of Ambulance Stretcher in Real Time 185Vedant Joshi, Maheshwari S. and Kathirvelan J.14.1 Introduction 18514.2 Materials and Methods 18714.2.1 Interior and Flaws 18714.2.2 Proposed Position of the Stretcher 18814.2.3 Hardware and Software 18814.2.4 Methodology 18914.3 Results and Discussion 19214.3.1 Results 19214.4 Discussion 19414.5 Conclusion 195References 19515 Automated Ploughing Seeding with Water Management System 199Anto Sheeba J., Shyam D., Sivamani D., Sangari A., Jayashree K. and Nazar Ali A.15.1 Introduction 19915.2 Block Diagram 20015.3 Working Methodology 20115.4 Design Calculation 20215.5 Simulation 20315.6 Hardware Implementation 20515.7 Conclusion 208References 20816 Detecting Fraudulent Data Using Stacked Auto-Encoding: A Three-Layer Approach 211P. Saravanan, V. Indragandhi and V. Subramaniyaswamy16.1 Introduction 21116.1.1 Deep Learning 21216.1.2 Auto-Encoders 21216.2 Related Work 21416.3 Proposed Methodology 21516.4 Results and Discussion 21816.5 Conclusion 221Acknowledgment 221References 22117 Artificial Intelligence-Based Ambulance 223Dr. R. Sumathi, R.M. Gokul, M. Gokulakrishnan, K. Ganesh Babu and S. Pavithra17.1 Introduction 22417.1.1 Problem Statement 22417.1.2 Field of the Project 22417.1.3 Objectives 22517.2 Proposed System 22517.2.1 Block Diagram of Traffic Signal Control System 22517.2.2 Block Diagram of Biometric-Based Medical Records 22617.3 Implementation of Traffic Signal Control System 22617.3.1 Flowchart of Traffic Signal Control System 22617.3.2 Algorithm of Biometric-Based Medical Records System 22817.3.3 Methodology of Traffic Signal Control System 22817.3.3.1 Normal Mode 22917.3.3.2 Emergency Mode 23017.3.4 Methodology of Biometric-Based Medical Records System 23017.3.4.1 Smpt 23017.4 Result and Discussion 23117.4.1 Comparison of Results 23117.4.2 Hardware Result 23117.5 Conclusion 23417.6 Future Scope 234References 23518 LoRa-Based Flaw Location Detection in HT Line Using GSM 237Dr. M. Senthilkumar, Abisheck D., Gnana Prakash K., Hari Babu S. and Hariharan R.18.1 Introduction 23818.1.1 Different Types of Transmission Line Fault 23818.1.1.1 Single Line-to-Ground Fault 23818.1.1.2 Line-to-Line Fault 23818.1.1.3 Double Line-to-Ground Fault 23918.1.1.4 Balance Three-Phase Fault 23918.2 Objective 24018.3 Literature Survey 24018.4 Proposed System 24118.5 Flow Chart 24418.6 Result and Discussion 24418.7 Novelty of Work 24818.8 Conclusion 25018.9 Future Enhancement 251References 25219 Classification Models for Breast Cancer Detection 255Varsha B., Sneka P., Tanuja A. and Shana J.19.1 Introduction 25519.2 Related Work 25619.3 Research Objective 25719.4 Methodology 25719.4.1 Dataset Description 25819.4.2 Data Preprocessing 25819.4.3 Exploratory Data Analysis 25819.5 Model Selection 26019.5.1 Logistic Regression 26019.5.2 Decision Tree Classifier 26119.5.3 Random Forest Classifier 26119.6 Results and Discussion 26119.6.1 Confusion Matrix 26119.6.2 Model Evaluation and Prediction 26219.7 Conclusion 263References 26320 T-Count Optimized Quantum Comparator Circuit 265Gayathri S. S., R. Kumar and Samiappan Dhanalakshmi20.1 Introduction 26520.2 Related Works 26820.3 Proposed Quantum Comparator 26820.3.1 Multi-Qubit Magnitude Comparator 26820.4 Conclusion 270References 27021 IoT-Based Heart Rate Monitoring System for Smart Healthcare Applications 273Jaba Deva Krupa Abel, Samiappan Dhanalakshmi, Sanjana N.L. and R. Kumar21.1 Introduction 27421.2 Related Work 27521.3 Methodology 27621.3.1 Fractional Fourier Transform 27821.3.2 Amazon Web Services 28021.4 Results and Discussion 28121.5 Conclusion 283References 28422 Neural Collaborative Filtering-Based Hybrid Recommender System for Online Movies Recommendation 287S. Priyanka, P. Saravanan, V. Indragandhi and V. Subramaniyaswamy22.1 Introduction 28822.2 Related Works 28922.3 Proposed Methodology 29022.3.1 Dataset Used for the Proposed System 29122.3.2 Architecture Diagram 29122.3.3 Sentiment Analysis 29222.3.4 Hybrid Recommendation 29322.3.4.1 Filtering Based on Content 29322.3.4.2 Collaborative Filtering 29322.3.5 Neural Collaborative Filtering (NCF) 29422.3.6 User-Based Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) 29622.4 Results and Discussion 29722.5 Conclusion and Future Work 299References 30023 Farmer’s Eye Using CNN 303Elam Cheren S., Yuvan Raj Kumar M., Vivek G., Udhayakumar N. and Saravanakumar M. V.23.1 Introduction 30323.2 Related Works 30423.3 PV Module 30523.4 Hardware Description 30623.5 Software Implementation 30923.6 Hardware Implementation 31123.7 Conclusion 313References 31324 Solar Powered Density and Emergency-Based Traffic Control System Using NI LabVIEW 315M. Devika Rani, G. Bhavani, K. Kartheek, A. Sindhura and D. Nikhila24.1 Introduction 31524.2 Literature Review 31624.3 Methodology 31724.3.1 Block Diagram 31724.3.2 LabVIEW 31924.4 Components 32224.4.1 Main Components 32224.4.1.1 Solar Panel 32224.4.1.2 Battery 32324.4.1.3 Buck Converter 32324.4.1.4 IR Sensor 32324.4.1.5 NI my RIO 32424.4.1.6 NPN Transistor 32424.4.1.7 Glue Sticks 32424.4.1.8 Heat Sink Slive Tubes 32524.4.1.9 Toggle Switch 32524.4.2 Supporting Components 32624.4.2.1 Connecting Pins 32624.4.2.2 Leds 32624.5 Result 32824.5.1 SIM View 32824.6 Implementation of Hardware Components 33024.7 Conclusion 332Applications 332References 33225 Observation of TCSU: Travel Cold Storage Unit Operated by SPV Technology 335Devesh Umesh Sarkar, Tapan Prakash, Madhur Zadegaonkar, Ritu Bhimgade, Abhijeeta Gupta and Nidhi Ambekar25.1 Introduction 33525.2 Working Methodology 33625.3 Tools & Platform 33825.4 Design & Implementation 33825.5 Advantages & Application 34125.6 Conclusion 341References 342Index 345