Natalia A. Ruppert, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA Margarete A. Jadamec, University at Buffalo, USA Jeffrey T. Freymueller, Michigan State University, USA

• List of Contributors ixPreface xiiiAcknowledgments xviiAbout the Companion Website xixPart I An Introduction to the EarthScope Networks1 EarthScope Networks in Alaska and Northwestern Canada 3Jeffrey T. Freymueller and Michael E. West2 Perspectives on Transportable Array Alaska Background Noise Levels 15Adam T. Ringler, Kasey Aderhold, Robert E. Anthony, Robert W. Busby, Andy Frassetto, Toshiro Tanimoto, and David C. WilsonPart II Synthesis Studies of Alaska and Northwestern Canada: From the Crust to the Lower Mantle3 A Decade of Alaska Seismicity: 2013–2022 47Natalia A. Ruppert4 Updating the Crustal Fault Model for the 2023 National Seismic Hazard Model for Alaska 85Peter J. Haeussler, Adrian M. Bender, Peter M. Powers, Richard D. Koehler, and Daniel S. Brothers5 Geodetic Observations of Tectonic Deformation in Alaska and Western Canada: The EarthScope Revolution 129Julie Elliott, Jeffrey T. Freymueller, and Ronni Grapenthin6 Synthesis of the Seismic Structure of the Greater Alaska Region: Continental Lithosphere 185Xiaotao Yang, Michael Everett Mann, Karen M. Fischer, Margarete A. Jadamec, Songqiao Shawn Wei, Gary L. Pavlis, and Andrew John Schaeffer Copyrighted Material7 Structure, Origin, and Deformation of the Lithosphere in the Northern Canadian Cordillera From High-Resolution, Passive-Source Seismic Velocity Models 215Clément Estève, Pascal Audet, Derek Leigh Schutt, Richard Craig Aster, Andrew John Schaeffer, and Joel F. Cubley8 Synthesis of the Seismic Structure of the Greater Alaska Region: Subducting Slab Geometry 237Gary L. Pavlis, Margarete A. Jadamec, Michael Everett Mann, Xiaotao Yang, Andrew John Schaeffer, Songqiao Shawn Wei, and Karen M. Fischer9 Synthesis of the Seismic Structure of the Greater Alaska Region: Geodynamics Implications 267Margarete A. Jadamec, Gary L. Pavlis, Xiaotao Yang, Karen M. Fischer, Songqiao Shawn Wei, Michael Everett Mann, and Andrew John SchaefferPart III Aleutian–alaska Subduction: Properties, Interface Structure, and Dynamics10 An Alaska–Aleutian Subduction Zone Interface Earthquake Recurrence Model From Geology and Geodesy 301Rich Briggs, Robert C. Witter, Jeffrey T. Freymueller, Peter M. Powers, Peter J. Haeussler, Stephanie L. Ross, Tina Dura, Simon E. Engelhart, Richard D. Koehler, and Hong Kie Thio11 TectonicTremorObservationsAcrossAlaska 325Aaron G. Wech12 Inherited Crustal Features and Southern Alaska Tectonic History Constrained by Sp Receiver Functions 335Michael Everett Mann, Karen M. Fischer, and Jeffrey A. Benowitz13 Implications of Variable Plate Coupling Versus Plateau Buoyancy on Subduction Dynamics: A Case Study of the Yakutat Plateau in Alaska 355Kirstie L. Haynie and Margarete A. Jadamec14 Constraining the Earthquake Recording Threshold of Intraslab Earthquakes With Turbidites in South-Central Alaska’s Lakes and Fjords 389Drake M. Singleton, Daniel S. Brothers, Peter J. Haeussler, Robert C. Witter, and Jenna C. Hill15 Variations in Reflection Signature and Slip Behavior of the Subduction Interface Offshore Alaska Peninsula From 152 ∘ to 161 ∘ W 419Harold Kuehn, Mladen R. Nedimović, Donna J. Shillington, and Anne Bécel16 Implications of the 2020–2021 Earthquakes for Megathrust Coupling and Seismicity in the Vicinity of the Shumagin Gap 445Matthew W. Herman and Kevin P. FurlongPart IV Transform and Oblique Fault Systems: From the Plate-Boundary Corner to the Northeastern Brooks Range17 Oblique Contraction Along the Fastest Ocean–Continent Transform Plate Boundary Focuses Rock Uplift West of the Fairweather Fault, Southeast Alaska 463Robert C. Witter, Harvey M. Kelsey, Richard O. Lease, Adrian M. Bender, Katherine M. Scharer, Peter J. Haeussler, and Daniel S. Brothers18 Slip Redistribution onto the Totschunda Fault of Southern Alaska: A Result of a Pacific Plate Motion Change at ca 6 Ma 497Jacob L. Rosenthal, Paul G. Fitzgerald, Jeffrey A. Benowitz, James R. Metcalf, and Paul M. Betka19 Inherited Upper-Plate Controls on Localized Arc Magmatism Since ca 100 Ma Along the Alaska Range Suture Zone 525Jeffrey A. Benowitz and Michael Everett Mann20 Geologic Evolution of the Denali Fault System and Associated Crustal Structure 547Trevor S. Waldien, Meghan S. Miller, and Sarah M. Roeske21 Seismicity and Anisotropic Imaging Reveal an Active Detachment Beneath the Northern Alaska Range Foothills 575Vera Schulte-Pelkum, Adrian M. Bender, and Natalia A. Ruppert22 The 2018 Kaktovik, Alaska Earthquakes and Their Context: Insights From Seismotectonics, InSAR Geodesy, and Static Stress Changes 589Chris Rollins, Jeffrey T. Freymueller, Xueming Xue, Stephen G. Holtkamp, Thomas A. Logan, Franz Meyer, and Jason PattonIndex 617

Natalia A. Ruppert, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA Margarete A. Jadamec, University at Buffalo, USA Jeffrey T. Freymueller, Michigan State University, USA

• List of Contributors ixPreface xiiiAcknowledgments xviiAbout the Companion Website xixPart I An Introduction to the EarthScope Networks1 EarthScope Networks in Alaska and Northwestern Canada 3Jeffrey T. Freymueller and Michael E. West2 Perspectives on Transportable Array Alaska Background Noise Levels 15Adam T. Ringler, Kasey Aderhold, Robert E. Anthony, Robert W. Busby, Andy Frassetto, Toshiro Tanimoto, and David C. WilsonPart II Synthesis Studies of Alaska and Northwestern Canada: From the Crust to the Lower Mantle3 A Decade of Alaska Seismicity: 2013–2022 47Natalia A. Ruppert4 Updating the Crustal Fault Model for the 2023 National Seismic Hazard Model for Alaska 85Peter J. Haeussler, Adrian M. Bender, Peter M. Powers, Richard D. Koehler, and Daniel S. Brothers5 Geodetic Observations of Tectonic Deformation in Alaska and Western Canada: The EarthScope Revolution 129Julie Elliott, Jeffrey T. Freymueller, and Ronni Grapenthin6 Synthesis of the Seismic Structure of the Greater Alaska Region: Continental Lithosphere 185Xiaotao Yang, Michael Everett Mann, Karen M. Fischer, Margarete A. Jadamec, Songqiao Shawn Wei, Gary L. Pavlis, and Andrew John Schaeffer Copyrighted Material7 Structure, Origin, and Deformation of the Lithosphere in the Northern Canadian Cordillera From High-Resolution, Passive-Source Seismic Velocity Models 215Clément Estève, Pascal Audet, Derek Leigh Schutt, Richard Craig Aster, Andrew John Schaeffer, and Joel F. Cubley8 Synthesis of the Seismic Structure of the Greater Alaska Region: Subducting Slab Geometry 237Gary L. Pavlis, Margarete A. Jadamec, Michael Everett Mann, Xiaotao Yang, Andrew John Schaeffer, Songqiao Shawn Wei, and Karen M. Fischer9 Synthesis of the Seismic Structure of the Greater Alaska Region: Geodynamics Implications 267Margarete A. Jadamec, Gary L. Pavlis, Xiaotao Yang, Karen M. Fischer, Songqiao Shawn Wei, Michael Everett Mann, and Andrew John SchaefferPart III Aleutian–alaska Subduction: Properties, Interface Structure, and Dynamics10 An Alaska–Aleutian Subduction Zone Interface Earthquake Recurrence Model From Geology and Geodesy 301Rich Briggs, Robert C. Witter, Jeffrey T. Freymueller, Peter M. Powers, Peter J. Haeussler, Stephanie L. Ross, Tina Dura, Simon E. Engelhart, Richard D. Koehler, and Hong Kie Thio11 TectonicTremorObservationsAcrossAlaska 325Aaron G. Wech12 Inherited Crustal Features and Southern Alaska Tectonic History Constrained by Sp Receiver Functions 335Michael Everett Mann, Karen M. Fischer, and Jeffrey A. Benowitz13 Implications of Variable Plate Coupling Versus Plateau Buoyancy on Subduction Dynamics: A Case Study of the Yakutat Plateau in Alaska 355Kirstie L. Haynie and Margarete A. Jadamec14 Constraining the Earthquake Recording Threshold of Intraslab Earthquakes With Turbidites in South-Central Alaska’s Lakes and Fjords 389Drake M. Singleton, Daniel S. Brothers, Peter J. Haeussler, Robert C. Witter, and Jenna C. Hill15 Variations in Reflection Signature and Slip Behavior of the Subduction Interface Offshore Alaska Peninsula From 152 ∘ to 161 ∘ W 419Harold Kuehn, Mladen R. Nedimović, Donna J. Shillington, and Anne Bécel16 Implications of the 2020–2021 Earthquakes for Megathrust Coupling and Seismicity in the Vicinity of the Shumagin Gap 445Matthew W. Herman and Kevin P. FurlongPart IV Transform and Oblique Fault Systems: From the Plate-Boundary Corner to the Northeastern Brooks Range17 Oblique Contraction Along the Fastest Ocean–Continent Transform Plate Boundary Focuses Rock Uplift West of the Fairweather Fault, Southeast Alaska 463Robert C. Witter, Harvey M. Kelsey, Richard O. Lease, Adrian M. Bender, Katherine M. Scharer, Peter J. Haeussler, and Daniel S. Brothers18 Slip Redistribution onto the Totschunda Fault of Southern Alaska: A Result of a Pacific Plate Motion Change at ca 6 Ma 497Jacob L. Rosenthal, Paul G. Fitzgerald, Jeffrey A. Benowitz, James R. Metcalf, and Paul M. Betka19 Inherited Upper-Plate Controls on Localized Arc Magmatism Since ca 100 Ma Along the Alaska Range Suture Zone 525Jeffrey A. Benowitz and Michael Everett Mann20 Geologic Evolution of the Denali Fault System and Associated Crustal Structure 547Trevor S. Waldien, Meghan S. Miller, and Sarah M. Roeske21 Seismicity and Anisotropic Imaging Reveal an Active Detachment Beneath the Northern Alaska Range Foothills 575Vera Schulte-Pelkum, Adrian M. Bender, and Natalia A. Ruppert22 The 2018 Kaktovik, Alaska Earthquakes and Their Context: Insights From Seismotectonics, InSAR Geodesy, and Static Stress Changes 589Chris Rollins, Jeffrey T. Freymueller, Xueming Xue, Stephen G. Holtkamp, Thomas A. Logan, Franz Meyer, and Jason PattonIndex 617

Natalia A. Ruppert, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA Margarete A. Jadamec, University at Buffalo, USA Jeffrey T. Freymueller, Michigan State University, USA

• List of Contributors ixPreface xiiiAcknowledgments xviiAbout the Companion Website xixPart I An Introduction to the EarthScope Networks1 EarthScope Networks in Alaska and Northwestern Canada 3Jeffrey T. Freymueller and Michael E. West2 Perspectives on Transportable Array Alaska Background Noise Levels 15Adam T. Ringler, Kasey Aderhold, Robert E. Anthony, Robert W. Busby, Andy Frassetto, Toshiro Tanimoto, and David C. WilsonPart II Synthesis Studies of Alaska and Northwestern Canada: From the Crust to the Lower Mantle3 A Decade of Alaska Seismicity: 2013–2022 47Natalia A. Ruppert4 Updating the Crustal Fault Model for the 2023 National Seismic Hazard Model for Alaska 85Peter J. Haeussler, Adrian M. Bender, Peter M. Powers, Richard D. Koehler, and Daniel S. Brothers5 Geodetic Observations of Tectonic Deformation in Alaska and Western Canada: The EarthScope Revolution 129Julie Elliott, Jeffrey T. Freymueller, and Ronni Grapenthin6 Synthesis of the Seismic Structure of the Greater Alaska Region: Continental Lithosphere 185Xiaotao Yang, Michael Everett Mann, Karen M. Fischer, Margarete A. Jadamec, Songqiao Shawn Wei, Gary L. Pavlis, and Andrew John Schaeffer Copyrighted Material7 Structure, Origin, and Deformation of the Lithosphere in the Northern Canadian Cordillera From High-Resolution, Passive-Source Seismic Velocity Models 215Clément Estève, Pascal Audet, Derek Leigh Schutt, Richard Craig Aster, Andrew John Schaeffer, and Joel F. Cubley8 Synthesis of the Seismic Structure of the Greater Alaska Region: Subducting Slab Geometry 237Gary L. Pavlis, Margarete A. Jadamec, Michael Everett Mann, Xiaotao Yang, Andrew John Schaeffer, Songqiao Shawn Wei, and Karen M. Fischer9 Synthesis of the Seismic Structure of the Greater Alaska Region: Geodynamics Implications 267Margarete A. Jadamec, Gary L. Pavlis, Xiaotao Yang, Karen M. Fischer, Songqiao Shawn Wei, Michael Everett Mann, and Andrew John SchaefferPart III Aleutian–alaska Subduction: Properties, Interface Structure, and Dynamics10 An Alaska–Aleutian Subduction Zone Interface Earthquake Recurrence Model From Geology and Geodesy 301Rich Briggs, Robert C. Witter, Jeffrey T. Freymueller, Peter M. Powers, Peter J. Haeussler, Stephanie L. Ross, Tina Dura, Simon E. Engelhart, Richard D. Koehler, and Hong Kie Thio11 TectonicTremorObservationsAcrossAlaska 325Aaron G. Wech12 Inherited Crustal Features and Southern Alaska Tectonic History Constrained by Sp Receiver Functions 335Michael Everett Mann, Karen M. Fischer, and Jeffrey A. Benowitz13 Implications of Variable Plate Coupling Versus Plateau Buoyancy on Subduction Dynamics: A Case Study of the Yakutat Plateau in Alaska 355Kirstie L. Haynie and Margarete A. Jadamec14 Constraining the Earthquake Recording Threshold of Intraslab Earthquakes With Turbidites in South-Central Alaska’s Lakes and Fjords 389Drake M. Singleton, Daniel S. Brothers, Peter J. Haeussler, Robert C. Witter, and Jenna C. Hill15 Variations in Reflection Signature and Slip Behavior of the Subduction Interface Offshore Alaska Peninsula From 152 ∘ to 161 ∘ W 419Harold Kuehn, Mladen R. Nedimović, Donna J. Shillington, and Anne Bécel16 Implications of the 2020–2021 Earthquakes for Megathrust Coupling and Seismicity in the Vicinity of the Shumagin Gap 445Matthew W. Herman and Kevin P. FurlongPart IV Transform and Oblique Fault Systems: From the Plate-Boundary Corner to the Northeastern Brooks Range17 Oblique Contraction Along the Fastest Ocean–Continent Transform Plate Boundary Focuses Rock Uplift West of the Fairweather Fault, Southeast Alaska 463Robert C. Witter, Harvey M. Kelsey, Richard O. Lease, Adrian M. Bender, Katherine M. Scharer, Peter J. Haeussler, and Daniel S. Brothers18 Slip Redistribution onto the Totschunda Fault of Southern Alaska: A Result of a Pacific Plate Motion Change at ca 6 Ma 497Jacob L. Rosenthal, Paul G. Fitzgerald, Jeffrey A. Benowitz, James R. Metcalf, and Paul M. Betka19 Inherited Upper-Plate Controls on Localized Arc Magmatism Since ca 100 Ma Along the Alaska Range Suture Zone 525Jeffrey A. Benowitz and Michael Everett Mann20 Geologic Evolution of the Denali Fault System and Associated Crustal Structure 547Trevor S. Waldien, Meghan S. Miller, and Sarah M. Roeske21 Seismicity and Anisotropic Imaging Reveal an Active Detachment Beneath the Northern Alaska Range Foothills 575Vera Schulte-Pelkum, Adrian M. Bender, and Natalia A. Ruppert22 The 2018 Kaktovik, Alaska Earthquakes and Their Context: Insights From Seismotectonics, InSAR Geodesy, and Static Stress Changes 589Chris Rollins, Jeffrey T. Freymueller, Xueming Xue, Stephen G. Holtkamp, Thomas A. Logan, Franz Meyer, and Jason PattonIndex 617