PETER S. WENZ is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and University Scholar at the University of Illinois Springfield. With over 50 years of teaching experience, he has authored ten books on environmental ethics, political philosophy, and the philosophy of religion. His academic work is widely respected for its depth and interdisciplinary approach, and he has contributed extensively to both philosophy and public discourse.

• Acknowledgments xiPreface xiiiIntroduction 1I Didn’t Do It, Did You? 1Preview of Chapters 8Part 1 Ways of Knowing 131 How Do You Know? 15Logic Isn’t Everything – The Limits of Coherence 15The Ontological Argument 17Foundationalism 20Error Theories 21The Crossword Puzzle Approach to Truth 24The Crossword Approach in Science 262 How Can Evolution Explain Human Knowledge? 31Evolution and Knowledge 31Is Evolution Real? 35God of the Gaps 37Evolutionary Epistemology 40Intelligent Design and the Accuracy of Human Knowledge 44Virtual Reality and Conspiracy Theories 473 Can Faith Be Knowledge? 51The Will to Believe 51Theism and Verification 54Faith as Metaphysics 55Theistic Faith 58Vindication of the Will to Believe 61Part 2 Secular Substitutes for Theism 654 Was There a Beginning? 67The Denial of a Beginning of Time 68Does Time Pass? 68The Denial of Time’s Passage Is Self-defeating 72An Error Theory for the Denial of Time’s Passage 74The Arrow of Time 76Mathematical Infinity and the Beginning of Time 80Could Time Have Had a Beginning? 83Similar Weaknesses of Astrophysics and Theism 845 Is This a Designer Universe? 89Scientific Recourse to Inexplicable Random Events 89Did Something Emerge from Nothing? 95Why Does Matter Exist Rather Than Pure Energy? 99The Fine-tuning Argument 101Many Common Events Are Equally Improbable 102Our Universe May Be Only One Among Many 104Fine-tuning May Not Be Necessary 106An Inefficiency Argument Against Fine-tuning 107A Futility Argument Against Fine-tuning 109Summing Up About Creation 1116 What Do You Have in Mind? 115Introduction 115Mind-Body Dualism 115The Mind-Body Problem 117Materialism: Behaviorism and Mind-Brain Identity 118Scientism and the Elimination of Consciousness 123Reductionism and Weak Emergence 127Epiphenomenalism and Other Problems with Searle’s View 129Machine Consciousness – Thinking Computers 130The Strong Emergence of Consciousness 133Panpsychism 136Downward Causation 137Brains as Radios – Minds as Radio Waves 139Mysterions 140What About Immortality? 1407 Do We Have Freedom to Do Evil? 145The Problem of Evil 145Determinism and Free Will 148Against Determinism 154Randomness and Agent-centered Free Will 158Part 3 The Case for and Against Theism 1618 Does Morality Depend on God? 163Is Morality from God Unchanging and Universal? 163An Evolutionary Account of Morality 167God as Guarantor of Morality 171Does Theism Do More Good Than Harm? 1739 Do Miracles Show that God Exists? 177What Is a Miracle? 177Medical Miracles and Prayers for Healing 180Personal Benefits from Religious Participation 18310 Do Special Experiences Show that God Exists? 187Special and Personal Revelations 187Mysticism 188Verification After Death 192Is Our Sense of God a Delusion? 193Summing Up 19711 Is God an Underachiever? 199Introduction 199Natural Evil and the Uniformity of Nature 200The Free-Will Defense 201Atheistic Gripes and Theistic Replies 204Three Entries into the Cosmic Suggestion Box 206What If God Isn’t Omnipotent? 213Conclusion: Nobody Knows? 215It’s Mostly a Tie 215My Lingering Doubts about Theism 217Notes 221Bibliography 231Index 237

PETER S. WENZ is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and University Scholar at the University of Illinois Springfield. With over 50 years of teaching experience, he has authored ten books on environmental ethics, political philosophy, and the philosophy of religion. His academic work is widely respected for its depth and interdisciplinary approach, and he has contributed extensively to both philosophy and public discourse.

• Acknowledgments xiPreface xiiiIntroduction 1I Didn’t Do It, Did You? 1Preview of Chapters 8Part 1 Ways of Knowing 131 How Do You Know? 15Logic Isn’t Everything – The Limits of Coherence 15The Ontological Argument 17Foundationalism 20Error Theories 21The Crossword Puzzle Approach to Truth 24The Crossword Approach in Science 262 How Can Evolution Explain Human Knowledge? 31Evolution and Knowledge 31Is Evolution Real? 35God of the Gaps 37Evolutionary Epistemology 40Intelligent Design and the Accuracy of Human Knowledge 44Virtual Reality and Conspiracy Theories 473 Can Faith Be Knowledge? 51The Will to Believe 51Theism and Verification 54Faith as Metaphysics 55Theistic Faith 58Vindication of the Will to Believe 61Part 2 Secular Substitutes for Theism 654 Was There a Beginning? 67The Denial of a Beginning of Time 68Does Time Pass? 68The Denial of Time’s Passage Is Self-defeating 72An Error Theory for the Denial of Time’s Passage 74The Arrow of Time 76Mathematical Infinity and the Beginning of Time 80Could Time Have Had a Beginning? 83Similar Weaknesses of Astrophysics and Theism 845 Is This a Designer Universe? 89Scientific Recourse to Inexplicable Random Events 89Did Something Emerge from Nothing? 95Why Does Matter Exist Rather Than Pure Energy? 99The Fine-tuning Argument 101Many Common Events Are Equally Improbable 102Our Universe May Be Only One Among Many 104Fine-tuning May Not Be Necessary 106An Inefficiency Argument Against Fine-tuning 107A Futility Argument Against Fine-tuning 109Summing Up About Creation 1116 What Do You Have in Mind? 115Introduction 115Mind-Body Dualism 115The Mind-Body Problem 117Materialism: Behaviorism and Mind-Brain Identity 118Scientism and the Elimination of Consciousness 123Reductionism and Weak Emergence 127Epiphenomenalism and Other Problems with Searle’s View 129Machine Consciousness – Thinking Computers 130The Strong Emergence of Consciousness 133Panpsychism 136Downward Causation 137Brains as Radios – Minds as Radio Waves 139Mysterions 140What About Immortality? 1407 Do We Have Freedom to Do Evil? 145The Problem of Evil 145Determinism and Free Will 148Against Determinism 154Randomness and Agent-centered Free Will 158Part 3 The Case for and Against Theism 1618 Does Morality Depend on God? 163Is Morality from God Unchanging and Universal? 163An Evolutionary Account of Morality 167God as Guarantor of Morality 171Does Theism Do More Good Than Harm? 1739 Do Miracles Show that God Exists? 177What Is a Miracle? 177Medical Miracles and Prayers for Healing 180Personal Benefits from Religious Participation 18310 Do Special Experiences Show that God Exists? 187Special and Personal Revelations 187Mysticism 188Verification After Death 192Is Our Sense of God a Delusion? 193Summing Up 19711 Is God an Underachiever? 199Introduction 199Natural Evil and the Uniformity of Nature 200The Free-Will Defense 201Atheistic Gripes and Theistic Replies 204Three Entries into the Cosmic Suggestion Box 206What If God Isn’t Omnipotent? 213Conclusion: Nobody Knows? 215It’s Mostly a Tie 215My Lingering Doubts about Theism 217Notes 221Bibliography 231Index 237

PETER S. WENZ is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and University Scholar at the University of Illinois Springfield. With over 50 years of teaching experience, he has authored ten books on environmental ethics, political philosophy, and the philosophy of religion. His academic work is widely respected for its depth and interdisciplinary approach, and he has contributed extensively to both philosophy and public discourse.

• Acknowledgments xiPreface xiiiIntroduction 1I Didn’t Do It, Did You? 1Preview of Chapters 8Part 1 Ways of Knowing 131 How Do You Know? 15Logic Isn’t Everything – The Limits of Coherence 15The Ontological Argument 17Foundationalism 20Error Theories 21The Crossword Puzzle Approach to Truth 24The Crossword Approach in Science 262 How Can Evolution Explain Human Knowledge? 31Evolution and Knowledge 31Is Evolution Real? 35God of the Gaps 37Evolutionary Epistemology 40Intelligent Design and the Accuracy of Human Knowledge 44Virtual Reality and Conspiracy Theories 473 Can Faith Be Knowledge? 51The Will to Believe 51Theism and Verification 54Faith as Metaphysics 55Theistic Faith 58Vindication of the Will to Believe 61Part 2 Secular Substitutes for Theism 654 Was There a Beginning? 67The Denial of a Beginning of Time 68Does Time Pass? 68The Denial of Time’s Passage Is Self-defeating 72An Error Theory for the Denial of Time’s Passage 74The Arrow of Time 76Mathematical Infinity and the Beginning of Time 80Could Time Have Had a Beginning? 83Similar Weaknesses of Astrophysics and Theism 845 Is This a Designer Universe? 89Scientific Recourse to Inexplicable Random Events 89Did Something Emerge from Nothing? 95Why Does Matter Exist Rather Than Pure Energy? 99The Fine-tuning Argument 101Many Common Events Are Equally Improbable 102Our Universe May Be Only One Among Many 104Fine-tuning May Not Be Necessary 106An Inefficiency Argument Against Fine-tuning 107A Futility Argument Against Fine-tuning 109Summing Up About Creation 1116 What Do You Have in Mind? 115Introduction 115Mind-Body Dualism 115The Mind-Body Problem 117Materialism: Behaviorism and Mind-Brain Identity 118Scientism and the Elimination of Consciousness 123Reductionism and Weak Emergence 127Epiphenomenalism and Other Problems with Searle’s View 129Machine Consciousness – Thinking Computers 130The Strong Emergence of Consciousness 133Panpsychism 136Downward Causation 137Brains as Radios – Minds as Radio Waves 139Mysterions 140What About Immortality? 1407 Do We Have Freedom to Do Evil? 145The Problem of Evil 145Determinism and Free Will 148Against Determinism 154Randomness and Agent-centered Free Will 158Part 3 The Case for and Against Theism 1618 Does Morality Depend on God? 163Is Morality from God Unchanging and Universal? 163An Evolutionary Account of Morality 167God as Guarantor of Morality 171Does Theism Do More Good Than Harm? 1739 Do Miracles Show that God Exists? 177What Is a Miracle? 177Medical Miracles and Prayers for Healing 180Personal Benefits from Religious Participation 18310 Do Special Experiences Show that God Exists? 187Special and Personal Revelations 187Mysticism 188Verification After Death 192Is Our Sense of God a Delusion? 193Summing Up 19711 Is God an Underachiever? 199Introduction 199Natural Evil and the Uniformity of Nature 200The Free-Will Defense 201Atheistic Gripes and Theistic Replies 204Three Entries into the Cosmic Suggestion Box 206What If God Isn’t Omnipotent? 213Conclusion: Nobody Knows? 215It’s Mostly a Tie 215My Lingering Doubts about Theism 217Notes 221Bibliography 231Index 237