Dr. Peter R. Makgwane is a Full Professor at the University of South Africa (UNISA) Institute of Catalysis and Energy Solutions (ICES). His research focuses on catalysis for green and sustainable processes. Dr. Ram K. Gupta is an Associate Vice President for Research and Support and a Professor of Chemistry at Pittsburg State University. He was recently named by Stanford University as being among the top 2% of research scientists worldwide.

• About the Editors xviiList of Contributors xixPreface xxviiPart I Introduction and Fundamentals 11 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides – An Introduction and Scope of Applications 3Katekani Shingange and Peter R. Makgwane1.1 Introduction 31.2 Classification and Basic Properties of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 41.3 Application Scope of LDHs and LDOs in Catalytic-Driven Technologies 61.4 Conclusion 13References 132 Structure Aspects of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides: Physicochemical, Optical, and Electronic Properties 19Jodinio Lemena, Nkhosikhona Dlamini, Rethabile Makole, Hendrik C. Swart, Richard A. Harris, Jacobus J. Terblans, Peter R. Makgwane, and David E. Motaung2.1 Introduction 192.2 Structure Properties of LDHs and LDOs 202.3 Effect of Synthesis Method and Morphology on the Physicochemical, Electronic, and Optical Properties 312.4 Conclusion 33References 333 Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts with Controlled Structure Properties 43Aditi De and Subrata Kundu3.1 Introduction 433.2 Fundamentals of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 443.3 Synthesis and Strategic Approaches for LDHs and LDOs 483.4 Challenges, Recent Advances, and Future Perspectives in Synthesis Techniques 643.5 Conclusion 693.6 Acknowledgments 70References 70Part II Energy Generation and Storage 754 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts in Photocatalytic Water Splitting for Hydrogen Generation 77Kriti Shrivastava and Ankur Jain4.1 Introduction 774.2 Structure of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 794.3 LDH/LDO-Based Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Production by Water Splitting 804.4 LDHs Materials in Photocatalytic Water Splitting H 2 Production 814.5 Conclusion 90References 915 Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production via Water Splitting with Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts 99Yogita Dahiya, Ankur Jain, and Debasish Sarkar5.1 Introduction 995.2 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting 1005.3 Layered Double Hydroxides 1055.4 Conclusion 119References 1206 Electrocatalytic Fuel Cells Based on Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 127Bhawna Rathi, Monika Shrivastav, Rajnish Dhiman, Ankur Jain, and Manoj Kumar6.1 Introduction 1276.2 Selection Standards to Choose Electrocatalysts, Support, and Their Mechanism 1316.3 Layered Double Hydroxides Electrocatalysts in Fuel Cells Applications 1356.4 Layered Double Hydroxides Electrocatalysts in Fuel Cells Applications 1436.5 Industrial Perspective of Fuel Cell Technology and the Context of LDHs/LDOs 145References 1477 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Electrocatalysts for the Generation of Hydrogen 151Suprobhat Singha Roy and Subrata Kundu7.1 Introduction 1517.2 Structure of LDHs and Their Electrocatalytic Properties for Hydrogen Production 1527.3 Types of Metal Oxides and Their Impact on Electrochemical Hydrogen Production 1537.4 Water Splitting Mechanism 1547.5 Strategies to Develop Catalysts for HER and OER 1587.6 LDH Materials for Water Splitting Application 1597.7 Recent Development of Metal Oxides for Water Splitting Application 1657.8 Other Strategies Counter to HER 1697.9 Challenges and Solutions 1727.10 Conclusion and Future Perspective 173Acknowledgments 173References 1738 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides for Energy Storage in Sodium-Ion Batteries 179Prajakta Dattakumar Dange and Pratap Kollu8.1 Introduction 1798.2 Layered Double Hydroxides 1808.3 Layered Double Oxides 1898.4 Conclusion 192References 1939 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts in Methane Reforming, Syngas Generation, and Conversion 197Jodinio Lemena, Peter R. Makgwane, and David E. Motaung9.1 Introduction 1979.2 Overview of Methane and Syngas Conversion Processes 1989.3 Application of LDHs and LDOs in Methane and Syngas Conversions 2029.4 Catalysts Stability, Deactivation, and Regenerations 2109.5 Industrial Perspective of LDHs and LDOs Catalysts in Methane and Syngas Conversions 2109.6 Conclusion 211Acknowledgments 211References 211Part III Chemical Conversionsenergy Generation and Storage 21910 Layered Double Hydroxide and Oxide Catalysts in Thermocatalytic Hydrogenation of CO 2 to Chemicals 221Sivuyisiwe Mapukata, Nyiko Chauke, Andile Mkhohlakali, William Moloto, Reagan Mohlala, Mpho Ledwaba, and Mpfunzeni Raphulu10.1 Introduction 22110.2 Overview of CO 2 Hydrogenation Using LDHs and LDOs 22210.3 Thermo-catalytic Hydrogenation of CO 2 Using LDH and LDO Catalysts 22410.4 Photocatalytic Hydrogenation of CO 2 to Chemicals Using LDH and LDO Catalysts 22910.5 CO 2 Hydrogenation Enhancement Strategies 23410.6 Conclusions 236Acknowledgments 237References 23711 Layered Double Hydroxides Catalysts in Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction to Chemicals 247Dhivya Sundar, Sambandam Anandan, Cheng-Hua Liu, and Jerry J. Wu11.1 Introduction 24711.2 Structure and Synthesis of LDH 24911.3 LDHs for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 25011.4 Conclusion 260Acknowledgment 261References 26112 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction to Chemicals 269Shailendra K. Jha, Niki S. Jha, Alka Kumari, and Rehash Ranjan12.1 Introduction 26912.2 Fundamental Aspects and Challenges of Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 27012.3 LDHs as Electrocatalyst for CO 2 Reduction Reaction 27312.4 Oxides as Electrocatalyst for CO 2 Reduction Reaction 27912.5 Conclusions 285References 28613 Photo (Electro) Catalytic Fixation of Nitrogen with Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts 295Rehash Ranjan and Shailendra K. Jha13.1 Introduction 29513.2 Benefits and Challenges of Photo (Electro) Catalytic N 2 Reduction 29713.3 Mechanistic Aspects of Photo (Electro) Catalytic N 2 Fixation Reactions 29813.4 Essential Activity Descriptors for N 2 Fixation 30013.5 LDHs and LDOs Catalysts for N 2 Fixation 30113.6 LDH Design Strategies for Enhanced Photo (Electro) Catalytic N 2 Fixation 30713.7 Conclusions 309References 31014 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides in Photocatalytic Organic Chemical Conversions 317David M. Mabena, Tumisang Lekgetho, and Mabuatsela V. Maphoru14.1 Introduction 31714.2 Mechanisms of LDH-Based Photocatalytic Reaction 31914.3 Oxidation Reactions 32114.4 Hydrogenation Reactions 32614.5 Coupling and Esterification Reactions 33114.6 Conclusions 335References 33615 Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Catalysts for Conversion of Biomass to Chemicals and Fuels 343Qian Wang, Huifang Wu, Yang Zhao, Xuanlin Guo, Xinlan Zhang, and Junting Feng15.1 Introduction 34315.2 LDHs Catalysts in Oxidation Reactions 34515.3 LDHs Catalysts in Hydrogenation Reactions 34815.4 LDHs Catalysts in Cyclization Reactions 35415.5 Reductive Amination 35615.6 Catalytic Steam-Reforming of Biomass 36115.7 LDHs Catalysts in Catalytic C—C Coupling of Biomass 36315.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 365References 367Part IV Environmental Applications 37516 Layered Double Hydroxides Photocatalysts for Degradation Organic Pollutants 377Rajesh Sahu, Tarun Patodia, and Ankur Jain16.1 Introduction 37716.2 Properties and Synthesis of LDHs 37916.3 Mechanism of LDH as a Photocatalyst 38116.4 LDHs in Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants 38116.5 Conclusion 391Acknowledgment 391References 39217 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts for Fenton and Persulfate-Driven Removal of Organic Wastewater Pollutants 401Michael B. Mensah, Prince Asante, Julius R. Ogbey, Benjamin Kokloku, Nathaniel N. Nubuor, Isaac Aidoo, Wisdom Dzansi, and Nathaniel O. Boadi17.1 Introduction 40117.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes 40217.3 LDHs and LDOs 40317.4 Catalytic Mechanisms in Fenton-Like Reactions 40417.5 Catalytic Mechanisms in Persulfate Activation 40517.6 Comparative Analysis of LDHs and LDOs in Fenton and Persulfate Reactions 40617.7 Applications in Organic Pollutant Removal 41117.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives 41317.9 Innovations in LDH/LDO Design for Enhanced Catalysis 41517.10 Prospects for Integrating LDHs/LDOs with Other Treatment Technologies 41817.11 Conclusion 419References 41918 Layered Double Hydroxide and Oxide Catalysts for Remediation of Gaseous Air Pollutants 429Katekani Shingange, Nyiko Chauke, Mandla Chabalala, Sivuyisiwe Mapukata, and Teboho Mokhena18.1 Introduction 42918.2 Overview of LDHs and Oxide Catalysts 43018.3 Evolution of Catalysts for Air Pollution Control 43118.4 Gaseous Air Pollutants 43218.5 Mechanisms of Catalytic Remediation 43318.6 Applications and Performance Evaluation of LDH Catalysts 43818.7 Challenges and Future Directions 44318.8 Conclusion 446Acknowledgments 447References 44719 Layered Double Hydroxide Adsorbents for Removal of Metal Ions from Water Contaminants 459Peyman Ghorbani, Aydin Hassani, Alireza Abbasi, and Paria Eghbali19.1 Introduction 45919.2 LDHs Fundamental, Structure, and Functionalization 46119.3 LDHs Properties 46919.4 Mechanism and Application of LDHs in Adsorption of Metal Ions from Water 47119.5 Recyclability, Desorption, and Regeneration 47919.6 Conclusions 485References 48620 Layered Double Hydroxides Catalytic Materials in Gas Chemical Sensing and Detection 497Thabang J. Theka, Ratshilumela S. Dima, Themba Ntuli, Pontsho S. Mbule, Tlabo C. Leboho, and Katekani Shingange20.1 Introduction 49720.2 Overview of LDHs 49820.3 Modification of LDHs for Gas Sensing 49920.4 Gas Sensing Performance of LDH-Based Materials 50120.5 Conclusion 507References 50821 Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Antimicrobial and Antibacterial Catalytic Activity Disinfections 515Pratiksha Pise, Revanasiddappa Moolemane, Suresh Babu Naidu Krishna, and Peter R. Makgwane21.1 Introduction 51521.2 Mechanisms Underlying Antimicrobial Action 51721.3 Antibacterial Activity of LDHs 51921.4 Disinfection Applications of LDHs 52121.5 Toxicity and Safety Considerations 52221.6 LDHs in Photocatalytic Antimicrobial Disinfection 52521.7 LDHs in Photocatalytic Antibacterial Disinfection 52521.8 Conclusions 527References 528Index 531

Dr. Peter R. Makgwane is a Full Professor at the University of South Africa (UNISA) Institute of Catalysis and Energy Solutions (ICES). His research focuses on catalysis for green and sustainable processes. Dr. Ram K. Gupta is an Associate Vice President for Research and Support and a Professor of Chemistry at Pittsburg State University. He was recently named by Stanford University as being among the top 2% of research scientists worldwide.

• About the Editors xviiList of Contributors xixPreface xxviiPart I Introduction and Fundamentals 11 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides – An Introduction and Scope of Applications 3Katekani Shingange and Peter R. Makgwane1.1 Introduction 31.2 Classification and Basic Properties of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 41.3 Application Scope of LDHs and LDOs in Catalytic-Driven Technologies 61.4 Conclusion 13References 132 Structure Aspects of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides: Physicochemical, Optical, and Electronic Properties 19Jodinio Lemena, Nkhosikhona Dlamini, Rethabile Makole, Hendrik C. Swart, Richard A. Harris, Jacobus J. Terblans, Peter R. Makgwane, and David E. Motaung2.1 Introduction 192.2 Structure Properties of LDHs and LDOs 202.3 Effect of Synthesis Method and Morphology on the Physicochemical, Electronic, and Optical Properties 312.4 Conclusion 33References 333 Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts with Controlled Structure Properties 43Aditi De and Subrata Kundu3.1 Introduction 433.2 Fundamentals of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 443.3 Synthesis and Strategic Approaches for LDHs and LDOs 483.4 Challenges, Recent Advances, and Future Perspectives in Synthesis Techniques 643.5 Conclusion 693.6 Acknowledgments 70References 70Part II Energy Generation and Storage 754 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts in Photocatalytic Water Splitting for Hydrogen Generation 77Kriti Shrivastava and Ankur Jain4.1 Introduction 774.2 Structure of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 794.3 LDH/LDO-Based Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Production by Water Splitting 804.4 LDHs Materials in Photocatalytic Water Splitting H 2 Production 814.5 Conclusion 90References 915 Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production via Water Splitting with Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts 99Yogita Dahiya, Ankur Jain, and Debasish Sarkar5.1 Introduction 995.2 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting 1005.3 Layered Double Hydroxides 1055.4 Conclusion 119References 1206 Electrocatalytic Fuel Cells Based on Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 127Bhawna Rathi, Monika Shrivastav, Rajnish Dhiman, Ankur Jain, and Manoj Kumar6.1 Introduction 1276.2 Selection Standards to Choose Electrocatalysts, Support, and Their Mechanism 1316.3 Layered Double Hydroxides Electrocatalysts in Fuel Cells Applications 1356.4 Layered Double Hydroxides Electrocatalysts in Fuel Cells Applications 1436.5 Industrial Perspective of Fuel Cell Technology and the Context of LDHs/LDOs 145References 1477 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Electrocatalysts for the Generation of Hydrogen 151Suprobhat Singha Roy and Subrata Kundu7.1 Introduction 1517.2 Structure of LDHs and Their Electrocatalytic Properties for Hydrogen Production 1527.3 Types of Metal Oxides and Their Impact on Electrochemical Hydrogen Production 1537.4 Water Splitting Mechanism 1547.5 Strategies to Develop Catalysts for HER and OER 1587.6 LDH Materials for Water Splitting Application 1597.7 Recent Development of Metal Oxides for Water Splitting Application 1657.8 Other Strategies Counter to HER 1697.9 Challenges and Solutions 1727.10 Conclusion and Future Perspective 173Acknowledgments 173References 1738 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides for Energy Storage in Sodium-Ion Batteries 179Prajakta Dattakumar Dange and Pratap Kollu8.1 Introduction 1798.2 Layered Double Hydroxides 1808.3 Layered Double Oxides 1898.4 Conclusion 192References 1939 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts in Methane Reforming, Syngas Generation, and Conversion 197Jodinio Lemena, Peter R. Makgwane, and David E. Motaung9.1 Introduction 1979.2 Overview of Methane and Syngas Conversion Processes 1989.3 Application of LDHs and LDOs in Methane and Syngas Conversions 2029.4 Catalysts Stability, Deactivation, and Regenerations 2109.5 Industrial Perspective of LDHs and LDOs Catalysts in Methane and Syngas Conversions 2109.6 Conclusion 211Acknowledgments 211References 211Part III Chemical Conversionsenergy Generation and Storage 21910 Layered Double Hydroxide and Oxide Catalysts in Thermocatalytic Hydrogenation of CO 2 to Chemicals 221Sivuyisiwe Mapukata, Nyiko Chauke, Andile Mkhohlakali, William Moloto, Reagan Mohlala, Mpho Ledwaba, and Mpfunzeni Raphulu10.1 Introduction 22110.2 Overview of CO 2 Hydrogenation Using LDHs and LDOs 22210.3 Thermo-catalytic Hydrogenation of CO 2 Using LDH and LDO Catalysts 22410.4 Photocatalytic Hydrogenation of CO 2 to Chemicals Using LDH and LDO Catalysts 22910.5 CO 2 Hydrogenation Enhancement Strategies 23410.6 Conclusions 236Acknowledgments 237References 23711 Layered Double Hydroxides Catalysts in Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction to Chemicals 247Dhivya Sundar, Sambandam Anandan, Cheng-Hua Liu, and Jerry J. Wu11.1 Introduction 24711.2 Structure and Synthesis of LDH 24911.3 LDHs for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 25011.4 Conclusion 260Acknowledgment 261References 26112 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction to Chemicals 269Shailendra K. Jha, Niki S. Jha, Alka Kumari, and Rehash Ranjan12.1 Introduction 26912.2 Fundamental Aspects and Challenges of Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 27012.3 LDHs as Electrocatalyst for CO 2 Reduction Reaction 27312.4 Oxides as Electrocatalyst for CO 2 Reduction Reaction 27912.5 Conclusions 285References 28613 Photo (Electro) Catalytic Fixation of Nitrogen with Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts 295Rehash Ranjan and Shailendra K. Jha13.1 Introduction 29513.2 Benefits and Challenges of Photo (Electro) Catalytic N 2 Reduction 29713.3 Mechanistic Aspects of Photo (Electro) Catalytic N 2 Fixation Reactions 29813.4 Essential Activity Descriptors for N 2 Fixation 30013.5 LDHs and LDOs Catalysts for N 2 Fixation 30113.6 LDH Design Strategies for Enhanced Photo (Electro) Catalytic N 2 Fixation 30713.7 Conclusions 309References 31014 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides in Photocatalytic Organic Chemical Conversions 317David M. Mabena, Tumisang Lekgetho, and Mabuatsela V. Maphoru14.1 Introduction 31714.2 Mechanisms of LDH-Based Photocatalytic Reaction 31914.3 Oxidation Reactions 32114.4 Hydrogenation Reactions 32614.5 Coupling and Esterification Reactions 33114.6 Conclusions 335References 33615 Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Catalysts for Conversion of Biomass to Chemicals and Fuels 343Qian Wang, Huifang Wu, Yang Zhao, Xuanlin Guo, Xinlan Zhang, and Junting Feng15.1 Introduction 34315.2 LDHs Catalysts in Oxidation Reactions 34515.3 LDHs Catalysts in Hydrogenation Reactions 34815.4 LDHs Catalysts in Cyclization Reactions 35415.5 Reductive Amination 35615.6 Catalytic Steam-Reforming of Biomass 36115.7 LDHs Catalysts in Catalytic C—C Coupling of Biomass 36315.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 365References 367Part IV Environmental Applications 37516 Layered Double Hydroxides Photocatalysts for Degradation Organic Pollutants 377Rajesh Sahu, Tarun Patodia, and Ankur Jain16.1 Introduction 37716.2 Properties and Synthesis of LDHs 37916.3 Mechanism of LDH as a Photocatalyst 38116.4 LDHs in Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants 38116.5 Conclusion 391Acknowledgment 391References 39217 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts for Fenton and Persulfate-Driven Removal of Organic Wastewater Pollutants 401Michael B. Mensah, Prince Asante, Julius R. Ogbey, Benjamin Kokloku, Nathaniel N. Nubuor, Isaac Aidoo, Wisdom Dzansi, and Nathaniel O. Boadi17.1 Introduction 40117.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes 40217.3 LDHs and LDOs 40317.4 Catalytic Mechanisms in Fenton-Like Reactions 40417.5 Catalytic Mechanisms in Persulfate Activation 40517.6 Comparative Analysis of LDHs and LDOs in Fenton and Persulfate Reactions 40617.7 Applications in Organic Pollutant Removal 41117.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives 41317.9 Innovations in LDH/LDO Design for Enhanced Catalysis 41517.10 Prospects for Integrating LDHs/LDOs with Other Treatment Technologies 41817.11 Conclusion 419References 41918 Layered Double Hydroxide and Oxide Catalysts for Remediation of Gaseous Air Pollutants 429Katekani Shingange, Nyiko Chauke, Mandla Chabalala, Sivuyisiwe Mapukata, and Teboho Mokhena18.1 Introduction 42918.2 Overview of LDHs and Oxide Catalysts 43018.3 Evolution of Catalysts for Air Pollution Control 43118.4 Gaseous Air Pollutants 43218.5 Mechanisms of Catalytic Remediation 43318.6 Applications and Performance Evaluation of LDH Catalysts 43818.7 Challenges and Future Directions 44318.8 Conclusion 446Acknowledgments 447References 44719 Layered Double Hydroxide Adsorbents for Removal of Metal Ions from Water Contaminants 459Peyman Ghorbani, Aydin Hassani, Alireza Abbasi, and Paria Eghbali19.1 Introduction 45919.2 LDHs Fundamental, Structure, and Functionalization 46119.3 LDHs Properties 46919.4 Mechanism and Application of LDHs in Adsorption of Metal Ions from Water 47119.5 Recyclability, Desorption, and Regeneration 47919.6 Conclusions 485References 48620 Layered Double Hydroxides Catalytic Materials in Gas Chemical Sensing and Detection 497Thabang J. Theka, Ratshilumela S. Dima, Themba Ntuli, Pontsho S. Mbule, Tlabo C. Leboho, and Katekani Shingange20.1 Introduction 49720.2 Overview of LDHs 49820.3 Modification of LDHs for Gas Sensing 49920.4 Gas Sensing Performance of LDH-Based Materials 50120.5 Conclusion 507References 50821 Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Antimicrobial and Antibacterial Catalytic Activity Disinfections 515Pratiksha Pise, Revanasiddappa Moolemane, Suresh Babu Naidu Krishna, and Peter R. Makgwane21.1 Introduction 51521.2 Mechanisms Underlying Antimicrobial Action 51721.3 Antibacterial Activity of LDHs 51921.4 Disinfection Applications of LDHs 52121.5 Toxicity and Safety Considerations 52221.6 LDHs in Photocatalytic Antimicrobial Disinfection 52521.7 LDHs in Photocatalytic Antibacterial Disinfection 52521.8 Conclusions 527References 528Index 531

Dr. Peter R. Makgwane is a Full Professor at the University of South Africa (UNISA) Institute of Catalysis and Energy Solutions (ICES). His research focuses on catalysis for green and sustainable processes. Dr. Ram K. Gupta is an Associate Vice President for Research and Support and a Professor of Chemistry at Pittsburg State University. He was recently named by Stanford University as being among the top 2% of research scientists worldwide.

• About the Editors xviiList of Contributors xixPreface xxviiPart I Introduction and Fundamentals 11 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides – An Introduction and Scope of Applications 3Katekani Shingange and Peter R. Makgwane1.1 Introduction 31.2 Classification and Basic Properties of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 41.3 Application Scope of LDHs and LDOs in Catalytic-Driven Technologies 61.4 Conclusion 13References 132 Structure Aspects of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides: Physicochemical, Optical, and Electronic Properties 19Jodinio Lemena, Nkhosikhona Dlamini, Rethabile Makole, Hendrik C. Swart, Richard A. Harris, Jacobus J. Terblans, Peter R. Makgwane, and David E. Motaung2.1 Introduction 192.2 Structure Properties of LDHs and LDOs 202.3 Effect of Synthesis Method and Morphology on the Physicochemical, Electronic, and Optical Properties 312.4 Conclusion 33References 333 Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts with Controlled Structure Properties 43Aditi De and Subrata Kundu3.1 Introduction 433.2 Fundamentals of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 443.3 Synthesis and Strategic Approaches for LDHs and LDOs 483.4 Challenges, Recent Advances, and Future Perspectives in Synthesis Techniques 643.5 Conclusion 693.6 Acknowledgments 70References 70Part II Energy Generation and Storage 754 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts in Photocatalytic Water Splitting for Hydrogen Generation 77Kriti Shrivastava and Ankur Jain4.1 Introduction 774.2 Structure of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 794.3 LDH/LDO-Based Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Production by Water Splitting 804.4 LDHs Materials in Photocatalytic Water Splitting H 2 Production 814.5 Conclusion 90References 915 Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production via Water Splitting with Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts 99Yogita Dahiya, Ankur Jain, and Debasish Sarkar5.1 Introduction 995.2 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting 1005.3 Layered Double Hydroxides 1055.4 Conclusion 119References 1206 Electrocatalytic Fuel Cells Based on Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 127Bhawna Rathi, Monika Shrivastav, Rajnish Dhiman, Ankur Jain, and Manoj Kumar6.1 Introduction 1276.2 Selection Standards to Choose Electrocatalysts, Support, and Their Mechanism 1316.3 Layered Double Hydroxides Electrocatalysts in Fuel Cells Applications 1356.4 Layered Double Hydroxides Electrocatalysts in Fuel Cells Applications 1436.5 Industrial Perspective of Fuel Cell Technology and the Context of LDHs/LDOs 145References 1477 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Electrocatalysts for the Generation of Hydrogen 151Suprobhat Singha Roy and Subrata Kundu7.1 Introduction 1517.2 Structure of LDHs and Their Electrocatalytic Properties for Hydrogen Production 1527.3 Types of Metal Oxides and Their Impact on Electrochemical Hydrogen Production 1537.4 Water Splitting Mechanism 1547.5 Strategies to Develop Catalysts for HER and OER 1587.6 LDH Materials for Water Splitting Application 1597.7 Recent Development of Metal Oxides for Water Splitting Application 1657.8 Other Strategies Counter to HER 1697.9 Challenges and Solutions 1727.10 Conclusion and Future Perspective 173Acknowledgments 173References 1738 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides for Energy Storage in Sodium-Ion Batteries 179Prajakta Dattakumar Dange and Pratap Kollu8.1 Introduction 1798.2 Layered Double Hydroxides 1808.3 Layered Double Oxides 1898.4 Conclusion 192References 1939 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts in Methane Reforming, Syngas Generation, and Conversion 197Jodinio Lemena, Peter R. Makgwane, and David E. Motaung9.1 Introduction 1979.2 Overview of Methane and Syngas Conversion Processes 1989.3 Application of LDHs and LDOs in Methane and Syngas Conversions 2029.4 Catalysts Stability, Deactivation, and Regenerations 2109.5 Industrial Perspective of LDHs and LDOs Catalysts in Methane and Syngas Conversions 2109.6 Conclusion 211Acknowledgments 211References 211Part III Chemical Conversionsenergy Generation and Storage 21910 Layered Double Hydroxide and Oxide Catalysts in Thermocatalytic Hydrogenation of CO 2 to Chemicals 221Sivuyisiwe Mapukata, Nyiko Chauke, Andile Mkhohlakali, William Moloto, Reagan Mohlala, Mpho Ledwaba, and Mpfunzeni Raphulu10.1 Introduction 22110.2 Overview of CO 2 Hydrogenation Using LDHs and LDOs 22210.3 Thermo-catalytic Hydrogenation of CO 2 Using LDH and LDO Catalysts 22410.4 Photocatalytic Hydrogenation of CO 2 to Chemicals Using LDH and LDO Catalysts 22910.5 CO 2 Hydrogenation Enhancement Strategies 23410.6 Conclusions 236Acknowledgments 237References 23711 Layered Double Hydroxides Catalysts in Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction to Chemicals 247Dhivya Sundar, Sambandam Anandan, Cheng-Hua Liu, and Jerry J. Wu11.1 Introduction 24711.2 Structure and Synthesis of LDH 24911.3 LDHs for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 25011.4 Conclusion 260Acknowledgment 261References 26112 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction to Chemicals 269Shailendra K. Jha, Niki S. Jha, Alka Kumari, and Rehash Ranjan12.1 Introduction 26912.2 Fundamental Aspects and Challenges of Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 27012.3 LDHs as Electrocatalyst for CO 2 Reduction Reaction 27312.4 Oxides as Electrocatalyst for CO 2 Reduction Reaction 27912.5 Conclusions 285References 28613 Photo (Electro) Catalytic Fixation of Nitrogen with Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts 295Rehash Ranjan and Shailendra K. Jha13.1 Introduction 29513.2 Benefits and Challenges of Photo (Electro) Catalytic N 2 Reduction 29713.3 Mechanistic Aspects of Photo (Electro) Catalytic N 2 Fixation Reactions 29813.4 Essential Activity Descriptors for N 2 Fixation 30013.5 LDHs and LDOs Catalysts for N 2 Fixation 30113.6 LDH Design Strategies for Enhanced Photo (Electro) Catalytic N 2 Fixation 30713.7 Conclusions 309References 31014 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides in Photocatalytic Organic Chemical Conversions 317David M. Mabena, Tumisang Lekgetho, and Mabuatsela V. Maphoru14.1 Introduction 31714.2 Mechanisms of LDH-Based Photocatalytic Reaction 31914.3 Oxidation Reactions 32114.4 Hydrogenation Reactions 32614.5 Coupling and Esterification Reactions 33114.6 Conclusions 335References 33615 Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Catalysts for Conversion of Biomass to Chemicals and Fuels 343Qian Wang, Huifang Wu, Yang Zhao, Xuanlin Guo, Xinlan Zhang, and Junting Feng15.1 Introduction 34315.2 LDHs Catalysts in Oxidation Reactions 34515.3 LDHs Catalysts in Hydrogenation Reactions 34815.4 LDHs Catalysts in Cyclization Reactions 35415.5 Reductive Amination 35615.6 Catalytic Steam-Reforming of Biomass 36115.7 LDHs Catalysts in Catalytic C—C Coupling of Biomass 36315.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 365References 367Part IV Environmental Applications 37516 Layered Double Hydroxides Photocatalysts for Degradation Organic Pollutants 377Rajesh Sahu, Tarun Patodia, and Ankur Jain16.1 Introduction 37716.2 Properties and Synthesis of LDHs 37916.3 Mechanism of LDH as a Photocatalyst 38116.4 LDHs in Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants 38116.5 Conclusion 391Acknowledgment 391References 39217 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts for Fenton and Persulfate-Driven Removal of Organic Wastewater Pollutants 401Michael B. Mensah, Prince Asante, Julius R. Ogbey, Benjamin Kokloku, Nathaniel N. Nubuor, Isaac Aidoo, Wisdom Dzansi, and Nathaniel O. Boadi17.1 Introduction 40117.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes 40217.3 LDHs and LDOs 40317.4 Catalytic Mechanisms in Fenton-Like Reactions 40417.5 Catalytic Mechanisms in Persulfate Activation 40517.6 Comparative Analysis of LDHs and LDOs in Fenton and Persulfate Reactions 40617.7 Applications in Organic Pollutant Removal 41117.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives 41317.9 Innovations in LDH/LDO Design for Enhanced Catalysis 41517.10 Prospects for Integrating LDHs/LDOs with Other Treatment Technologies 41817.11 Conclusion 419References 41918 Layered Double Hydroxide and Oxide Catalysts for Remediation of Gaseous Air Pollutants 429Katekani Shingange, Nyiko Chauke, Mandla Chabalala, Sivuyisiwe Mapukata, and Teboho Mokhena18.1 Introduction 42918.2 Overview of LDHs and Oxide Catalysts 43018.3 Evolution of Catalysts for Air Pollution Control 43118.4 Gaseous Air Pollutants 43218.5 Mechanisms of Catalytic Remediation 43318.6 Applications and Performance Evaluation of LDH Catalysts 43818.7 Challenges and Future Directions 44318.8 Conclusion 446Acknowledgments 447References 44719 Layered Double Hydroxide Adsorbents for Removal of Metal Ions from Water Contaminants 459Peyman Ghorbani, Aydin Hassani, Alireza Abbasi, and Paria Eghbali19.1 Introduction 45919.2 LDHs Fundamental, Structure, and Functionalization 46119.3 LDHs Properties 46919.4 Mechanism and Application of LDHs in Adsorption of Metal Ions from Water 47119.5 Recyclability, Desorption, and Regeneration 47919.6 Conclusions 485References 48620 Layered Double Hydroxides Catalytic Materials in Gas Chemical Sensing and Detection 497Thabang J. Theka, Ratshilumela S. Dima, Themba Ntuli, Pontsho S. Mbule, Tlabo C. Leboho, and Katekani Shingange20.1 Introduction 49720.2 Overview of LDHs 49820.3 Modification of LDHs for Gas Sensing 49920.4 Gas Sensing Performance of LDH-Based Materials 50120.5 Conclusion 507References 50821 Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Antimicrobial and Antibacterial Catalytic Activity Disinfections 515Pratiksha Pise, Revanasiddappa Moolemane, Suresh Babu Naidu Krishna, and Peter R. Makgwane21.1 Introduction 51521.2 Mechanisms Underlying Antimicrobial Action 51721.3 Antibacterial Activity of LDHs 51921.4 Disinfection Applications of LDHs 52121.5 Toxicity and Safety Considerations 52221.6 LDHs in Photocatalytic Antimicrobial Disinfection 52521.7 LDHs in Photocatalytic Antibacterial Disinfection 52521.8 Conclusions 527References 528Index 531