Sustainable and Resilient Engineering

Krishna R. Reddy, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, ENV SP is a University Scholar, Distinguished Researcher, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and the Director of both the Sustainable Engineering Research Laboratory and the Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Laboratory in the Department of Civil, Materials and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Claudio Cameselle, Ph.D. is a Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Vigo, Spain. Jeffrey A. Adams, Ph.D., P.E., ENV SP is a Principal Consultant of ENGEO Incorporated in San Ramon, California, USA.

• Preface for the Second Edition xixPreface for the First Edition xxiAbout the Companion Website xxvSection I Drivers, Environmental, Economic and Social Impacts, and Resiliency 11 Emerging Challenges, Sustainability, Resiliency, and Sustainable and Resilient Engineering 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Emerging Challenges 41.3 The Master Equation or IPAT Equation 201.4 What Is Sustainability? 211.5 What Is Resiliency? 331.6 Integrated Sustainable and Resilient Engineering 351.7 Summary 351.8 Questions 361.9 Problems 37References 432 Environmental Concerns 472.1 Introduction 472.2 Global Warming and Climate Change 482.3 Desertification 572.4 Deforestation 592.5 Loss of Habitat and Biodiversity 602.6 Ozone Layer Depletion 612.7 Air Pollution 632.8 Smog 652.9 Acid Rain 652.10 Water Usage and Pollution 682.11 Eutrophication 742.12 Salinity 742.13 Wastes and Disposal 752.14 Land Contamination 832.15 Visibility 842.16 Odors 842.17 Aesthetic Degradation 852.18 Land Use Patterns 852.19 Thermal Pollution 852.20 Noise Pollution 862.21 Summary 862.22 Questions 872.23 Problems 88References 923 Social, Economic, and Legal Issues 973.1 Introduction 973.2 Social Issues 983.3 Economic Issues 1103.4 Legal and Governance Issues 1153.5 Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Reporting 1163.6 Summary 1173.7 Questions 1183.8 Problems 118References 1224 Availability and Depletion of Natural Resources 1254.1 Introduction 1254.2 Types and Availability of Resources 1264.3 Resource Depletion 1414.4 Summary 1474.5 Questions 1484.6 Problems 149References 1535 Disaster Resiliency 1575.1 Introduction 1575.2 Climate Change and Extreme Events 1585.3 Impacts of Extreme Events 1635.4 What Is Resiliency? 1665.5 Initiatives and Policies on Resiliency 1725.6 Resilient Design of Infrastructure 1765.7 Resiliency Assessment Framework 1785.8 Resilient Infrastructure Examples 1845.9 Managed Retreat and Cost-Benefits 1945.10 Soft Infrastructure 1945.11 Challenges 1955.12 Summary 1955.13 Questions 1965.14 Problems 196References 199Section II Sustainability and Resiliency Metrics and Assessment Tools 2036 Sustainability and Resiliency Indicators, Metrics, and Assessment Tools 2056.1 Introduction 2056.2 Attributes of Sustainability and Resiliency Indicators 2066.3 Sustainability Indicators 2066.4 Sustainability Metrics 2176.5 Sustainability Assessment Tools 2196.6 Resiliency Indicators 2216.7 Resiliency Metrics 2266.8 Resiliency Assessment Tools 2286.9 Integrated Sustainability and Resilience Assessment Tools 2306.10 Summary 2306.11 Questions 2316.12 Problems 232References 2337 Material Flow Analysis and Material Budget 2357.1 Introduction 2357.2 Budget of Natural Resources 2367.3 Constructing a Budget 2387.4 Material Flow Analysis 2387.5 Material Flow Analysis: Wastes 2427.6 National Material Account 2457.7 Summary 2507.8 Questions 2507.9 Problems 251References 2538 Carbon Footprint Analysis 2558.1 Introduction 2558.2 Global Warming Potential and Carbon Footprint 2568.3 Measuring Carbon Footprint 2578.4 Standards for Calculating the Carbon Footprint 2618.5 GHG Inventory: Developments in the United States 2628.6 USEPA: Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program 2628.7 Tools for GHG Inventory 2628.8 Carbon Footprint Case Study 2648.9 Programs to Mitigate GHG Emissions 2708.10 Climate Action Plans 2728.11 Carbon Markets: Credits/Offsets 2748.12 Summary 2748.13 Questions 2758.14 Problems 275References 2769 Life Cycle Assessment 2799.1 Introduction 2799.2 Life Cycle Assessment 2809.3 LCA Methodology 2849.4 LCA Tools and Applications 2969.5 Summary 2999.6 Questions 3009.7 Problems 301References 30310 Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment 30510.1 Introduction 30510.2 Streamlined LCA (SLCA) 30610.3 Expanded SLCA 31010.4 Simple Example of SLCA 31210.5 Applications of SLCA 31810.6 Summary 32410.7 Questions 32410.8 Problems 324References 32611 Economic Input–Output Life Cycle Assessment 32711.1 Introduction 32711.2 EIO Model 32811.3 EIO-LCA 33011.4 EIO-LCA Model Results 33111.5 Projects Using the EIO-LCA Model 33211.6 Conventional LCA versus EIO-LCA 33511.7 EIO versus Physical Input–Output (PIO) Analysis 33711.8 Summary 33911.9 Questions 34011.10 Problems 340References 34112 Environmental Health Risk Assessment 34312.1 Introduction 34312.2 Emergence of the Risk Era 34412.3 Risk Assessment and Management 34412.4 Ecological Risk Assessment 35012.5 Summary 35212.6 Questions 35212.7 Problems 353References 35413 Emerging Sustainability and Resiliency Assessment Tools 35513.1 Introduction 35513.2 Environmental Assessment Tools/Indicators 35513.3 Economic Assessment Tools 35813.4 Ecosystem Services Valuation Tools 36013.5 Environmental Justice Tools 36113.6 Integrated Sustainability Assessment Tools 36213.7 Integrated Sustainability and Resilience Assessment Tools 36413.8 Summary 36713.9 Questions 36713.10 Problems 368References 370Section III Sustainable and Resilient Engineering Practices 37314 Emerging Technologies for Sustainable and Resilient Engineering 37514.1 Introduction 37514.2 Emerging Smart Technologies 37614.3 Engineered Materials for Circular Economy 38314.4 Resource Conservation in Energy Sector 38414.5 Nature-Based Solutions 38714.6 Summary 38914.7 Questions 39014.8 Problems 391References 39115 Sustainable and Resilient Energy Engineering 39515.1 Introduction 39515.2 Environmental Impacts of Energy Generation 39615.3 Nuclear Energy 40115.4 Strategies for Clean Energy 40315.5 Renewable Energy 40515.6 Economic Considerations 41615.7 Sustainability and Resiliency Considerations 41815.8 Summary 41815.9 Questions 42015.10 Problems 420References 42216 Sustainable and Resilient Materials, Waste Management, and Circular Economy 42516.1 Introduction 42516.2 Sustainable Materials 42616.3 Waste Generation and Problems 42816.4 Waste Management 43016.5 Integrated Waste Management 43716.6 Sustainable Waste Management 44016.7 Circular Economy 44216.8 Resiliency Considerations 44316.9 Summary 44416.10 Questions 44516.11 Problems 446References 44717 Sustainable and Resilient Buildings 45117.1 Introduction 45117.2 Green Building History 45217.3 Why Build Green? 45317.4 Green Building Concepts 45417.5 Components of Green Building 45517.6 Green Building Rating – LEED 45717.7 Sustainable Buildings 46617.8 Resiliency Considerations 46617.9 Summary 46817.10 Questions 46817.11 Problems 469References 47018 Sustainable and Resilient Civil Infrastructure 47318.1 Introduction 47318.2 Principles of Sustainable Infrastructure 47418.3 Civil Infrastructure 47518.4 Envision™: Sustainability Rating of Civil Infrastructure 47618.5 Sustainable Infrastructure Practices 48118.6 Built-Infrastructure Projects: Examples 48418.7 Resiliency Considerations 49418.8 Summary 49418.9 Questions 49518.10 Problems 495References 49619 Sustainable and Resilient Land Management 49919.1 Introduction 49919.2 Land Management Problems 50119.3 Contaminated Land Remediation Approach 50319.4 Green and Sustainable Remediation Technologies 50419.5 Sustainable Remediation Framework 50919.6 Sustainable Remediation Indicators, Metrics, and Tools 51219.7 Case Studies 51319.8 Land Remediation Challenges and Opportunities 51419.9 Resiliency Considerations 51619.10 Summary 51619.11 Questions 51719.12 Problems 518References 51920 Climate Geoengineering 52120.1 Introduction 52120.2 Climate Geoengineering 52620.3 Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Methods 52720.4 Solar Radiation Management (SRM) Methods 53120.5 Applicability of CDR and SRM 53520.6 Climate Geoengineering – A Theoretical Framework 53620.7 Risks and Challenges 53620.8 Summary 53820.9 Questions 53920.10 Problems 539References 540Section IV Sustainable and Resilient Engineering Applications 54321 Sustainable and Resiliency Assessment in Engineering Projects 54521.1 Introduction 54521.2 Integrated Sustainability and Resiliency Assessment Framework 54621.3 Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment of Water Disinfection Technologies at Stickney Water Reclamation Plant 55321.4 Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment to Design and Remediate a Contaminated Site 57621.4.1 Problem Statement 57621.4.2 Project Background 57721.5 Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment of Different Alternatives for Typical Highway Pavement 59421.6 Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment of Community Gardens Versus Hydroponics: Chicago’s Sustainable Food Systems 60521.7 Resiliency and Sustainability Evaluation of Green Infrastructure in a Chicago Neighborhood 616References 628Index 631