Jianping Yao is a Distinguished Professor and University Research Chair in Microwave Photonics in the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. José Capmany is a Full Professor of photonics and the Leader of the Photonics Research Labs, Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain. Ming Li is a Full Professor with the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

• About the Authors xiAbout the Companion Website xiii1 Introduction to Microwave Photonics 11.1 Photonic Generation of Microwave Signals 11.2 Photonic Microwave Signal Processing 11.3 Photonic Distribution of Microwave Signals 21.4 Photonic Generation of Ultra-wideband Signals 21.5 Photonic Generation of Microwave Arbitrary Waveforms 31.6 Microwave Photonic Beamforming Networks for Phased Array Antennas 31.7 Photonic-Assisted Instantaneous Microwave Frequency Measurements 31.8 Microwave Photonic Sensors 41.9 Photonic Analog-to-Digital Conversion 41.10 Novel Optoelectronic Oscillators 41.11 Quantum Microwave Photonics 51.12 Integrated Microwave Photonics 51.13 Applications of Microwave Photonics 52 Optical Devices for Microwave Photonics 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Optical Fibers and Planar Waveguides 72.2.1 Structure and Geometry of Optical Fibers and Planar Waveguides 82.2.2 Basic Electromagnetic Theory for Optical Fibers and Planar Waveguides 102.2.3 Propagation in Optical Fibers 122.2.4 Propagation in Planar Dielectric Waveguides 212.3 Light Sources, Detectors, and Modulators 242.3.1 Fundamentals of the Interaction Between Radiation and Matter 242.3.2 Semiconductor Materials for Optical Sources and Detectors 272.3.3 Optical Sources 382.3.4 Optical Detectors 592.3.5 Optical Modulators 662.4 Fiber Bragg Gratings 732.4.1 Theory and Design of Fiber Bragg Grating Filters 752.4.2 Performance Characteristics of FBGs 772.5 Array Waveguide Gratings 792.6 Other Passive Components 822.6.1 2 × 2 Couplers 822.6.2 Isolators 832.6.3 Circulators 842.7 Chapter Summary 86References 863 Photonic Generation of Microwave Signals 873.1 Introduction 873.2 Optical Injection Locking 883.3 Optical Phase-Locked Loop 893.4 Optical Injection Phase Locking 903.5 Microwave Generation Based on External Modulation 913.5.1 Intensity Modulator-Based Approach 913.5.2 Phase-Modulator-Based Approach 923.6 Microwave Generation Using a Dual-Wavelength Laser 933.7 Microwave Generation Using an Optoelectronic Oscillator 963.8 Performance Comparison of the Techniques for Photonic Microwave Generation 993.9 Summary 101References 1014 Photonic-Assisted Microwave Signal Processing 1054.1 Introduction 1054.2 Microwave Photonic Filters 1054.2.1 Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters with Negative Coefficients 1074.2.2 Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters with Complex Coefficients 1144.2.3 Nonuniformly Spaced Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters 1164.3 Optical Mixing of Microwave Signals 1194.4 Coherent Microwave Photonic Filters 1234.5 Dynamic Range of a Microwave Photonic Filter 1314.6 Conclusion 132References 1335 Photonic Distribution of Microwave Signals 1375.1 Introduction 1375.2 Introduction to Microwave Photonics Links 1375.3 Figures of Merit of a Simple Microwave Photonic Link 1385.3.1 RF Gain 1395.3.2 Noise 1415.3.3 Dynamic Range 1425.4 Figures of Merit of a Filtered Microwave Photonic Link 1485.4.1 Filtered Intensity Modulated Direct Detection Links 1495.4.2 Filtered Phase Modulated Links 1525.4.3 Application Examples 1555.5 Introduction to Fiber-Wireless Systems 1565.6 Optical Transport of Wireless Signals 1575.6.1 Radio Over Fiber 1575.6.2 Intermediate Frequency Over Fiber 1585.6.3 Baseband Over Fiber 1595.7 Sources of Degradation and Impairments 1605.7.1 Chromatic Dispersion 1605.7.2 Optical Nonlinearities 1635.8 Fiber-Wireless Networks 1655.8.1 Spectral Efficiency 1655.8.2 Optical Subsystems for Fiber-Wireless Networks 1665.8.3 Application Scenarios 1715.9 Chapter Summary 174Problems 175References 1766 Photonic Generation of Ultra-Wideband Signals 1816.1 Introduction 1816.2 UWB Pulse Generation Based on PM-IM Conversion 1826.2.1 Optical Phase Modulation 1836.2.2 PM-IM Conversion 1836.2.3 UWB Pulse Generation Based on PM-IM Conversion in a Dispersive Device 1896.2.4 UWB Pulse Generation Based on PM-IM Conversion in an Optical Frequency Discriminator 1916.3 UWB Pulse Generation Based on a Photonic Microwave Delay Line Filter 1956.3.1 Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters for UWB Pulse Generation 1966.3.2 UWB Monocycle Generation with a Two-Tap Microwave Delay-Lines Filter 1986.3.3 UWB Doublet Generation with a Three-Tap Microwave Delay-Line Filter 2006.4 UWB Pulse Generation based on Spectral Shaping and Frequency-to-Time Mapping 2016.4.1 UWB Pulse Generation Based on Optical Spectral Shaping and Frequency-to-Time Mapping 2026.4.2 Implementation of All-Fiber UWB Pulse Generation based on Spectral Shaping and Frequency-to-Time Mapping 2036.5 Discussion and Conclusion 205References 2067 Photonic Generation of Microwave Arbitrary Waveforms 2097.1 Introduction 2097.2 Direct Space-to-Time Pulse Shaping 2097.3 Spectral-Shaping and Wavelength-to-Time Mapping 2137.4 Temporal Pulse Shaping 2217.5 Microwave Waveform Generation Based on a Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filter 2287.6 Conclusion 233References 2348 Microwave Photonics Beamforming Networks for Phased Array Antennas 2378.1 Introduction 2378.2 Basic Concepts on Phased Array Antennas 2388.2.1 Principles of Operation 2388.2.2 Design Parameters 2418.2.3 PAA Feed Architectures 2458.3 True Time Delay Optical Beamforming Networks 2468.4 Phase-Shift Optical Beamforming Networks 2648.5 Summary and Conclusions 269Problems 269References 2719 Photonic-Assisted Instantaneous Frequency Measurements 2779.1 Introduction 2779.2 Frequency Measurement Using an Optical Channelizer 2799.2.1 Optical Phased-Array WDM 2809.2.2 Free-Space Diffraction Grating 2819.2.3 Phase-Shifted Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating Arrays 2829.2.4 Integrated Optical Bragg Grating Fabry–Perot Etalon 2839.3 Frequency Measurement Based on Power Monitoring 2839.3.1 Chromatic Dispersion-Induced Microwave Power Penalty 2849.3.2 Break the Lower Frequency Bound 2899.3.3 IFM Based on Photonic Microwave Filters with Complementary Frequency Responses 2929.3.4 First-Order Photonic Microwave Differentiator 2949.3.5 Optical Power Fading Using Optical Filters 2979.4 Other Methods for Frequency Measurement 2999.4.1 Fabry–Perot Scanning Receiver 2999.4.2 Photonic Hilbert Transform 3009.4.3 Monolithically Integrated EDG 3019.4.4 Incoherent Frequency-to-Time Mapping 3019.5 Conclusion 303References 30410 Microwave Photonic Sensors 30910.1 Introduction 30910.2 Optical Sensors Based on a Dual-Wavelength Laser Source 31010.3 Optical Sensors Based on an Optoelectronic Oscillator 31410.4 Optical Sensors Based on Spectrum Shaping and Wavelength-to-Time Mapping 32110.5 Photonic Integrated Microwave Photonic Sensors 32610.6 Conclusion 329References 33011 Photonic Analog-to-Digital Conversion 33311.1 Introduction 33311.2 Basic Concepts on Analog-to-Digital Converters 33411.2.1 Types of Converters 33411.2.2 Operation Principles of the Nyquist ADC 33511.2.3 State of the Art of Electronic ADCs 33811.2.4 Classification of Photonic ADCs 34011.3 Photonic-Assisted ADCs 34011.3.1 Classification of Photonic-Assisted ADCs 34011.3.2 Optically Clocked Track-and-Hold Circuits 34111.3.3 Optical Replication Pre-Processors 34311.3.4 Optical Time-Stretched Pre-Processors 34511.4 Photonic Sampled/Electronic Quantized ADCs 34711.5 Electronic Sampled/Photonic Quantized ADCs 35411.6 Photonic Sampled/Photonic Quantized ADCs 35511.6.1 Classification of Photonic Sampled/Photonic Quantized Converters 35511.6.2 Intensity Modulation and Conversion 35511.6.3 Intensity Modulation and Optical Comparator 35811.6.4 Phase Modulation and Optical Beam Deflection 35811.7 Chapter Summary 361Problems 361References 36312 Novel Optoelectronic Oscillators 36712.1 Introduction 36712.2 Models for Optoelectronic Oscillators 36812.3 Parity-Time Symmetric OEO 37812.4 Fourier Domain Mode-Locked OEO 38212.5 OEPO 38512.6 Broad Random OEO 38812.7 Integrated OEO 39212.8 Discussion and Conclusion 395References 39613 Integrated Microwave Photonics 40113.1 Introduction 40113.2 Integration Technologies and Platforms 40313.2.1 Indium Phosphide 40313.2.2 Silicon Photonics 40513.2.3 Silicon Nitride 40513.2.4 Other Platforms 40613.2.5 Comparative Analysis 40613.3 Application-Specific Photonic Integrated Circuits for Microwave Photonics 40813.3.1 Filters 40913.3.2 Microwave Signal Generators 40913.3.2.1 Optoelectronic Oscillators 41113.3.2.2 Comb Sources 41313.3.2.3 IR-UWB Generators 41313.3.2.4 Arbitrary Waveform Generators 41513.3.3 Tunable True Time Delay Lines and Phase Shifters 41913.3.4 Optical Beamforming 42113.4 Multifunctional Circuits 42413.5 Universal Microwave Photonic Processors 42613.5.1 Early Designs 42713.5.2 Waveguide Mesh Core Processors 42813.5.3 Waveguide Mesh MWP Universal Processors 43413.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 441References 44214 Quantum Microwave Photonics 44914.1 Introduction 44914.2 Principle of the Single-Photon Detection Scheme 45014.3 Weak Signal Detection 45314.4 Quantum Microwave Photonic Signal Processing 45414.5 Nonlocal Frequency-to-Time Mapping 45514.6 Compressed Sensing 45714.7 Microwave Photonic Quantum Key Distribution 45814.8 Discussion and Conclusion 460References 46115 Future and Perspectives 46515.1 Introduction 46515.2 Future and Perspectives 46515.3 Discussion and Conclusion 468References 468Index 471

Jianping Yao is a Distinguished Professor and University Research Chair in Microwave Photonics in the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. José Capmany is a Full Professor of photonics and the Leader of the Photonics Research Labs, Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain. Ming Li is a Full Professor with the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

• About the Authors xiAbout the Companion Website xiii1 Introduction to Microwave Photonics 11.1 Photonic Generation of Microwave Signals 11.2 Photonic Microwave Signal Processing 11.3 Photonic Distribution of Microwave Signals 21.4 Photonic Generation of Ultra-wideband Signals 21.5 Photonic Generation of Microwave Arbitrary Waveforms 31.6 Microwave Photonic Beamforming Networks for Phased Array Antennas 31.7 Photonic-Assisted Instantaneous Microwave Frequency Measurements 31.8 Microwave Photonic Sensors 41.9 Photonic Analog-to-Digital Conversion 41.10 Novel Optoelectronic Oscillators 41.11 Quantum Microwave Photonics 51.12 Integrated Microwave Photonics 51.13 Applications of Microwave Photonics 52 Optical Devices for Microwave Photonics 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Optical Fibers and Planar Waveguides 72.2.1 Structure and Geometry of Optical Fibers and Planar Waveguides 82.2.2 Basic Electromagnetic Theory for Optical Fibers and Planar Waveguides 102.2.3 Propagation in Optical Fibers 122.2.4 Propagation in Planar Dielectric Waveguides 212.3 Light Sources, Detectors, and Modulators 242.3.1 Fundamentals of the Interaction Between Radiation and Matter 242.3.2 Semiconductor Materials for Optical Sources and Detectors 272.3.3 Optical Sources 382.3.4 Optical Detectors 592.3.5 Optical Modulators 662.4 Fiber Bragg Gratings 732.4.1 Theory and Design of Fiber Bragg Grating Filters 752.4.2 Performance Characteristics of FBGs 772.5 Array Waveguide Gratings 792.6 Other Passive Components 822.6.1 2 × 2 Couplers 822.6.2 Isolators 832.6.3 Circulators 842.7 Chapter Summary 86References 863 Photonic Generation of Microwave Signals 873.1 Introduction 873.2 Optical Injection Locking 883.3 Optical Phase-Locked Loop 893.4 Optical Injection Phase Locking 903.5 Microwave Generation Based on External Modulation 913.5.1 Intensity Modulator-Based Approach 913.5.2 Phase-Modulator-Based Approach 923.6 Microwave Generation Using a Dual-Wavelength Laser 933.7 Microwave Generation Using an Optoelectronic Oscillator 963.8 Performance Comparison of the Techniques for Photonic Microwave Generation 993.9 Summary 101References 1014 Photonic-Assisted Microwave Signal Processing 1054.1 Introduction 1054.2 Microwave Photonic Filters 1054.2.1 Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters with Negative Coefficients 1074.2.2 Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters with Complex Coefficients 1144.2.3 Nonuniformly Spaced Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters 1164.3 Optical Mixing of Microwave Signals 1194.4 Coherent Microwave Photonic Filters 1234.5 Dynamic Range of a Microwave Photonic Filter 1314.6 Conclusion 132References 1335 Photonic Distribution of Microwave Signals 1375.1 Introduction 1375.2 Introduction to Microwave Photonics Links 1375.3 Figures of Merit of a Simple Microwave Photonic Link 1385.3.1 RF Gain 1395.3.2 Noise 1415.3.3 Dynamic Range 1425.4 Figures of Merit of a Filtered Microwave Photonic Link 1485.4.1 Filtered Intensity Modulated Direct Detection Links 1495.4.2 Filtered Phase Modulated Links 1525.4.3 Application Examples 1555.5 Introduction to Fiber-Wireless Systems 1565.6 Optical Transport of Wireless Signals 1575.6.1 Radio Over Fiber 1575.6.2 Intermediate Frequency Over Fiber 1585.6.3 Baseband Over Fiber 1595.7 Sources of Degradation and Impairments 1605.7.1 Chromatic Dispersion 1605.7.2 Optical Nonlinearities 1635.8 Fiber-Wireless Networks 1655.8.1 Spectral Efficiency 1655.8.2 Optical Subsystems for Fiber-Wireless Networks 1665.8.3 Application Scenarios 1715.9 Chapter Summary 174Problems 175References 1766 Photonic Generation of Ultra-Wideband Signals 1816.1 Introduction 1816.2 UWB Pulse Generation Based on PM-IM Conversion 1826.2.1 Optical Phase Modulation 1836.2.2 PM-IM Conversion 1836.2.3 UWB Pulse Generation Based on PM-IM Conversion in a Dispersive Device 1896.2.4 UWB Pulse Generation Based on PM-IM Conversion in an Optical Frequency Discriminator 1916.3 UWB Pulse Generation Based on a Photonic Microwave Delay Line Filter 1956.3.1 Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters for UWB Pulse Generation 1966.3.2 UWB Monocycle Generation with a Two-Tap Microwave Delay-Lines Filter 1986.3.3 UWB Doublet Generation with a Three-Tap Microwave Delay-Line Filter 2006.4 UWB Pulse Generation based on Spectral Shaping and Frequency-to-Time Mapping 2016.4.1 UWB Pulse Generation Based on Optical Spectral Shaping and Frequency-to-Time Mapping 2026.4.2 Implementation of All-Fiber UWB Pulse Generation based on Spectral Shaping and Frequency-to-Time Mapping 2036.5 Discussion and Conclusion 205References 2067 Photonic Generation of Microwave Arbitrary Waveforms 2097.1 Introduction 2097.2 Direct Space-to-Time Pulse Shaping 2097.3 Spectral-Shaping and Wavelength-to-Time Mapping 2137.4 Temporal Pulse Shaping 2217.5 Microwave Waveform Generation Based on a Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filter 2287.6 Conclusion 233References 2348 Microwave Photonics Beamforming Networks for Phased Array Antennas 2378.1 Introduction 2378.2 Basic Concepts on Phased Array Antennas 2388.2.1 Principles of Operation 2388.2.2 Design Parameters 2418.2.3 PAA Feed Architectures 2458.3 True Time Delay Optical Beamforming Networks 2468.4 Phase-Shift Optical Beamforming Networks 2648.5 Summary and Conclusions 269Problems 269References 2719 Photonic-Assisted Instantaneous Frequency Measurements 2779.1 Introduction 2779.2 Frequency Measurement Using an Optical Channelizer 2799.2.1 Optical Phased-Array WDM 2809.2.2 Free-Space Diffraction Grating 2819.2.3 Phase-Shifted Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating Arrays 2829.2.4 Integrated Optical Bragg Grating Fabry–Perot Etalon 2839.3 Frequency Measurement Based on Power Monitoring 2839.3.1 Chromatic Dispersion-Induced Microwave Power Penalty 2849.3.2 Break the Lower Frequency Bound 2899.3.3 IFM Based on Photonic Microwave Filters with Complementary Frequency Responses 2929.3.4 First-Order Photonic Microwave Differentiator 2949.3.5 Optical Power Fading Using Optical Filters 2979.4 Other Methods for Frequency Measurement 2999.4.1 Fabry–Perot Scanning Receiver 2999.4.2 Photonic Hilbert Transform 3009.4.3 Monolithically Integrated EDG 3019.4.4 Incoherent Frequency-to-Time Mapping 3019.5 Conclusion 303References 30410 Microwave Photonic Sensors 30910.1 Introduction 30910.2 Optical Sensors Based on a Dual-Wavelength Laser Source 31010.3 Optical Sensors Based on an Optoelectronic Oscillator 31410.4 Optical Sensors Based on Spectrum Shaping and Wavelength-to-Time Mapping 32110.5 Photonic Integrated Microwave Photonic Sensors 32610.6 Conclusion 329References 33011 Photonic Analog-to-Digital Conversion 33311.1 Introduction 33311.2 Basic Concepts on Analog-to-Digital Converters 33411.2.1 Types of Converters 33411.2.2 Operation Principles of the Nyquist ADC 33511.2.3 State of the Art of Electronic ADCs 33811.2.4 Classification of Photonic ADCs 34011.3 Photonic-Assisted ADCs 34011.3.1 Classification of Photonic-Assisted ADCs 34011.3.2 Optically Clocked Track-and-Hold Circuits 34111.3.3 Optical Replication Pre-Processors 34311.3.4 Optical Time-Stretched Pre-Processors 34511.4 Photonic Sampled/Electronic Quantized ADCs 34711.5 Electronic Sampled/Photonic Quantized ADCs 35411.6 Photonic Sampled/Photonic Quantized ADCs 35511.6.1 Classification of Photonic Sampled/Photonic Quantized Converters 35511.6.2 Intensity Modulation and Conversion 35511.6.3 Intensity Modulation and Optical Comparator 35811.6.4 Phase Modulation and Optical Beam Deflection 35811.7 Chapter Summary 361Problems 361References 36312 Novel Optoelectronic Oscillators 36712.1 Introduction 36712.2 Models for Optoelectronic Oscillators 36812.3 Parity-Time Symmetric OEO 37812.4 Fourier Domain Mode-Locked OEO 38212.5 OEPO 38512.6 Broad Random OEO 38812.7 Integrated OEO 39212.8 Discussion and Conclusion 395References 39613 Integrated Microwave Photonics 40113.1 Introduction 40113.2 Integration Technologies and Platforms 40313.2.1 Indium Phosphide 40313.2.2 Silicon Photonics 40513.2.3 Silicon Nitride 40513.2.4 Other Platforms 40613.2.5 Comparative Analysis 40613.3 Application-Specific Photonic Integrated Circuits for Microwave Photonics 40813.3.1 Filters 40913.3.2 Microwave Signal Generators 40913.3.2.1 Optoelectronic Oscillators 41113.3.2.2 Comb Sources 41313.3.2.3 IR-UWB Generators 41313.3.2.4 Arbitrary Waveform Generators 41513.3.3 Tunable True Time Delay Lines and Phase Shifters 41913.3.4 Optical Beamforming 42113.4 Multifunctional Circuits 42413.5 Universal Microwave Photonic Processors 42613.5.1 Early Designs 42713.5.2 Waveguide Mesh Core Processors 42813.5.3 Waveguide Mesh MWP Universal Processors 43413.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 441References 44214 Quantum Microwave Photonics 44914.1 Introduction 44914.2 Principle of the Single-Photon Detection Scheme 45014.3 Weak Signal Detection 45314.4 Quantum Microwave Photonic Signal Processing 45414.5 Nonlocal Frequency-to-Time Mapping 45514.6 Compressed Sensing 45714.7 Microwave Photonic Quantum Key Distribution 45814.8 Discussion and Conclusion 460References 46115 Future and Perspectives 46515.1 Introduction 46515.2 Future and Perspectives 46515.3 Discussion and Conclusion 468References 468Index 471

Jianping Yao is a Distinguished Professor and University Research Chair in Microwave Photonics in the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. José Capmany is a Full Professor of photonics and the Leader of the Photonics Research Labs, Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain. Ming Li is a Full Professor with the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

• About the Authors xiAbout the Companion Website xiii1 Introduction to Microwave Photonics 11.1 Photonic Generation of Microwave Signals 11.2 Photonic Microwave Signal Processing 11.3 Photonic Distribution of Microwave Signals 21.4 Photonic Generation of Ultra-wideband Signals 21.5 Photonic Generation of Microwave Arbitrary Waveforms 31.6 Microwave Photonic Beamforming Networks for Phased Array Antennas 31.7 Photonic-Assisted Instantaneous Microwave Frequency Measurements 31.8 Microwave Photonic Sensors 41.9 Photonic Analog-to-Digital Conversion 41.10 Novel Optoelectronic Oscillators 41.11 Quantum Microwave Photonics 51.12 Integrated Microwave Photonics 51.13 Applications of Microwave Photonics 52 Optical Devices for Microwave Photonics 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Optical Fibers and Planar Waveguides 72.2.1 Structure and Geometry of Optical Fibers and Planar Waveguides 82.2.2 Basic Electromagnetic Theory for Optical Fibers and Planar Waveguides 102.2.3 Propagation in Optical Fibers 122.2.4 Propagation in Planar Dielectric Waveguides 212.3 Light Sources, Detectors, and Modulators 242.3.1 Fundamentals of the Interaction Between Radiation and Matter 242.3.2 Semiconductor Materials for Optical Sources and Detectors 272.3.3 Optical Sources 382.3.4 Optical Detectors 592.3.5 Optical Modulators 662.4 Fiber Bragg Gratings 732.4.1 Theory and Design of Fiber Bragg Grating Filters 752.4.2 Performance Characteristics of FBGs 772.5 Array Waveguide Gratings 792.6 Other Passive Components 822.6.1 2 × 2 Couplers 822.6.2 Isolators 832.6.3 Circulators 842.7 Chapter Summary 86References 863 Photonic Generation of Microwave Signals 873.1 Introduction 873.2 Optical Injection Locking 883.3 Optical Phase-Locked Loop 893.4 Optical Injection Phase Locking 903.5 Microwave Generation Based on External Modulation 913.5.1 Intensity Modulator-Based Approach 913.5.2 Phase-Modulator-Based Approach 923.6 Microwave Generation Using a Dual-Wavelength Laser 933.7 Microwave Generation Using an Optoelectronic Oscillator 963.8 Performance Comparison of the Techniques for Photonic Microwave Generation 993.9 Summary 101References 1014 Photonic-Assisted Microwave Signal Processing 1054.1 Introduction 1054.2 Microwave Photonic Filters 1054.2.1 Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters with Negative Coefficients 1074.2.2 Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters with Complex Coefficients 1144.2.3 Nonuniformly Spaced Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters 1164.3 Optical Mixing of Microwave Signals 1194.4 Coherent Microwave Photonic Filters 1234.5 Dynamic Range of a Microwave Photonic Filter 1314.6 Conclusion 132References 1335 Photonic Distribution of Microwave Signals 1375.1 Introduction 1375.2 Introduction to Microwave Photonics Links 1375.3 Figures of Merit of a Simple Microwave Photonic Link 1385.3.1 RF Gain 1395.3.2 Noise 1415.3.3 Dynamic Range 1425.4 Figures of Merit of a Filtered Microwave Photonic Link 1485.4.1 Filtered Intensity Modulated Direct Detection Links 1495.4.2 Filtered Phase Modulated Links 1525.4.3 Application Examples 1555.5 Introduction to Fiber-Wireless Systems 1565.6 Optical Transport of Wireless Signals 1575.6.1 Radio Over Fiber 1575.6.2 Intermediate Frequency Over Fiber 1585.6.3 Baseband Over Fiber 1595.7 Sources of Degradation and Impairments 1605.7.1 Chromatic Dispersion 1605.7.2 Optical Nonlinearities 1635.8 Fiber-Wireless Networks 1655.8.1 Spectral Efficiency 1655.8.2 Optical Subsystems for Fiber-Wireless Networks 1665.8.3 Application Scenarios 1715.9 Chapter Summary 174Problems 175References 1766 Photonic Generation of Ultra-Wideband Signals 1816.1 Introduction 1816.2 UWB Pulse Generation Based on PM-IM Conversion 1826.2.1 Optical Phase Modulation 1836.2.2 PM-IM Conversion 1836.2.3 UWB Pulse Generation Based on PM-IM Conversion in a Dispersive Device 1896.2.4 UWB Pulse Generation Based on PM-IM Conversion in an Optical Frequency Discriminator 1916.3 UWB Pulse Generation Based on a Photonic Microwave Delay Line Filter 1956.3.1 Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filters for UWB Pulse Generation 1966.3.2 UWB Monocycle Generation with a Two-Tap Microwave Delay-Lines Filter 1986.3.3 UWB Doublet Generation with a Three-Tap Microwave Delay-Line Filter 2006.4 UWB Pulse Generation based on Spectral Shaping and Frequency-to-Time Mapping 2016.4.1 UWB Pulse Generation Based on Optical Spectral Shaping and Frequency-to-Time Mapping 2026.4.2 Implementation of All-Fiber UWB Pulse Generation based on Spectral Shaping and Frequency-to-Time Mapping 2036.5 Discussion and Conclusion 205References 2067 Photonic Generation of Microwave Arbitrary Waveforms 2097.1 Introduction 2097.2 Direct Space-to-Time Pulse Shaping 2097.3 Spectral-Shaping and Wavelength-to-Time Mapping 2137.4 Temporal Pulse Shaping 2217.5 Microwave Waveform Generation Based on a Photonic Microwave Delay-Line Filter 2287.6 Conclusion 233References 2348 Microwave Photonics Beamforming Networks for Phased Array Antennas 2378.1 Introduction 2378.2 Basic Concepts on Phased Array Antennas 2388.2.1 Principles of Operation 2388.2.2 Design Parameters 2418.2.3 PAA Feed Architectures 2458.3 True Time Delay Optical Beamforming Networks 2468.4 Phase-Shift Optical Beamforming Networks 2648.5 Summary and Conclusions 269Problems 269References 2719 Photonic-Assisted Instantaneous Frequency Measurements 2779.1 Introduction 2779.2 Frequency Measurement Using an Optical Channelizer 2799.2.1 Optical Phased-Array WDM 2809.2.2 Free-Space Diffraction Grating 2819.2.3 Phase-Shifted Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating Arrays 2829.2.4 Integrated Optical Bragg Grating Fabry–Perot Etalon 2839.3 Frequency Measurement Based on Power Monitoring 2839.3.1 Chromatic Dispersion-Induced Microwave Power Penalty 2849.3.2 Break the Lower Frequency Bound 2899.3.3 IFM Based on Photonic Microwave Filters with Complementary Frequency Responses 2929.3.4 First-Order Photonic Microwave Differentiator 2949.3.5 Optical Power Fading Using Optical Filters 2979.4 Other Methods for Frequency Measurement 2999.4.1 Fabry–Perot Scanning Receiver 2999.4.2 Photonic Hilbert Transform 3009.4.3 Monolithically Integrated EDG 3019.4.4 Incoherent Frequency-to-Time Mapping 3019.5 Conclusion 303References 30410 Microwave Photonic Sensors 30910.1 Introduction 30910.2 Optical Sensors Based on a Dual-Wavelength Laser Source 31010.3 Optical Sensors Based on an Optoelectronic Oscillator 31410.4 Optical Sensors Based on Spectrum Shaping and Wavelength-to-Time Mapping 32110.5 Photonic Integrated Microwave Photonic Sensors 32610.6 Conclusion 329References 33011 Photonic Analog-to-Digital Conversion 33311.1 Introduction 33311.2 Basic Concepts on Analog-to-Digital Converters 33411.2.1 Types of Converters 33411.2.2 Operation Principles of the Nyquist ADC 33511.2.3 State of the Art of Electronic ADCs 33811.2.4 Classification of Photonic ADCs 34011.3 Photonic-Assisted ADCs 34011.3.1 Classification of Photonic-Assisted ADCs 34011.3.2 Optically Clocked Track-and-Hold Circuits 34111.3.3 Optical Replication Pre-Processors 34311.3.4 Optical Time-Stretched Pre-Processors 34511.4 Photonic Sampled/Electronic Quantized ADCs 34711.5 Electronic Sampled/Photonic Quantized ADCs 35411.6 Photonic Sampled/Photonic Quantized ADCs 35511.6.1 Classification of Photonic Sampled/Photonic Quantized Converters 35511.6.2 Intensity Modulation and Conversion 35511.6.3 Intensity Modulation and Optical Comparator 35811.6.4 Phase Modulation and Optical Beam Deflection 35811.7 Chapter Summary 361Problems 361References 36312 Novel Optoelectronic Oscillators 36712.1 Introduction 36712.2 Models for Optoelectronic Oscillators 36812.3 Parity-Time Symmetric OEO 37812.4 Fourier Domain Mode-Locked OEO 38212.5 OEPO 38512.6 Broad Random OEO 38812.7 Integrated OEO 39212.8 Discussion and Conclusion 395References 39613 Integrated Microwave Photonics 40113.1 Introduction 40113.2 Integration Technologies and Platforms 40313.2.1 Indium Phosphide 40313.2.2 Silicon Photonics 40513.2.3 Silicon Nitride 40513.2.4 Other Platforms 40613.2.5 Comparative Analysis 40613.3 Application-Specific Photonic Integrated Circuits for Microwave Photonics 40813.3.1 Filters 40913.3.2 Microwave Signal Generators 40913.3.2.1 Optoelectronic Oscillators 41113.3.2.2 Comb Sources 41313.3.2.3 IR-UWB Generators 41313.3.2.4 Arbitrary Waveform Generators 41513.3.3 Tunable True Time Delay Lines and Phase Shifters 41913.3.4 Optical Beamforming 42113.4 Multifunctional Circuits 42413.5 Universal Microwave Photonic Processors 42613.5.1 Early Designs 42713.5.2 Waveguide Mesh Core Processors 42813.5.3 Waveguide Mesh MWP Universal Processors 43413.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 441References 44214 Quantum Microwave Photonics 44914.1 Introduction 44914.2 Principle of the Single-Photon Detection Scheme 45014.3 Weak Signal Detection 45314.4 Quantum Microwave Photonic Signal Processing 45414.5 Nonlocal Frequency-to-Time Mapping 45514.6 Compressed Sensing 45714.7 Microwave Photonic Quantum Key Distribution 45814.8 Discussion and Conclusion 460References 46115 Future and Perspectives 46515.1 Introduction 46515.2 Future and Perspectives 46515.3 Discussion and Conclusion 468References 468Index 471