Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems

Professor Simon R. Saunders is an independent communication systems advisor with extensive background from industry (including Google, Motorola, Philips, Small Cell Forum), academia (University of Surrey, University of Bristol) and policy & regulation (Ofcom, UK Government). He has written over 150 articles, books and book chapters, invented over 15 patented wireless technologies and served on technical advisory boards of several companies and universities. Dr. Alejandro Aragón-Zavala is an Associate Research Professor (Tecnológico de Monterrey, Querétaro, Mexico), an Associate Consultant and Wireless Expert (Real Wireless UK, iBwave Canada). He is the author of over 60 research papers, three printed books, three e-books and several book chapters. His research areas include wireless communications, indoor radio propagation and high-altitude platforms.

• Preface xxiiiAbout the Companion Website xxvii1 Introduction: The Wireless Communication Channel 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Concept of a Wireless Channel 11.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 51.4 Spectrum Management and Regulation 61.5 History 71.6 System Types 71.7 Aims of Cellular Systems 121.8 An Overview of Wireless Technologies 131.9 Multiple Access Schemes and Duplexing 321.10 The Mobile Broadband Revolution 351.11 Structure of This Book 371.12 Conclusion 382 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 412.1 Introduction 412.2 Maxwell's Equations 412.3 Summary of Maxwell's Equations 442.4 The Wave Equation 442.5 Plane Wave Properties 452.6 Polarisation 502.7 Conclusion 523 Propagation Mechanisms 553.1 Introduction 553.2 Reflection, Refraction and Transmission 553.3 Rough Surface Scattering 633.4 Geometrical Optics 663.5 Diffraction 683.6 Conclusion 764 Antenna Fundamentals 794.1 Introduction 794.2 Principles 794.3 Antenna Parameters 834.4 Practical Dipoles 914.5 Antenna Arrays 954.6 Horn Antennas 994.7 Loop Antennas 1004.8 Helical Antennas 1014.9 Patch Antennas 1014.10 Lens Antennas 1024.11 Conclusion 1045 Basic Propagation Models 1095.1 Introduction 1095.2 Definition of Path Loss 1095.3 A Brief Note on Decibels 1125.4 Noise Modelling 1125.5 Free Space Loss 1165.6 Plane Earth Loss 1185.7 Link Budgets 1205.8 Conclusion 1226 Terrestrial Fixed Links 1256.1 Introduction 1256.2 Path Profiles 1256.3 Tropospheric Refraction 1286.4 Obstruction Loss 1336.5 Approximate Multiple Knife-Edge Diffraction 1356.6 The Multiple-Edge Diffraction Integral 1406.7 Diffraction Over Objects of Finite Size 1476.8 Other Methods for Predicting Terrain Diffraction 1486.9 Propagation in Vegetation 1536.10 Propagation in Tropical Environments 1596.11 Antennas for Fixed Terrestrial Links 1646.12 Conclusion 1657 Satellite Fixed Links and High Altitude Platforms 1717.1 Introduction 1717.2 Tropospheric Effects 1727.3 Ionospheric Effects 1877.4 Satellite Earth Stations 1917.5 High-altitude Platforms (HAPS) 1957.6 Conclusion 2018 Wide Area Coverage: Macrocells and Broadcasting 2058.1 Introduction 2058.2 Definition of Parameters 2068.3 Empirical Path Loss Models 2068.4 Physical Models 2178.5 ITU-R Models 2268.6 Hybrid Models -- Measurement-based Prediction (MbP) 2288.7 Comparison of Models 2308.8 Computerised Planning Tools 2318.9 Cellular Base Station Site Engineering 2318.10 Broadcasting Systems 2428.11 Conclusion 2469 Shadowing 2519.1 Introduction 2519.2 Statistical Characterisation 2519.3 Physical Basis for Shadowing 2529.4 Impact on Coverage 2539.5 Location Variability 2589.6 Correlated Shadowing 2609.7 Conclusion 26810 Narrowband Fast Fading 27310.1 Introduction 27310.2 Baseband Channel Representation 27310.3 The AWGN Channel 27410.4 The Narrowband Fading Channel 27710.5 When Does Fading Occur in Practice? 27810.6 The Rayleigh Distribution 27910.7 Distribution of the SNR for a Rayleigh Channel 28210.8 The Rice Distribution 28510.9 The Nakagami-m Distribution 28910.10 Other Fast-Fading Distributions 29010.11 Second-Order Fast-Fading Statistics 29210.12 Autocorrelation Function 29910.13 Narrowband Mobile Radio Channel Simulations 30210.14 Conclusion 30211 Wideband Fast Fading 30511.1 Introduction 30511.2 Effect of Wideband Fading 30611.3 Wideband Channel Model 30911.4 Wideband Channel Parameters 31011.5 Frequency Domain Effects 31511.6 The Bello Functions 31611.7 Wideband Fading in Fixed Links 31711.8 Overcoming Wideband Channel Impairments 31811.9 Conclusion 31812 Microcells 32112.1 Introduction 32112.2 Empirical Models 32212.3 Physical Models 33212.4 Line-of-Sight Models 33312.5 Non-Line-of-Sight Models 34012.6 Discussion 34612.7 Microcell Shadowing 34612.8 Narrowband Fading 34812.9 Wideband Effects 34812.10 Conclusion 34913 Picocells 35313.1 Introduction 35313.2 Empirical Models of Propagation Within Buildings 35313.3 Physical Models of Indoor Propagation Within Buildings 36513.4 Models of Propagation Into Buildings 37213.5 Indoor-to-Outdoor (I2O) Propagation (Leakage) Models 38113.6 Constitutive Parameters of Building Materials for Physical Models 38313.7 Shadowing 38413.8 Multipath Effects 38413.9 Ultra-Wideband Indoor Propagation 38713.10 Distribution Systems for Indoor and Enclosed Space Applications 38813.11 Indoor Link Budgets 40013.12 Conclusion 40514 Propagation for Short-Range and Enclosed Space Applications 41114.1 Introduction 41114.2 Propagation in Tunnels 41114.3 Wireless Communications for Trains 41714.4 Propagation in Underground Mines 42614.5 Propagation in Corridors 42814.6 Propagation Within Lift Shafts 43114.7 Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communications 43314.8 Conclusion 43515 Megacells -- Non-terrestrial Networks 43915.1 Introduction 43915.2 Non-Terrestrial Mobile Networks 44115.3 Shadowing and Fast Fading 44315.4 Empirical Narrowband Models 44515.5 Statistical Models 44815.6 Shadowing Statistics 45515.7 Physical-Statistical Models for Built-Up Areas 45515.8 Wideband Models 46315.9 Multi-Satellite Correlations 46415.10 Overall Mobile Satellite Channel Model 46515.11 Conclusion 46616 Antenna Applications 47116.1 Introduction 47116.2 Mobile Terminal Antennas 47116.3 Base Station Antennas 48716.4 Antennas for Other Wireless Systems 49916.5 Conclusion 50717 Channel Measurements for Mobile Systems 51317.1 Introduction 51317.2 Applications for Channel Measurements 51317.3 Impact of Measurement Inaccuracies 51617.4 Signal Sampling Issues 51717.5 Measurement Systems 52317.6 Equipment Calibration and Validation 52517.7 Outdoor Measurements 52817.8 Indoor Measurements 53317.9 Practical Experiment: Wi-Fi Measurements 53817.10 Conclusion 54018 Overcoming Narrowband Fading via Diversity 54318.1 Introduction 54318.2 Criteria for Useful Branches 54518.3 Space Diversity 54518.4 Polarisation Diversity 55118.5 Time Diversity 55418.6 Frequency Diversity 55418.7 Combining Methods 55518.8 Diversity for Microwave Links 56218.9 Macrodiversity 56218.10 Transmit Diversity 56218.11 Conclusion 56319 Overcoming Wideband Fading 56519.1 Introduction 56519.2 System Modelling 56619.3 Linear Equalisers 56819.4 Adaptive Equalisers 57119.5 Non-Linear Equalisers 57419.6 Rake Receivers 57919.7 OFDM Receivers 58219.8 Delay-Doppler Modulation: OTFS 58619.9 Conclusion 58820 Adaptive Antennas 59120.1 Introduction 59120.2 Basic Concepts 59220.3 Adaptive Antenna Applications 59320.4 Optimum Combining 59820.5 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems 60520.6 Massive MIMO 61420.7 MIMO Channel Modelling and Antennas 61720.8 Summary of Adaptive Antenna Techniques 62620.9 Conclusion 62721 5G Mobile Networks 63121.1 Introduction 63121.2 5G Drivers and Standards Development 63221.3 5G Frequency Bands 63521.4 5G Air Interface Overview 63821.5 MIMO in 5G 64221.6 5G Mobile Propagation 64821.7 5G Performance 65721.8 5G Cell Planning 65921.9 Conclusion 66022 Future Antennas and Propagation: 6G and Beyond 66322.1 Introduction 66322.2 Beyond Shannon? 66322.3 Expected Attributes and Candidate Technologies for 6G 66422.4 Sensing 66622.5 (Sub) Terahertz Mobile Propagation 66722.6 Cell-Free Networks and Distributed MIMO 67122.7 Full Duplex 67222.8 Metamaterials and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces 67322.9 Machine Learning (ML) in Mobile Networks 67422.10 Conclusion 680References 681Problems 682Appendix A Statistics, Probability and Stochastic Processes 683A.1 Introduction 683A.2 Single Random Variables 683A.3 Multiple Random Variables 684A.4 Gaussian Distribution and Central Limit Theorem 684A.5 Random Processes 685Appendix B Tables and Data 687B.1 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution 687B.2 Error Function 687B.3 Fresnel Integrals 690B.4 Gamma Function 691B.5 Bessel Function 692Reference 693Abbreviations 695Index 701