Introduction to Wireless System Design

Henry Lau is the CEO of Lexiwave Technology, Inc., and he has extensive experience in managing and developing IoT and AI systems.Ludy Liu is a Senior Engineer at Veoneer. She has a breadth of experience in architecting software solutions for ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) and AD (Autonomous Driving) Systems.Keith Chan is the Chief System Specialist at Lexiwave Technology (Hong Kong) Limited.

• About the Authors xiiiPreface xvAcknowledgment xixPart I Wireless Standards 11 Wireless Standards 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Wireless Technology 41.2.1 Types of IoT Technologies 41.2.2 Type of Networks 61.2.3 Wireless Standards for IoT Technologies 81.2.3.1 Global Positioning System (GPS) 91.2.3.2 Bluetooth 91.2.3.3 Cellular 4G/5G 111.2.3.4 Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) 121.2.3.5 Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) 131.2.3.6 Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) 141.2.3.7 Sigfox 151.2.3.8 Zigbee 161.3 Regulatory Requirements 171.4 Certification and Type Approval 181.5 Regulatory Bodies 20References 20Part II Hardware Design 232 Receiver Design 252.1 Introduction 252.2 Critical Circuit Blocks 262.2.1 Antenna Input and Filter 262.2.2 Low Noise Amplifier 272.2.3 Mixer 292.2.4 IF Stages 302.2.5 IF Amplifier 312.2.6 Second IF Circuitry 322.2.7 IF Detector 322.3 System Architectures and Design Considerations 332.3.1 Heterodyne Receivers 332.3.1.1 Image Frequency 342.3.1.2 Image Rejection 352.3.1.3 Double-Conversion Receivers 362.3.2 Direct Conversion Receiver 372.3.2.1 Disadvantages of Direct Conversion Receiver 392.3.2.2 Design Examples of Direct Conversion Receiver 402.3.3 Image-Reject Receivers 412.3.3.1 Image Rejection Architectures 422.3.3.2 Complex Polyphase Filters 432.3.3.3 Disadvantages of Low-IF Image-Reject Receiver 44References 453 Transmitter Design 473.1 Introduction 473.2 Transmitter System and Considerations 483.2.1 Oscillator 483.2.2 Modulation and Modulators 493.2.2.1 Analog Modulation 503.2.2.2 Digital Modulation 513.2.3 Upconverter 533.2.4 Power Amplifier 543.2.5 Output Filtering 583.2.6 Other Considerations 583.3 Transmitter Architectures 603.3.1 Direct Conversion 603.3.1.1 Simplicity 613.3.1.2 Wideband Operation 613.3.1.3 Improved Phase Noise Characteristics 613.3.1.4 dc Offset 623.3.1.5 I/Q Imbalance 623.3.1.6 Frequency Pulling 623.3.2 Heterodyne Transmitters 633.4 Transceiver Architectures 643.4.1 Full-Duplex/Half-Duplex Architecture 643.4.2 Simplex Architecture 653.4.3 Transmitter Example 663.4.4 Transceiver Example 69References 734 Software-Defined Radio 754.1 Introduction 754.2 A New Radio 764.3 Concepts and Architecture 774.3.1 Direct Synthesis 774.3.2 Building Blocks 804.3.2.1 Antenna 804.3.2.2 RF Front-end 814.3.2.3 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion 824.3.2.4 Digital Front-end 834.3.2.5 Signal Processing 844.4 Design Example 85References 905 Antennas for Handheld Wireless Devices 935.1 Introduction 935.2 Antenna Fundamentals 945.2.1 Source of Radiation 955.2.2 Characteristic of Radiation 965.3 Parameters and Specifications 975.3.1 Radiation Resistance 975.3.2 Efficiency 985.3.3 Directivity 985.3.4 Polarization 985.3.5 Antenna Gain 995.3.6 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) 995.4 Types of Antenna and Performance 1005.4.1 Basic Antennas 1005.4.1.1 Dipole 1005.4.1.2 Monopole 1005.4.1.3 Loop Antenna 1015.4.1.4 Patch Antenna 1025.4.2 Miniature Antennas 1035.4.2.1 Chip Antenna 1035.4.2.2 Inverted-L Antenna 1055.4.2.3 Inverted-F Antenna 1065.4.2.4 Meandered Line Antennas 1075.4.3 Antenna Array 1075.5 Practical Design Considerations for Handheld Wireless Devices 110References 1116 PCB Design for Wireless Devices 1136.1 Introduction 1136.2 RF PCB Design Fundamentals 1146.2.1 Layer Stack-up Assignment 1146.2.2 Component Placement 1176.2.3 Grounding Methods and Techniques 1186.2.4 Power Plane 1226.2.5 Bypassing and Decoupling 1236.3 PCB Design for Other Circuits 1266.3.1 IF Circuits 1266.3.2 Baseband Circuits 1266.3.3 Audio Circuits 1276.3.4 Power Supplies 127References 128Part III Software Design 1297 Embedded Software Development 1317.1 Introduction 1317.2 Embedded System and Devices 1327.3 Design Flow of Application Software of Embedded Systems 1337.3.1 Understand the Requirements 1337.3.2 System Architecture Definition 1347.3.2.1 Choice of Architecture Style 1347.3.2.2 Event-Driven Architecture 1347.3.2.3 Component-Based Architecture 1357.3.2.4 Real-Time Architecture 1367.3.2.5 Hierarchical Architecture 1367.3.2.6 Layered Architecture 1387.4 Software Architecture Design Example 1407.4.1 High-Level Block Diagram 1407.4.2 Tracking Watch for Construction Worker Safety and Productivity 1417.4.3 Defining the Subsystems 1427.4.4 Designing the Hardware of the Tracking Watch 1437.4.5 Interfacing Requirements 1447.4.6 Timing Requirements 1457.4.7 Software Design Strategies 1457.5 State Machine Versus Real-Time Operating System 1467.6 Selection of MCU or SoC 147References 1498 Embedded Software Optimization 1518.1 Introduction 1518.2 Software Optimization 1528.2.1 Benchmarking of an Embedded System 1548.2.2 Optimizing Memory Management 1558.2.2.1 Minimizing Memory Access Latency 1568.2.2.2 Speeding Up Memory Access for Critical Tasks 1568.2.2.3 SDRAM, SRAM, or DDR 1568.2.2.4 Bridging the Performance Gap Between SDRAM and SRAM 1578.2.2.5 Tightly-Coupled Memory 1588.2.3 Optimizing Data Structure 1588.2.4 Minimizing Power Consumption 1608.2.4.1 Low-Power Mode 1618.2.4.2 Watchdog Timer 1618.2.5 Leveraging Hardware Accelerator 1628.2.5.1 Filter Accelerators 1638.2.5.2 Network Processors 1648.2.5.3 Floating-Point Units 1648.2.5.4 Fast Fourier Transform Accelerators 1658.2.5.5 Fixed-Point Accelerators 1658.2.5.6 Multicore Accelerators 1668.3 Programming Languages 1668.4 Development Tools 1678.5 Debugging Tools 1698.6 Embedded Software Testing Strategies 170References 1729 Server Software Development 1759.1 Introduction 1759.2 Website Development 1769.3 Back-end Development 1769.3.1 Typical Web Servers 1769.3.2 Apache Versus Nginx 1779.3.3 XAMPP Server 1789.3.4 Database 1799.3.5 Database Infrastructure 1799.3.6 Difference Between SQL and MySQL 1809.3.7 MySQL Security Improvement 1819.3.8 Some Web Application Vulnerabilities 1819.3.8.1 SQL Injection 1819.3.8.2 Parameterized Query (Prepared Statement) 1829.3.8.3 String Escaping 1829.3.8.4 DDoS Attacks 1839.3.8.5 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 1839.3.9 Limitations 1839.4 Front-end Design 1849.4.1 Building Dynamic Web Interface by HTML, CSS, and JavaScript 1849.4.2 Cascading Style Sheets 1849.4.3 JavaScript 1869.4.4 The Rise of Frameworks 1889.4.5 Dynamic Presentation Using AJAX 1889.4.5.1 Asynchronous JavaScript and Extensible Markup Language (AJAX) 1889.4.5.2 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) 1899.4.5.3 AJAX Call in jQuery 1909.5 Responsive Web Design Using Bootstrap 1929.5.1 Bootstrap 1939.6 Network Security 1949.6.1 Device Security 1949.6.2 Data Content Security 1949.6.2.1 Symmetric Encryption (Private Key Encryption) 1969.6.2.2 Asymmetric Encryption (Public Key Encryption) 1969.6.3 Operational Behavior Safety 196References 19610 Smartphone Application Software Development 19910.1 Introduction 19910.2 Smartphone Application Development 19910.3 Tools for Application Software Development 20010.4 Android Studio 20010.4.1 Android Programming on Simple TCP Client 20110.4.2 Explanation of the Code 20110.4.3 Python Code for Echo Server 20810.5 React Native 21010.5.1 React Native Programming on MQTT Client 21110.5.2 Explanation of the Code 21210.5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of React Native 21610.6 Flutter 21810.6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Flutter and React Native 21810.7 Swift 21910.7.1 Xcode 21910.7.2 Development Environment 21910.7.3 Xcode Programming on Simple TCP Client 22010.8 Other Development Considerations 223References 225Part IV Putting into Practice 22711 Practical Design Examples in Modern Wireless System Design 22911.1 Introduction 22911.2 IoT Technologies for Smart Cities 23011.3 Smart Lamp Post 23111.3.1 Hardware Design 23311.3.2 Firmware Design 23611.3.3 Webserver Design 23611.3.4 Webpage Design 23711.4 Smart RFID System 23811.4.1 Hardware Design 24011.4.1.1 Passive RFID Tag Design 24011.4.1.2 Smart Antenna 24911.4.2 AI Design 25311.4.3 Indoor Localization 25311.4.4 AI Algorithm 25411.4.5 Localization Testing and Verification 256References 26312 Future Trends 26512.1 Introduction 26512.2 Distributed System 26612.2.1 Distributed Computing 26712.2.2 Software for Distributed Systems 26712.2.2.1 Middleware 26712.2.2.2 Distributed File Systems 26712.2.2.3 Distributed Databases 26712.2.2.4 Distributed Computing Frameworks 26812.2.2.5 Orchestration Tools 26812.2.3 Examples of Distributed Applications in Industry 26812.3 Cloud Computing 26812.3.1 Typical Cloud Server 26912.3.1.1 Infrastructure-as-a-Service 27012.3.1.2 Platform-as-a-Service 27012.3.1.3 Software-as-a-Service 27012.4 Role of Cloud Computing in IoT 27012.5 Blockchain 27112.5.1 Technology Highlights 27212.5.2 Structure of a Block 27312.5.3 Leverage Blockchain Technology for IoT Devices 27312.6 Artificial Intelligence 27512.6.1 Machine learning, Deep Learning, and Artificial Intelligence 27512.6.2 Machine Learning 27612.6.3 Machine Learning Algorithms 27712.6.4 Deep Learning 27712.6.4.1 Convolutional Neural Networks 27812.6.4.2 Long Short-Term Memory 27912.6.5 Other Mainstream AI Algorithms 28012.6.5.1 Transformers 28012.6.5.2 Explainable AI (XAI) 28112.6.5.3 Federated Learning 28112.6.5.4 Continual Learning 28112.6.5.5 Hybrid Architectures 28112.7 Edge Computing 283References 284Index 287