Microprocessor

Darshak S. Vasavada has extensive corporate as well as teaching experience in embedded DSP and multimedia systems. At present, he teaches real-time embedded system design at Robert Bosch Center for Cyber-Physical Systems at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. S. K. Sinha, retired from Department of Electronic Systems Engineering (DESE, earlier known as CEDT), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, set up the first embedded systems lab at CEDT and has helped introduce MTech courses in several colleges in India. At present, he is Chief Architect at Lab To Market Innovations, specializing in reliable IIoT systems. The authors have contributed to several workshops on embedded systems for teachers and students in various colleges, which have been the source of motivation behind this book.

• List of Exercises xPreface xiiiAbout This Book xvHow to Read This Book xviAcknowledgements xviiiAbout the Companion Website xixIntroduction xxiChapter 1 Microprocessor System 11.1 Introduction 21.2 Processor 31.3 Memory 51.4 Memory Devices 71.5 Bus 101.6 IO Ports 141.7 Reset, Clock and Power Management 161.8 Overview of Arm Cortex-M0 Processor 171.9 Summary 20Chapter 2 Instruction Set Architecture 252.1 Introduction 252.2 Registers 272.3 Instruction Set 282.4 Structure of an Instruction 302.5 Data-Processing Instructions 332.6 Memory-Access Instructions 372.7 Program-Control Instructions 432.8 Summary 47Chapter 3 Program Execution 493.1 Introduction 493.2 Program 503.3 Inside the CPU 523.4 Fetch Unit 553.5 Decode Unit 573.6 Execution Unit 593.7 Instruction Execution 633.8 Processor Pipeline 663.9 Summary 68Chapter 4 Assembly Programming 714.1 Statements 724.2 Labels 734.3 Sections 754.4 Text Section 774.5 Data Sections 844.6 Summary 90Chapter 5 Arithmetic Operations 935.1 Arithmetic Instructions 945.2 Unsigned Integers 965.3 Signed Integers 995.4 APSR Flags 1015.5 Condition Codes 1065.6 Summary 110Chapter 6 Bit-Level Operations 1136.1 Boolean Instructions 1146.2 Bit Manipulation 1166.3 Shift Operations 1196.4 Word-Length Extension 1256.5 Byte Ordering Instructions 1276.6 Summary 129Chapter 7 Load and Store Operations 1317.1 Introduction 1317.2 Alignment 1337.3 Endianness 1357.4 Basic Load and Store Operations 1407.5 Data Types 1427.6 Offset Addressing 1457.7 Summary 153Chapter 8 Branch and Subroutine 1558.1 Program-Control Instructions 1558.2 Branch 1568.3 Conditional Branch 1588.4 Indirect Branch 1628.5 Subroutines 1668.6 Nested Subroutines 1698.7 Summary 173Chapter 9 Stack Operations 1759.1 Introduction 1759.2 What Is a Stack? 1779.3 Stack in Cortex-M 0 1789.4 Stack Operations 1809.5 Creating a Stack 1829.6 Using the Stack 1859.7 Local Variables 1909.8 Summary 193Chapter 10 Exceptions 19510.1 Introduction 19610.2 Exception Model 19810.3 Vector Table 20010.4 Reset 20610.5 Faults 20910.6 Exception Stack Frame 21110.7 Summary 215Chapter 11 SysTick and Core Interrupts 21711.1 Introduction 21811.2 SysTick 21811.3 SysTick Programming Model 21911.4 Programming SysTick 22211.5 Using SysTick 22411.6 Polling with SysTick 22611.7 SysTick Interrupts 22811.8 Interrupt Masking 23211.9 Non-maskable Interrupt (NMI) 23511.10 Summary 237Chapter 12 Introduction to C Programming 23912.1 Programming Languages 24012.2 Structure of a C Program 24112.3 Functions 24412.4 Data 24712.5 Header Files 25012.6 Overview of C Language 25712.7 Summary 259Chapter 13 Basic Data Types 26313.1 Characters and Strings 26313.2 Integers 26813.3 Floating-Point Numbers 27713.4 Floating-Point Operations 28013.5 Type-Casting 28413.6 Summary 285Chapter 14 Functions 28914.1 Function Calls 29014.2 Arguments 29214.3 Local Variables 29514.4 Conditional Execution 29714.5 Selection 30114.6 Loops 30514.7 Summary 312Chapter 15 Extended Data Types 31515.1 Arrays 31515.2 Structures 31915.3 Pointers 32315.4 Arrays and Pointers 32715.5 Pointer to a Structure 33015.6 Pointer Arithmetic 33215.7 Uninitialized Pointers 33415.8 Summary 339Chapter 16 Compilation Process 34116.1 Overview of the Compilation Process 34216.2 Preprocessing 34516.3 Compilation 34816.4 Assembler 35416.5 Linker 35716.6 Executable Program 36116.7 Summary 364Chapter 17 Microcontroller 36717.1 Introduction 36817.2 Block Diagram 36917.3 Pin Diagram 37217.4 Reset, Clock and Power Management 37317.5 Peripheral Interrupts 37917.6 Peripheral Registers 38217.7 Peripheral API 38717.8 Summary 389Chapter 18 IO Programming 39318.1 IO Devices 39418.2 GPIO 39618.3 Timer 40018.4 ADC 40318.5 DAC 40718.6 UART 41018.7 Interrupts 41418.8 Summary 419Chapter 19 Microprocessor Applications 42319.1 LED Brightness Controller 42419.2 Ambient Light Sensor 42719.3 Energy-Efficient Coding 43019.4 Temperature Monitoring 43319.5 Motor Speed Control 43519.6 Summary 441Appendix A Programming Environment 443A.1 Introduction 444A.2 Keil MDK 446A.3 Assembly Programming Setup 449A.4 Writing and Building Assembly Programs 452A.5 Debugging an Assembly Program 454A.6 c Programming Setup 458A.7 Writing and Building C Program 460A.8 Debugging A C Program 461A.9 Debugger 464Appendix B Advanced Topics 467B.1 System-Control Instructions 467B.2 OS Support 470Appendix C Startup Code 475C.1 OS-Less System 475C.2 Startup Code 478C.3 Linker Script File 481Appendix D AM0 Header Files 483D.1 Register Header File 483D.2 AM0 Header File 484Glossary of Acronyms 487References 491Index 493