O. V. Gnana Swathika, PhD is an associate professor in the Center for Smart Grid Technologies in the School of Electrical Engineering at the Vellore Institute of Technology. She has over 180 publications to her credit, including book chapters and articles in national and international journals and conferences. Her current research interests include microgrid protection and energy management systems.K. Karthikeyan is the Chief Engineering Manager of Electrical Designs for Larsen and Toubro Construction, a multinational Indian contracting company, with over two decades of experience in electrical design. His primary role involves preparing and reviewing complete electrical system designs up to 110KV voltage levels and acting as the point of contact for both the client and internal project team. He has contributed immensely tothe building services sector, working in airports, railway stations, hospitals, and educational institutions in India, as well as Sri Lanka, Dubai, and the UK.

• Preface xxiii1 AI Revolution in Healthcare: Digital Health Services Empowered by Machine Learning and Deep Learning 1Mudiyala Aparna, Battula Srinivasa Rao and Mallela Siva Naga Raju2 A Multi-Layered Approach for Combatting Misinformation on Online Social Media 13Maitreyee Ganguly and Paramita Dey3 Analysis on Political Lenience Using Adaptive Multi-Label Learning for Online Social Network Data 27VenkataRamana Mancha, N. Pushpalatha, Naga Jyothi P. and S. Suresh4 Smart Pharma Packaging Using IoT 43Tata Srivatsava and L. Premalatha5 IoT-Based Smart Driver Safety Device 57Ratan Pyla, G. Gugapriya and P. Jeevan Narayana Raju6 IoT-Based Sustainable Homes Aided with the Smart Sewage Monitoring System 71V. Ananthakrishnan, Dixshant Kumar Jha, Abhishek Kishor, Ashutosh Dwivedi, Jeet Tiwari, Tritoy Mohanty, Aryan Dash, P. Balamurugan, Sitharthan Ramachandran and O.V. Gnana Swathika7 Securing Industrial Data Using AI/ML 85V. Anantha Krishnan, Anushka Sharma, Akshat Saxena, Amogh Tripathi, Rohan Daga, Sitharthan Ramachandran and O.V. Gnana Swathika8 MediSync Guardian: An IoT-Based Smart Medicine Box to Provide Smart Healthcare Service 97Smita Kapse, Gunjan Balpande, Shravani Kale, Manthan Jadhav, Vikrant Jaunjale and Sahil Lawankar9 Deep Learning Application on Smart City 109Hemang A. Thakar10 Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using SVM 129Sharvari Natekar, Anushka Singh, Neeraja Pillai and Hannah Grace G.11 Secure Digital Health Data Transmission in Healthcare Industry 4.0—An Overview 145Dhivya Ravichandran, W. Sylvia Jebarani, Amrutha Gopinath, Chanthini Baskar and Amirtharajan Rengarajan12 Emotion Detection System Using Skin Temperature and Heartbeat for Healthcare Applications 165Niveditha Sivan, Ganti Venkata Varshini, Annsley Mohan Joseph, V. Berlin Hency and Shola Usharani13 Role of Sensors in Food Quality Monitoring 185Alapati Hemalatha, Ankith S. R., Lakshmi Priya G., Chanthini Baskar and Dhivya Ravichandran14 Sustainable Social, Environmental, and Economic Developments Based on Digital Systems 203Akhil Nigam15 Machine Learning and Image Processing Based Leaf Disease Detection System 217V. Anantha Krishnan, P. Balamurugan, Sitharthan Ramachandran and O.V. Gnana Swathika16 Heart Rate Monitoring System Using IoT: Hardware Implementation and Data Storage in Django 231Sritama Roy17 IoE-Based Smart Cities: Challenges and Future Trends 255Anjan Kumar Sahoo and Girija Sankar Panigrahi18 Digital Systems as Transformative Agents of Change to Measure Economic Development and Social Inclusion 263Luke Gerard Christie and Snegha Priya19 Maze Solver Robot Using a Wi-Fi Module 277Ayush, Akshat Singh, Abhishek Misra and Sritama Roy20 ParkPilot—An Automated Parking System with Automatic Number Plate Detection 291S. Pranaav, M.S. Bhuvan Raj, K. Gowtham Baalaji and V. Berlin Hency21 Fingerprint-Based Door Automation System Using RFID and Bluetooth 305Sritama Roy22 A Review of Deep Learning Approaches in Smart City Applications 317Senthil Kumar Paramasivan and Siva Sankari Subbiah23 Smartphone-Based Train Safety Mechanism Using Sensor Data Analysis 331Doreen Dilip and Sritama Roy24 The Role of AI and Big Data Analytics in Smart Cities: Leveraging Digital Platforms, Cloud Computing, and IoT 351Vikas Sharma, Tarun Kumar Vashishth, Kewal Krishan Sharma, Sachin Chaudhary, Bhupendra Kumar and Rajneesh Panwar25 Urbiverse: A Metaverse Environment for Future Digital Cities and Digital Urban Services 377Robertas Damasevicius26 Transforming Healthcare: Digital Health Services Empowered by Deep Learning 395Mallela Siva Naga Raju, Battula Srinivasa Rao and Mudiyala Aparna27 Digital Waste Management 405Srividya P. and Siddharth A.28 Advancing Healthcare in Smart Cities: A Comprehensive Understanding of Knowledge Graphs for Enhanced Efficiency and Future Innovations 421Shridevi S., Vishakhavel Shanmuganathan, Masooma Aliraza Suleman and Ratan Pyla29 An Automated Challan Generation System Leveraging Deep Neural Networks for Precise Violation Detection and License Plate Recognition 449S. Sravanth, E. Shamitha, M. Venkat Sai and Y. Raju30 Real-Time Detection and Alert System for Potholes and Speed Breakers 461Kandkkekaar SaiTej, Palakura Rithika, Vennam Mahesh and Yeligeti Raju31 Context-Aware Suicide Rate Prediction for Significant Mental Health Monitoring in Smart Cities 479Aravinda Boovaraghavan, V. Maheysh, Anova Pandey, Christy Jackson J. and Abraham Sudharson Ponraj32 Cyberattack on Smart Cities: A Digital Approach 497Adarsh Mohapatra, Amit Hota, Bhupesh Singh Kushwaha, Mridulay Dixit, Utkarsh Rajesh and O.V. Gnana Swathika33 Exploring Emerging Frontiers in Optical Communication: A Comprehensive Review 535Kasthuri P., Sowmyaa Vathsan M.S., Prakash P. and Sasithradevi A.34 Improving Occupant Comfort through Real-Time Predictive Control of Indoor Environment Using the Predicted Mean Vote Model and MLP 561Madhan Kumar S., Yaswanth Kannan G., Kavin Krishna K. and Berlin Hency V.35 Recognizing Real-Time Objects Using Yolov5 577Dayance, Swetha S. and Hannah Grace G.36 Aesthetic Vision and User Engagement: Illuminating the Role of Aesthetics in Digital City Planning 595Andrew Veda W.S. and Luke Gerard ChristieReferences 611Index 615

O. V. Gnana Swathika, PhD is an associate professor in the Center for Smart Grid Technologies in the School of Electrical Engineering at the Vellore Institute of Technology. She has over 180 publications to her credit, including book chapters and articles in national and international journals and conferences. Her current research interests include microgrid protection and energy management systems.K. Karthikeyan is the Chief Engineering Manager of Electrical Designs for Larsen and Toubro Construction, a multinational Indian contracting company, with over two decades of experience in electrical design. His primary role involves preparing and reviewing complete electrical system designs up to 110KV voltage levels and acting as the point of contact for both the client and internal project team. He has contributed immensely tothe building services sector, working in airports, railway stations, hospitals, and educational institutions in India, as well as Sri Lanka, Dubai, and the UK.

• Preface xxiii1 AI Revolution in Healthcare: Digital Health Services Empowered by Machine Learning and Deep Learning 1Mudiyala Aparna, Battula Srinivasa Rao and Mallela Siva Naga Raju2 A Multi-Layered Approach for Combatting Misinformation on Online Social Media 13Maitreyee Ganguly and Paramita Dey3 Analysis on Political Lenience Using Adaptive Multi-Label Learning for Online Social Network Data 27VenkataRamana Mancha, N. Pushpalatha, Naga Jyothi P. and S. Suresh4 Smart Pharma Packaging Using IoT 43Tata Srivatsava and L. Premalatha5 IoT-Based Smart Driver Safety Device 57Ratan Pyla, G. Gugapriya and P. Jeevan Narayana Raju6 IoT-Based Sustainable Homes Aided with the Smart Sewage Monitoring System 71V. Ananthakrishnan, Dixshant Kumar Jha, Abhishek Kishor, Ashutosh Dwivedi, Jeet Tiwari, Tritoy Mohanty, Aryan Dash, P. Balamurugan, Sitharthan Ramachandran and O.V. Gnana Swathika7 Securing Industrial Data Using AI/ML 85V. Anantha Krishnan, Anushka Sharma, Akshat Saxena, Amogh Tripathi, Rohan Daga, Sitharthan Ramachandran and O.V. Gnana Swathika8 MediSync Guardian: An IoT-Based Smart Medicine Box to Provide Smart Healthcare Service 97Smita Kapse, Gunjan Balpande, Shravani Kale, Manthan Jadhav, Vikrant Jaunjale and Sahil Lawankar9 Deep Learning Application on Smart City 109Hemang A. Thakar10 Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using SVM 129Sharvari Natekar, Anushka Singh, Neeraja Pillai and Hannah Grace G.11 Secure Digital Health Data Transmission in Healthcare Industry 4.0—An Overview 145Dhivya Ravichandran, W. Sylvia Jebarani, Amrutha Gopinath, Chanthini Baskar and Amirtharajan Rengarajan12 Emotion Detection System Using Skin Temperature and Heartbeat for Healthcare Applications 165Niveditha Sivan, Ganti Venkata Varshini, Annsley Mohan Joseph, V. Berlin Hency and Shola Usharani13 Role of Sensors in Food Quality Monitoring 185Alapati Hemalatha, Ankith S. R., Lakshmi Priya G., Chanthini Baskar and Dhivya Ravichandran14 Sustainable Social, Environmental, and Economic Developments Based on Digital Systems 203Akhil Nigam15 Machine Learning and Image Processing Based Leaf Disease Detection System 217V. Anantha Krishnan, P. Balamurugan, Sitharthan Ramachandran and O.V. Gnana Swathika16 Heart Rate Monitoring System Using IoT: Hardware Implementation and Data Storage in Django 231Sritama Roy17 IoE-Based Smart Cities: Challenges and Future Trends 255Anjan Kumar Sahoo and Girija Sankar Panigrahi18 Digital Systems as Transformative Agents of Change to Measure Economic Development and Social Inclusion 263Luke Gerard Christie and Snegha Priya19 Maze Solver Robot Using a Wi-Fi Module 277Ayush, Akshat Singh, Abhishek Misra and Sritama Roy20 ParkPilot—An Automated Parking System with Automatic Number Plate Detection 291S. Pranaav, M.S. Bhuvan Raj, K. Gowtham Baalaji and V. Berlin Hency21 Fingerprint-Based Door Automation System Using RFID and Bluetooth 305Sritama Roy22 A Review of Deep Learning Approaches in Smart City Applications 317Senthil Kumar Paramasivan and Siva Sankari Subbiah23 Smartphone-Based Train Safety Mechanism Using Sensor Data Analysis 331Doreen Dilip and Sritama Roy24 The Role of AI and Big Data Analytics in Smart Cities: Leveraging Digital Platforms, Cloud Computing, and IoT 351Vikas Sharma, Tarun Kumar Vashishth, Kewal Krishan Sharma, Sachin Chaudhary, Bhupendra Kumar and Rajneesh Panwar25 Urbiverse: A Metaverse Environment for Future Digital Cities and Digital Urban Services 377Robertas Damasevicius26 Transforming Healthcare: Digital Health Services Empowered by Deep Learning 395Mallela Siva Naga Raju, Battula Srinivasa Rao and Mudiyala Aparna27 Digital Waste Management 405Srividya P. and Siddharth A.28 Advancing Healthcare in Smart Cities: A Comprehensive Understanding of Knowledge Graphs for Enhanced Efficiency and Future Innovations 421Shridevi S., Vishakhavel Shanmuganathan, Masooma Aliraza Suleman and Ratan Pyla29 An Automated Challan Generation System Leveraging Deep Neural Networks for Precise Violation Detection and License Plate Recognition 449S. Sravanth, E. Shamitha, M. Venkat Sai and Y. Raju30 Real-Time Detection and Alert System for Potholes and Speed Breakers 461Kandkkekaar SaiTej, Palakura Rithika, Vennam Mahesh and Yeligeti Raju31 Context-Aware Suicide Rate Prediction for Significant Mental Health Monitoring in Smart Cities 479Aravinda Boovaraghavan, V. Maheysh, Anova Pandey, Christy Jackson J. and Abraham Sudharson Ponraj32 Cyberattack on Smart Cities: A Digital Approach 497Adarsh Mohapatra, Amit Hota, Bhupesh Singh Kushwaha, Mridulay Dixit, Utkarsh Rajesh and O.V. Gnana Swathika33 Exploring Emerging Frontiers in Optical Communication: A Comprehensive Review 535Kasthuri P., Sowmyaa Vathsan M.S., Prakash P. and Sasithradevi A.34 Improving Occupant Comfort through Real-Time Predictive Control of Indoor Environment Using the Predicted Mean Vote Model and MLP 561Madhan Kumar S., Yaswanth Kannan G., Kavin Krishna K. and Berlin Hency V.35 Recognizing Real-Time Objects Using Yolov5 577Dayance, Swetha S. and Hannah Grace G.36 Aesthetic Vision and User Engagement: Illuminating the Role of Aesthetics in Digital City Planning 595Andrew Veda W.S. and Luke Gerard ChristieReferences 611Index 615

O. V. Gnana Swathika, PhD is an associate professor in the Center for Smart Grid Technologies in the School of Electrical Engineering at the Vellore Institute of Technology. She has over 180 publications to her credit, including book chapters and articles in national and international journals and conferences. Her current research interests include microgrid protection and energy management systems.K. Karthikeyan is the Chief Engineering Manager of Electrical Designs for Larsen and Toubro Construction, a multinational Indian contracting company, with over two decades of experience in electrical design. His primary role involves preparing and reviewing complete electrical system designs up to 110KV voltage levels and acting as the point of contact for both the client and internal project team. He has contributed immensely tothe building services sector, working in airports, railway stations, hospitals, and educational institutions in India, as well as Sri Lanka, Dubai, and the UK.

• Preface xxiii1 AI Revolution in Healthcare: Digital Health Services Empowered by Machine Learning and Deep Learning 1Mudiyala Aparna, Battula Srinivasa Rao and Mallela Siva Naga Raju2 A Multi-Layered Approach for Combatting Misinformation on Online Social Media 13Maitreyee Ganguly and Paramita Dey3 Analysis on Political Lenience Using Adaptive Multi-Label Learning for Online Social Network Data 27VenkataRamana Mancha, N. Pushpalatha, Naga Jyothi P. and S. Suresh4 Smart Pharma Packaging Using IoT 43Tata Srivatsava and L. Premalatha5 IoT-Based Smart Driver Safety Device 57Ratan Pyla, G. Gugapriya and P. Jeevan Narayana Raju6 IoT-Based Sustainable Homes Aided with the Smart Sewage Monitoring System 71V. Ananthakrishnan, Dixshant Kumar Jha, Abhishek Kishor, Ashutosh Dwivedi, Jeet Tiwari, Tritoy Mohanty, Aryan Dash, P. Balamurugan, Sitharthan Ramachandran and O.V. Gnana Swathika7 Securing Industrial Data Using AI/ML 85V. Anantha Krishnan, Anushka Sharma, Akshat Saxena, Amogh Tripathi, Rohan Daga, Sitharthan Ramachandran and O.V. Gnana Swathika8 MediSync Guardian: An IoT-Based Smart Medicine Box to Provide Smart Healthcare Service 97Smita Kapse, Gunjan Balpande, Shravani Kale, Manthan Jadhav, Vikrant Jaunjale and Sahil Lawankar9 Deep Learning Application on Smart City 109Hemang A. Thakar10 Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using SVM 129Sharvari Natekar, Anushka Singh, Neeraja Pillai and Hannah Grace G.11 Secure Digital Health Data Transmission in Healthcare Industry 4.0—An Overview 145Dhivya Ravichandran, W. Sylvia Jebarani, Amrutha Gopinath, Chanthini Baskar and Amirtharajan Rengarajan12 Emotion Detection System Using Skin Temperature and Heartbeat for Healthcare Applications 165Niveditha Sivan, Ganti Venkata Varshini, Annsley Mohan Joseph, V. Berlin Hency and Shola Usharani13 Role of Sensors in Food Quality Monitoring 185Alapati Hemalatha, Ankith S. R., Lakshmi Priya G., Chanthini Baskar and Dhivya Ravichandran14 Sustainable Social, Environmental, and Economic Developments Based on Digital Systems 203Akhil Nigam15 Machine Learning and Image Processing Based Leaf Disease Detection System 217V. Anantha Krishnan, P. Balamurugan, Sitharthan Ramachandran and O.V. Gnana Swathika16 Heart Rate Monitoring System Using IoT: Hardware Implementation and Data Storage in Django 231Sritama Roy17 IoE-Based Smart Cities: Challenges and Future Trends 255Anjan Kumar Sahoo and Girija Sankar Panigrahi18 Digital Systems as Transformative Agents of Change to Measure Economic Development and Social Inclusion 263Luke Gerard Christie and Snegha Priya19 Maze Solver Robot Using a Wi-Fi Module 277Ayush, Akshat Singh, Abhishek Misra and Sritama Roy20 ParkPilot—An Automated Parking System with Automatic Number Plate Detection 291S. Pranaav, M.S. Bhuvan Raj, K. Gowtham Baalaji and V. Berlin Hency21 Fingerprint-Based Door Automation System Using RFID and Bluetooth 305Sritama Roy22 A Review of Deep Learning Approaches in Smart City Applications 317Senthil Kumar Paramasivan and Siva Sankari Subbiah23 Smartphone-Based Train Safety Mechanism Using Sensor Data Analysis 331Doreen Dilip and Sritama Roy24 The Role of AI and Big Data Analytics in Smart Cities: Leveraging Digital Platforms, Cloud Computing, and IoT 351Vikas Sharma, Tarun Kumar Vashishth, Kewal Krishan Sharma, Sachin Chaudhary, Bhupendra Kumar and Rajneesh Panwar25 Urbiverse: A Metaverse Environment for Future Digital Cities and Digital Urban Services 377Robertas Damasevicius26 Transforming Healthcare: Digital Health Services Empowered by Deep Learning 395Mallela Siva Naga Raju, Battula Srinivasa Rao and Mudiyala Aparna27 Digital Waste Management 405Srividya P. and Siddharth A.28 Advancing Healthcare in Smart Cities: A Comprehensive Understanding of Knowledge Graphs for Enhanced Efficiency and Future Innovations 421Shridevi S., Vishakhavel Shanmuganathan, Masooma Aliraza Suleman and Ratan Pyla29 An Automated Challan Generation System Leveraging Deep Neural Networks for Precise Violation Detection and License Plate Recognition 449S. Sravanth, E. Shamitha, M. Venkat Sai and Y. Raju30 Real-Time Detection and Alert System for Potholes and Speed Breakers 461Kandkkekaar SaiTej, Palakura Rithika, Vennam Mahesh and Yeligeti Raju31 Context-Aware Suicide Rate Prediction for Significant Mental Health Monitoring in Smart Cities 479Aravinda Boovaraghavan, V. Maheysh, Anova Pandey, Christy Jackson J. and Abraham Sudharson Ponraj32 Cyberattack on Smart Cities: A Digital Approach 497Adarsh Mohapatra, Amit Hota, Bhupesh Singh Kushwaha, Mridulay Dixit, Utkarsh Rajesh and O.V. Gnana Swathika33 Exploring Emerging Frontiers in Optical Communication: A Comprehensive Review 535Kasthuri P., Sowmyaa Vathsan M.S., Prakash P. and Sasithradevi A.34 Improving Occupant Comfort through Real-Time Predictive Control of Indoor Environment Using the Predicted Mean Vote Model and MLP 561Madhan Kumar S., Yaswanth Kannan G., Kavin Krishna K. and Berlin Hency V.35 Recognizing Real-Time Objects Using Yolov5 577Dayance, Swetha S. and Hannah Grace G.36 Aesthetic Vision and User Engagement: Illuminating the Role of Aesthetics in Digital City Planning 595Andrew Veda W.S. and Luke Gerard ChristieReferences 611Index 615