CCNA Certification Study Guide Volume 1

ABOUT THE AUTHORS TODD LAMMLE, Cisco certified in almost every category, is the authority on Cisco networking and certification. His three decades of real-world experience is prevalent in his writing. He is an experienced networking engineer with very practical experience working on the largest bounded and unbounded networks in the world at such companies as Xerox, Hughes Aircraft, Texaco, AAA, Cisco, and Toshiba, among many others. Todd has published over 60 books, including the very popular and bestselling CCNA Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide and Cisco Firepower NGIPS. Todd runs an international training company from Texas, and a large-scale consulting business out of Colorado. You can reach Todd through his forum and blog at www.lammle.com/ccna. DONALD ROBB has over 15 years of experience with most areas of IT, including networking, security, collaboration, data center, cloud, SDN, and automation/devops. He’s earned many advanced certifications and specializations. Currently he’s a SDN/Cloud/DevOps SME. Visit his blog at https://www.the-packet-thrower.com and YouTube channel at https://www.youtube.com/c/ThePacketThrower.

• Introduction xxiAssessment Test xxxvChapter 1 Network Fundamentals 1Network Components 2LANs and SOHOs 2Routers and Switches 3Next-Generation Firewalls and IPS 6Network Topology Architectures 10The Cisco Three-Layer Hierarchical Model (Three-Tier) 10Collapsed Core (Two-Tier) 13Spine-Leaf 14Wide Area Networks 15Defining WAN Terms 16WAN Connection Bandwidth 17Summary 18Exam Essentials 18Written Lab 19Review Questions 20Chapter 2 Ethernet Networking 23Ethernet Networks in Review 24Collision Domain 25Broadcast Domains 26Csma/cd 27Half- and Full-Duplex Ethernet 29Ethernet at the Data Link Layer 31Ethernet at the Physical Layer 37Ethernet Cabling 40Categories of Ethernet Cables 41Straight-Through Cable 42Crossover Cable 42Rolled Cable 44Fiber-Optic 47Power over Ethernet (802.3af, 802.3at) 48Summary 48Exam Essentials 49Written Labs 50Written Lab 2.1: Binary/Decimal/Hexadecimal Conversion 50Written Lab 2.2: CSMA/CD Operations 54Written Lab 2.3: Cabling 54Review Questions 55Chapter 3 Tcp/ip 61Introducing TCP/IP 62A Brief History of TCP/IP 62TCP/IP and the DoD Model 63The Process/Application Layer Protocols 65The Host-to-Host or Transport Layer Protocols 74The Internet Layer Protocols 84IP Addressing 92IP Terminology 92The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme 93Private IP Addresses (RFC 1918) 98IPv4 Address Types 99Layer 2 Broadcasts 100Layer 3 Broadcasts 100Unicast Address 101Multicast Address 102Summary 103Exam Essentials 103Written Labs 105Written Lab 3.1: TCP/IP 105Written Lab 3.2: Mapping Applications to the DoD Model 105Review Questions 107Chapter 4 Easy Subnetting 111Subnetting Basics 112How to Create Subnets 113Subnet Masks 114Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) 116IP Subnet-Zero 117Subnetting Class C Addresses 118Subnetting Class B Addresses 130Summary 138Exam Essentials 139Written Labs 139Written Lab 4.1: Written Subnet Practice # 1 139Written Lab 4.2: Written Subnet Practice # 2 140Written Lab 4.3: Written Subnet Practice # 3 141Review Questions 142Chapter 5 Troubleshooting IP Addressing 147Endpoint Overview 148Desktops/Laptops 148Mobile Phones/Tablets 148Access Points 149IP Phones 149Internet of Things 149Servers 149Server Roles 150Cisco’s Way of Troubleshooting IP 151Verify IP Parameters for Operating Systems 153Determining IP Address Problems 154Summary 159Exam Essentials 159Written Lab 160Review Questions 161Chapter 6 Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System (IOS) 163The IOS User Interface 164Cisco IOS 165Connecting to a Cisco IOS Device 165Bringing Up a Switch 167Command-Line Interface 167Entering the cli 168Overview of Router Modes 168cli Prompts 169Editing and Help Features 171Administrative Configurations 176Hostnames 177Banners 177Setting Passwords 179Encrypting Your Passwords 185Descriptions 187Router and Switch Interfaces 189Bringing Up an Interface 192Viewing, Saving, and Erasing Configurations 198Deleting the Configuration and Reloading the Device 200Verifying Your Configuration 200Summary 213Exam Essentials 214Written Lab 217Review Questions 218Chapter 7 Managing a Cisco Internetwork 223The Internal Components of a Cisco Router and Switch 224The Router and Switch Boot Sequence 225Backing Up and Restoring the Cisco Configuration 226Backing Up the Cisco Configuration 227Restoring the Cisco Configuration 229Erasing the Configuration 230Configuring DHCP 230DHCP Relay 232Verifying DHCP on Cisco IOS 233Using Telnet 233Telnetting into Multiple Devices Simultaneously 235Checking Telnet Connections 236Checking Telnet Users 236Closing Telnet Sessions 236Resolving Hostnames 237Building a Host Table 237Using DNS to Resolve Names 239Checking Network Connectivity and Troubleshooting 241Using the ping Command 241Using the traceroute Command 242Debugging 243Using the show processes Command 245Summary 246Exam Essentials 246Written Labs 248Written Lab 7.1: IOS Management 248Written Lab 7.2: Router Memory 249Review Questions 250Chapter 8 Managing Cisco Devices 255Managing the Configuration Register 256Understanding the Configuration Register Bits 256Checking the Current Configuration Register Value 258Boot System Commands 259Recovering Passwords 260Backing Up and Restoring the Cisco IOS 263Verifying Flash Memory 264Backing Up the Cisco IOS 265Restoring or Upgrading the Cisco Router IOS 266Using the Cisco IOS File System (Cisco IFS) 269Licensing 273Right-To-Use Licenses (Evaluation Licenses) 276Backing Up and Uninstalling the License 278Summary 280Exam Essentials 280Written Lab 281Written Lab 8.1: IOS Management 281Review Questions 283Chapter 9 IP Routing 287Routing Basics 289The IP Routing Process 291The Cisco Router Internal Process 297Testing Your IP Routing Understanding 298Configuring IP Routing 302Corp Configuration 303SF Configuration 305LA Configuration 309Configuring IP Routing in Our Network 311Static Routing 312Default Routing 317Dynamic Routing 320Routing Protocol Basics 321Routing Information Protocol 323Configuring RIP Routing 323Holding Down RIP Propagations 327Summary 329Exam Essentials 329Written Lab 330Review Questions 332Chapter 10 Open Shortest Path First 337Open Shortest Path First Basics 338OSPF Terminology 341OSPF Operation 343Configuring OSPF 345Enabling OSPF 345Configuring OSPF Areas 346Configuring Our Network with OSPF 349OSPF and Loopback Interfaces 353Configuring Loopback Interfaces 354Verifying OSPF Configuration 357The show ip ospf Command 357The show ip ospf database Command 359The show ip ospf interface Command 359The show ip ospf neighbor Command 361The show ip protocols Command 362Summary 362Exam Essentials 363Written Lab 363Review Questions 364Chapter 11 Enhanced IGRP 371EIGRP Features and Operations 372Neighbor Discovery 373Reliable Transport Protocol 378Diffusing Update Algorithm 379Route Discovery and Maintenance 380Configuring EIGRP 381VLSM Support and Summarization 383Controlling EIGRP Traffic 387Split Horizon 397Verifying and Troubleshooting EIGRP 399Troubleshooting Example with EIGRP 405EIGRPv 6 415Summary 421Exam Essentials 421Written Lab 422Review Questions 423Chapter 12 Layer 2 Switching 431Switching Services 432Three Switch Functions at Layer 2 433Port Security 437Configuring Catalyst Switches 442Catalyst Switch Configuration 442Verifying Cisco Catalyst Switches 450Summary 452Exam Essentials 453Written Lab 453Review Questions 454Chapter 13 VLANs and Inter-VLAN Routing 459VLAN Basics 460Broadcast Control 463Security 464Flexibility and Scalability 464Identifying VLANs 465Frame Tagging 467VLAN Identification Methods 468Routing Between VLANs 469Configuring VLANs 472Assigning Switch Ports to VLANs 475Configuring Trunk Ports 477Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing 480Summary 487Exam Essentials 487Written Lab 488Review Questions 489Chapter 14 Cloud and Virtual Private Networks 495Virtual Private Networks 496Benefits of VPNs 498Enterprise and Provider Managed VPN’s 498Introduction to Cisco IOS IPsec 501IPsec Transforms 501GRE Tunnels 504GRE over IPsec 505Configuring GRE Tunnels 506Verifying GRE Tunnels 508Cloud Models 510Cloud Computing and Its Effect on the Enterprise Network 510Private Clouds/On-Premises 513Public Clouds 513Summary 515Exam Essentials 515Written Lab 516Review Questions 517Chapter 15 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 521AI Overview 522AI Categories 523Performance Capabilities 523Functional Categories 524AI Architectures 528AI Subsets 535Machine Learning 536Expert Systems 536Natural Language Processing 537Computer Vision 538How Machines Learn 540Supervised Learning 540Unsupervised Learning 541Generative AI 543Large Language Models 544Hallucinations 544Data Sovereignty 546GenAI Offerings 547ChatGPT 547Co-Pilot 547Llama 548Strategies 550Prompt Engineering 550Retrieval-Augmented Generation 553GenAI for Network Engineers 554Research and Study 555Troubleshooting Assistance 555Configuration Templates 555Summary 557Exam Essentials 559Written Lab 559Review Questions 560Appendix A Answers to the Written Labs 565Chapter 1: Network Fundamentals 566Chapter 2: Ethernet Networking 566Written Lab 2.1: Binary/Decimal/Hexadecimal Conversion Answer 566Written Lab 2.2: CSMA/CD Operations Answer 568Written Lab 2.3: Cabling Answer 568Chapter 3: Tcp/ip 568Written Lab 3.1: TCP/IP 568Written Lab 3.2: Mapping Applications to the DoD Model 569Chapter 4: Easy Subnetting 569Written Lab 4.1: Written Subnet Practice # 1 569Written Lab 4.2: Written Subnet Practice # 2 570Written Lab 4.3: Written Subnet Practice # 3 571Chapter 5: Troubleshooting IP Addressing 571Chapter 6: Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System (IOS) 571Chapter 7: Managing a Cisco Internetwork 572Written Lab 7.1: IOS Management 572Written Lab 7.2: Router Memory 572Chapter 8: Managing Cisco Devices 573Written Lab 8.1: IOS Management 573Chapter 9: IP Routing 573Chapter 10: Open Shortest Path First 574Chapter 11: Enhanced IGRP 574Chapter 12: Layer 2 Switching 574Chapter 13: VLANs and Inter- VLAN Routing 574Chapter 14: Cloud and Virtual Private Networks 575Chapter 15: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 576Appendix B Answers to the Review Questions 579Chapter 1: Network Fundamentals 580Chapter 2: Ethernet Networking 580Chapter 3: Tcp/ip 583Chapter 4: Easy Subnetting 584Chapter 5: Troubleshooting IP Addressing 585Chapter 6: Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System (IOS) 586Chapter 7: Managing a Cisco Internetwork 588Chapter 8: Managing Cisco Devices 590Chapter 9: IP Routing 591Chapter 10: Open Shortest Path First 593Chapter 11: Enhanced IGRP 595Chapter 12: Layer 2 Switching 597Chapter 13: VLANs and Inter- VLAN Routing 599Chapter 14: Cloud and Virtual Private Networks 600Chapter 15: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 602Index 605