Vijay Pratap Singh is an Assistant Professor (Level 12), Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, University of Allahabad, India. His area of research is regulation of abiotic stress in plants with special emphasis on nitric oxide, phytohormonal, hydrogen sulfide and reactive oxygen species signalling. Samiksha Singh is an Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, S.N. Sen B.V. Post Graduate College, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, India. Her research focuses on reducing heavy metal toxicity in crop plants using a nutrient-management approach.

• List of Contributors xxiPreface xxv1 Cellular Compartmentalization and the Role of Peptide Hormone 1Gagan Kumar Panigrahi, Rutupurna Das, and Annapurna Sahoo1.1 Introduction 11.2 Cellular Compartmentalization in Plants 31.3 Peptide Hormones in Plants 51.4 Interplay Between Cellular Compartmentalization and Peptide Hormones 81.5 Signal Transduction of Peptide Hormones in Plants 101.6 Peptide Hormones in Plant Development and Growth 131.7 Peptide Hormones in Plant Stress Response 151.8 Advances in Peptide Hormone Research and Biotechnology Applications 171.9 Conclusion 18References 192 Peptide Hormone Receptors and Cellular Signaling in Diverse Responses of Plants 31Aryadeep Roychoudhury, Konkona Lahiri, and Heeya Gupta2.1 Introduction 312.2 Plant Peptide Hormones, Identification and Their Categorization 322.3 Classification of Peptide Hormones 332.4 Receptor-Mediated Perception of Peptide Hormones 402.5 Activation Mechanism 412.6 Signal Transduction Pathways 422.7 Integration with Other Signaling Pathways 432.8 Some Impacts of Peptide Hormone-Receptor Interactions in Plants 442.9 Tyrosine Sulfated Peptides and Their Receptors 462.10 CEP and Their Receptors 482.11 RALF Family and Their Receptors 502.12 Other Notable Peptides and Their Receptors 522.13 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 54References 543 Post-Translational Modifications of Peptide Hormones and Their Functionality 65Gagan Kumar Panigrahi, Sanjoy Majumder, Kunja Bihari Satapathy, and Annapurna Sahoo3.1 Introduction 653.2 Key Functions of Peptide Hormones 673.3 Post-Translational Modifications 723.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 76References 774 Plant Peptide Hormones and Plant Development 91Emad Hamdy Khedr, Nagwa Khedr, and Hossam S. El-Beltagi4.1 Introduction 914.2 Classification of Peptide Hormones and Growth Factors 924.3 Hormones and Patterning in Plants 994.4 Spatial Organization of Plant Stem Cells 1004.5 Regulatory Feedback in the Shoot and Root Stem Cell Niches 1014.6 Intercellular Trafficking Through Plasmodesmata 1024.7 Peptide Hormones in Meristem Development 1034.8 The Role of CLE Peptides and Their Receptors During Root Development 1054.9 The Roles of Tyrosine-Sulfated Peptides and Their Receptors in Root Development 1064.10 The Roles of RALF Peptides and Their Receptors in Root Development 1084.11 Peptide Hormones That Regulate Leaf Senescence 1094.12 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 109Acknowledgments 111References 1115 Meristem Activity Regulation by Peptide Hormones 119Vijay P. Kapale, Rakesh K. Bairwa, Jyoti P. Singh, Om Prakash Gupta, and Charan Singh5.1 Introduction 1195.2 Identification of Peptide Hormones in Plants 1205.3 Classification of Peptide Hormones 1225.4 Maturation of Peptide Hormones 1245.5 The Roles of Peptide Hormones in Regulation of Meristem Activity in Plants 1265.6 Future Perspectives on Peptide Regulation of Meristem Activity 135References 1376 Regulation of Plant Morphology by Peptide Hormones 147Parul Negi, Shehnaj Khan, and Anupama Singh6.1 Introduction 1476.2 Role of Peptide Hormones in Developmental Processes 1486.3 Classification of Peptide Hormones 1496.4 Maturation of Peptide Hormones 1536.5 Conclusion 153Abbreviations 154References 1547 Peptide Hormones in Flowering Regulation 157Jayoti Majumder Sarkar and Saikat Gantait7.1 Introduction 1577.2 Types of PHs for Flowering 1597.3 Signaling of PHs 1627.4 Conclusion 165Conflict of Interest 166Abbreviations 166References 1668 Regulation of Plant Cell Death by Peptide Hormones 173Pankaj Kumar Singh8.1 Introduction 1738.2 Overview of Plant Programmed Cell Death 1758.3 Peptide Hormones in Plant Cell Death 1778.4 Mechanisms of Peptide Hormone Action in PCD 1828.5 Applications of Peptide Hormones 1878.6 Challenges and Research Opportunities 1898.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 190References 1909 Regulation of Plant Senescence by Peptide Hormones 195Aslıhan Temel, Filiz Vardar, and Nihal Gören-Sağlam9.1 Introduction 1959.2 Types of Plant Senescence 1979.3 Leaf Senescence 1989.4 Effects of Classical Plant Hormones in Plant Senescence 1999.5 Plant Peptide Hormones 2029.6 Effect of PPHs in Plant Senescence 2049.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 205References 20610 Regulation of Symbiotic Relation in Plants by Phytohormones 217Weam El-Aggan and Amel Tammam10.1 Introduction 21710.2 Legume–Rhizobia Interaction: General Considerations 21910.3 Roles of Phytohormones During Nodule Formation 22210.4 Signaling Peptides 23010.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective 238References 23911 Regulation of Nutrient Assimilation by Plant Hormones and Its Relation to Crop Yields 249Rutupurna Das, Gagan Kumar Panigrahi, and Annapurna Sahoo11.1 Introduction 24911.2 Overview of Nutrient Assimilation in Plants 25111.3 Plant Hormones and Their Roles in Nutrient Assimilation 25311.4 Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation of Nutrient Assimilation 25611.5 Hormonal Regulation and Crop Yields 26011.6 Advances in Hormonal Research and Agricultural Applications 26311.7 Policy and Economic Considerations in Hormone-Based Agriculture 26511.8 Conclusion 266References 26612 Peptide Hormone Signaling in Photoprotection: Integrating Developmental and Stress Pathways to Enhance Photosynthetic Resilience 279Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini and Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan12.1 Introduction 27912.2 Peptide Hormones in Plants 28012.3 Photosynthesis—Overview 28512.4 Photodamage and the Requirement for Photoprotection 28712.5 Mechanisms of Photoprotection 29212.6 Cross Talk Between Peptide Hormones and Photoprotection 29412.7 Transcription Factors Regulated by Peptide Hormones Affecting Photosynthetic Genes 29812.8 Biotechnological and Agricultural Implications 30012.9 Future Directions 30112.10 Conclusion 302References 30313 Peptide Hormones and Regulation of Sources–Sink Regulation 313Somayeh Rastegar and Emad Hamdy Khedr13.1 Introduction 31313.2 Classification and Main Characteristics of Peptide Hormones 31413.3 Biosynthesis and Posttranslational Modifications 31713.4 Signaling Pathways of Plant Peptide Hormones 31813.5 Function of Plant Peptide Hormones 32013.6 Hormonal Regulation, Including Peptide Hormones 32413.7 Plant Hormones in Sink–Source Regulation 32513.8 The Role of Peptide Hormones in Regulating Source–Sink Relationships 32713.9 Molecular Mechanisms of Peptide Hormone Action in Source–Sink Regulation 33513.10 Peptide Hormones and Environmental Modulation of Source–Sink Dynamics 33713.11 Potential Applications of Peptide Hormones in Crop Improvement and Yield Optimization 33913.12 Biotechnological Applications of Peptide Hormones in Agriculture 34213.13 Challenges and Future Prospects 344References 34514 Priming, Plant Defense Against Insects, and Peptide Hormones 355Bimal Kumar Sahoo, Ansh Raj, Ipsita Samal, Deepak Kumar Mahanta, Tanmaya Kumar Bhoi, Mohammad Ikram, and Iqra Ali14.1 Introduction 35514.2 Mechanism of Plant Priming 35714.3 Plant Defense Responses to Insect Herbivory 36014.4 Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles as Defense Signals: Role of Insect Oral Secretions 36314.5 Phytohormones as Induced Plant Defenses 36414.6 Peptide Hormones in Plant Defense 36514.7 Top of Form 36614.8 Reducing Chemical Inputs in Pest Management 36814.9 Existing Gap in Knowledge and Future Directions 369References 36915 Regulation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance by Peptide Hormones 379Sumera Javad, Aina Inam, Sadia Afzal, and Ajit Singh15.1 Introduction 37915.2 Peptide Hormones: Structure and Functions 38215.3 Peptide Hormone Signaling Mechanisms 38715.4 Genetic and Biotechnological Approaches 39015.5 Future Prospects and Challenges 39215.6 Conclusion 394References 39516 Peptide Hormone Receptors and Plant Defense 399Farhad Nazarian-Firouzabadi16.1 Introduction 39916.2 Role of Peptide Hormones in Stress Responses 40116.3 Plant Peptide Receptors 40216.4 Implication of Peptide Hormone Receptors in Plant Breeding 407References 40717 Plant Peptide Hormones in Salt and Drought Stress Tolerance 413Tülay Alp Öztürk and Melike Bor17.1 Introduction 41317.2 Plant Peptide Hormones Mediate Salt and Drought Stress Responses 41617.3 Peptide Hormones Requiring Further Characterization for Their Salt and Drought Stress Effects 42317.4 Conclusion 424References 42518 The Role of Peptide Hormones in Plant Immunity 431Muhammad Imran, Zhongke Sun, and Kamal A. M. Abo-Elyousr18.1 Introduction and Overview to Plant Immunity and Peptide Hormones 43118.2 Peptide Hormones in Plant Signaling 43518.3 Interplay between Peptide Hormones and Immune Responses 44218.4 Role of Peptide Hormones in Plant Defense Against Pathogens 44518.5 Peptide Hormones and Abiotic Stress Responses 44718.6 Future Directions in Research 45018.7 Emerging Peptide Hormones in Plant Immunity 45118.8 Conclusion 452References 45219 Utilization of Bacillus-Derived Secondary Metabolites in Sustainable Agriculture: A Natural Defense Mechanism against Fungal Pathogens 469Pooja Parmar, Abhishek Prajapati, Bhavesh Parmar, and Chaitanya Kumar Jha19.1 Introduction 46919.2 Unlocking the Biochemical Arsenal of Bacillus: Classification of Secondary Metabolites 47119.3 Volatile Metabolites: A Biocontrol Strategy of Bacillus 48419.4 Whispers in the Rhizosphere: ISR as a Silent Defense Strategy by Bacillus 48519.5 Multifunctional Roles of Bacillus Secondary Metabolites in Agriculture 48719.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 491References 49120 Regulation of Seed Size and Yield in Plant by Peptides Hormones 501Deva Andrews Arulsoosairaj, Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini, and Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan20.1 Introduction 50120.2 Peptide Hormones in Plants 50320.3 A Hormonal Role in Seed Development and Yield 50820.4 Specific Peptide Hormones Regulating Seed Size and Yield 51020.5 Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Peptide–Receptor–Induced Functioning 51220.6 Biotechnological Methods for Peptide Hormone Editing 51520.7 Peptide Hormones and Environment Regulation of Yield 51720.8 Agricultural Applications and Translational Potential of Peptides 51920.9 Future Directions 52020.10 Conclusion 521References 52221 Peptide Hormones as Potential Candidates for Food Security 531Sanjoy Majumder, Gagan Kumar Panigrahi, Kunja Bihari Satapathy, and Annapurna Sahoo21.1 Introduction 53121.2 Plant Peptide Hormones as Crucial Players in Agricultural Productivity 53221.3 Functional Dynamics of Peptide Hormones in Plant Development and Resilience 53421.4 Disease Resistance 53921.5 Engineering Peptide Hormone Production for Agricultural Applications 54021.6 Advances in Research of Peptide Hormones 54121.7 Sustainable Agricultural Practices 54121.8 Challenges in Agricultural Productivity and Defining the Role of Peptide Hormones 54221.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 543References 544Index 557

Vijay Pratap Singh is an Assistant Professor (Level 12), Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, University of Allahabad, India. His area of research is regulation of abiotic stress in plants with special emphasis on nitric oxide, phytohormonal, hydrogen sulfide and reactive oxygen species signalling. Samiksha Singh is an Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, S.N. Sen B.V. Post Graduate College, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, India. Her research focuses on reducing heavy metal toxicity in crop plants using a nutrient-management approach.

• List of Contributors xxiPreface xxv1 Cellular Compartmentalization and the Role of Peptide Hormone 1Gagan Kumar Panigrahi, Rutupurna Das, and Annapurna Sahoo1.1 Introduction 11.2 Cellular Compartmentalization in Plants 31.3 Peptide Hormones in Plants 51.4 Interplay Between Cellular Compartmentalization and Peptide Hormones 81.5 Signal Transduction of Peptide Hormones in Plants 101.6 Peptide Hormones in Plant Development and Growth 131.7 Peptide Hormones in Plant Stress Response 151.8 Advances in Peptide Hormone Research and Biotechnology Applications 171.9 Conclusion 18References 192 Peptide Hormone Receptors and Cellular Signaling in Diverse Responses of Plants 31Aryadeep Roychoudhury, Konkona Lahiri, and Heeya Gupta2.1 Introduction 312.2 Plant Peptide Hormones, Identification and Their Categorization 322.3 Classification of Peptide Hormones 332.4 Receptor-Mediated Perception of Peptide Hormones 402.5 Activation Mechanism 412.6 Signal Transduction Pathways 422.7 Integration with Other Signaling Pathways 432.8 Some Impacts of Peptide Hormone-Receptor Interactions in Plants 442.9 Tyrosine Sulfated Peptides and Their Receptors 462.10 CEP and Their Receptors 482.11 RALF Family and Their Receptors 502.12 Other Notable Peptides and Their Receptors 522.13 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 54References 543 Post-Translational Modifications of Peptide Hormones and Their Functionality 65Gagan Kumar Panigrahi, Sanjoy Majumder, Kunja Bihari Satapathy, and Annapurna Sahoo3.1 Introduction 653.2 Key Functions of Peptide Hormones 673.3 Post-Translational Modifications 723.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 76References 774 Plant Peptide Hormones and Plant Development 91Emad Hamdy Khedr, Nagwa Khedr, and Hossam S. El-Beltagi4.1 Introduction 914.2 Classification of Peptide Hormones and Growth Factors 924.3 Hormones and Patterning in Plants 994.4 Spatial Organization of Plant Stem Cells 1004.5 Regulatory Feedback in the Shoot and Root Stem Cell Niches 1014.6 Intercellular Trafficking Through Plasmodesmata 1024.7 Peptide Hormones in Meristem Development 1034.8 The Role of CLE Peptides and Their Receptors During Root Development 1054.9 The Roles of Tyrosine-Sulfated Peptides and Their Receptors in Root Development 1064.10 The Roles of RALF Peptides and Their Receptors in Root Development 1084.11 Peptide Hormones That Regulate Leaf Senescence 1094.12 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 109Acknowledgments 111References 1115 Meristem Activity Regulation by Peptide Hormones 119Vijay P. Kapale, Rakesh K. Bairwa, Jyoti P. Singh, Om Prakash Gupta, and Charan Singh5.1 Introduction 1195.2 Identification of Peptide Hormones in Plants 1205.3 Classification of Peptide Hormones 1225.4 Maturation of Peptide Hormones 1245.5 The Roles of Peptide Hormones in Regulation of Meristem Activity in Plants 1265.6 Future Perspectives on Peptide Regulation of Meristem Activity 135References 1376 Regulation of Plant Morphology by Peptide Hormones 147Parul Negi, Shehnaj Khan, and Anupama Singh6.1 Introduction 1476.2 Role of Peptide Hormones in Developmental Processes 1486.3 Classification of Peptide Hormones 1496.4 Maturation of Peptide Hormones 1536.5 Conclusion 153Abbreviations 154References 1547 Peptide Hormones in Flowering Regulation 157Jayoti Majumder Sarkar and Saikat Gantait7.1 Introduction 1577.2 Types of PHs for Flowering 1597.3 Signaling of PHs 1627.4 Conclusion 165Conflict of Interest 166Abbreviations 166References 1668 Regulation of Plant Cell Death by Peptide Hormones 173Pankaj Kumar Singh8.1 Introduction 1738.2 Overview of Plant Programmed Cell Death 1758.3 Peptide Hormones in Plant Cell Death 1778.4 Mechanisms of Peptide Hormone Action in PCD 1828.5 Applications of Peptide Hormones 1878.6 Challenges and Research Opportunities 1898.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 190References 1909 Regulation of Plant Senescence by Peptide Hormones 195Aslıhan Temel, Filiz Vardar, and Nihal Gören-Sağlam9.1 Introduction 1959.2 Types of Plant Senescence 1979.3 Leaf Senescence 1989.4 Effects of Classical Plant Hormones in Plant Senescence 1999.5 Plant Peptide Hormones 2029.6 Effect of PPHs in Plant Senescence 2049.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 205References 20610 Regulation of Symbiotic Relation in Plants by Phytohormones 217Weam El-Aggan and Amel Tammam10.1 Introduction 21710.2 Legume–Rhizobia Interaction: General Considerations 21910.3 Roles of Phytohormones During Nodule Formation 22210.4 Signaling Peptides 23010.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective 238References 23911 Regulation of Nutrient Assimilation by Plant Hormones and Its Relation to Crop Yields 249Rutupurna Das, Gagan Kumar Panigrahi, and Annapurna Sahoo11.1 Introduction 24911.2 Overview of Nutrient Assimilation in Plants 25111.3 Plant Hormones and Their Roles in Nutrient Assimilation 25311.4 Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation of Nutrient Assimilation 25611.5 Hormonal Regulation and Crop Yields 26011.6 Advances in Hormonal Research and Agricultural Applications 26311.7 Policy and Economic Considerations in Hormone-Based Agriculture 26511.8 Conclusion 266References 26612 Peptide Hormone Signaling in Photoprotection: Integrating Developmental and Stress Pathways to Enhance Photosynthetic Resilience 279Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini and Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan12.1 Introduction 27912.2 Peptide Hormones in Plants 28012.3 Photosynthesis—Overview 28512.4 Photodamage and the Requirement for Photoprotection 28712.5 Mechanisms of Photoprotection 29212.6 Cross Talk Between Peptide Hormones and Photoprotection 29412.7 Transcription Factors Regulated by Peptide Hormones Affecting Photosynthetic Genes 29812.8 Biotechnological and Agricultural Implications 30012.9 Future Directions 30112.10 Conclusion 302References 30313 Peptide Hormones and Regulation of Sources–Sink Regulation 313Somayeh Rastegar and Emad Hamdy Khedr13.1 Introduction 31313.2 Classification and Main Characteristics of Peptide Hormones 31413.3 Biosynthesis and Posttranslational Modifications 31713.4 Signaling Pathways of Plant Peptide Hormones 31813.5 Function of Plant Peptide Hormones 32013.6 Hormonal Regulation, Including Peptide Hormones 32413.7 Plant Hormones in Sink–Source Regulation 32513.8 The Role of Peptide Hormones in Regulating Source–Sink Relationships 32713.9 Molecular Mechanisms of Peptide Hormone Action in Source–Sink Regulation 33513.10 Peptide Hormones and Environmental Modulation of Source–Sink Dynamics 33713.11 Potential Applications of Peptide Hormones in Crop Improvement and Yield Optimization 33913.12 Biotechnological Applications of Peptide Hormones in Agriculture 34213.13 Challenges and Future Prospects 344References 34514 Priming, Plant Defense Against Insects, and Peptide Hormones 355Bimal Kumar Sahoo, Ansh Raj, Ipsita Samal, Deepak Kumar Mahanta, Tanmaya Kumar Bhoi, Mohammad Ikram, and Iqra Ali14.1 Introduction 35514.2 Mechanism of Plant Priming 35714.3 Plant Defense Responses to Insect Herbivory 36014.4 Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles as Defense Signals: Role of Insect Oral Secretions 36314.5 Phytohormones as Induced Plant Defenses 36414.6 Peptide Hormones in Plant Defense 36514.7 Top of Form 36614.8 Reducing Chemical Inputs in Pest Management 36814.9 Existing Gap in Knowledge and Future Directions 369References 36915 Regulation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance by Peptide Hormones 379Sumera Javad, Aina Inam, Sadia Afzal, and Ajit Singh15.1 Introduction 37915.2 Peptide Hormones: Structure and Functions 38215.3 Peptide Hormone Signaling Mechanisms 38715.4 Genetic and Biotechnological Approaches 39015.5 Future Prospects and Challenges 39215.6 Conclusion 394References 39516 Peptide Hormone Receptors and Plant Defense 399Farhad Nazarian-Firouzabadi16.1 Introduction 39916.2 Role of Peptide Hormones in Stress Responses 40116.3 Plant Peptide Receptors 40216.4 Implication of Peptide Hormone Receptors in Plant Breeding 407References 40717 Plant Peptide Hormones in Salt and Drought Stress Tolerance 413Tülay Alp Öztürk and Melike Bor17.1 Introduction 41317.2 Plant Peptide Hormones Mediate Salt and Drought Stress Responses 41617.3 Peptide Hormones Requiring Further Characterization for Their Salt and Drought Stress Effects 42317.4 Conclusion 424References 42518 The Role of Peptide Hormones in Plant Immunity 431Muhammad Imran, Zhongke Sun, and Kamal A. M. Abo-Elyousr18.1 Introduction and Overview to Plant Immunity and Peptide Hormones 43118.2 Peptide Hormones in Plant Signaling 43518.3 Interplay between Peptide Hormones and Immune Responses 44218.4 Role of Peptide Hormones in Plant Defense Against Pathogens 44518.5 Peptide Hormones and Abiotic Stress Responses 44718.6 Future Directions in Research 45018.7 Emerging Peptide Hormones in Plant Immunity 45118.8 Conclusion 452References 45219 Utilization of Bacillus-Derived Secondary Metabolites in Sustainable Agriculture: A Natural Defense Mechanism against Fungal Pathogens 469Pooja Parmar, Abhishek Prajapati, Bhavesh Parmar, and Chaitanya Kumar Jha19.1 Introduction 46919.2 Unlocking the Biochemical Arsenal of Bacillus: Classification of Secondary Metabolites 47119.3 Volatile Metabolites: A Biocontrol Strategy of Bacillus 48419.4 Whispers in the Rhizosphere: ISR as a Silent Defense Strategy by Bacillus 48519.5 Multifunctional Roles of Bacillus Secondary Metabolites in Agriculture 48719.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 491References 49120 Regulation of Seed Size and Yield in Plant by Peptides Hormones 501Deva Andrews Arulsoosairaj, Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini, and Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan20.1 Introduction 50120.2 Peptide Hormones in Plants 50320.3 A Hormonal Role in Seed Development and Yield 50820.4 Specific Peptide Hormones Regulating Seed Size and Yield 51020.5 Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Peptide–Receptor–Induced Functioning 51220.6 Biotechnological Methods for Peptide Hormone Editing 51520.7 Peptide Hormones and Environment Regulation of Yield 51720.8 Agricultural Applications and Translational Potential of Peptides 51920.9 Future Directions 52020.10 Conclusion 521References 52221 Peptide Hormones as Potential Candidates for Food Security 531Sanjoy Majumder, Gagan Kumar Panigrahi, Kunja Bihari Satapathy, and Annapurna Sahoo21.1 Introduction 53121.2 Plant Peptide Hormones as Crucial Players in Agricultural Productivity 53221.3 Functional Dynamics of Peptide Hormones in Plant Development and Resilience 53421.4 Disease Resistance 53921.5 Engineering Peptide Hormone Production for Agricultural Applications 54021.6 Advances in Research of Peptide Hormones 54121.7 Sustainable Agricultural Practices 54121.8 Challenges in Agricultural Productivity and Defining the Role of Peptide Hormones 54221.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 543References 544Index 557

Vijay Pratap Singh is an Assistant Professor (Level 12), Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, University of Allahabad, India. His area of research is regulation of abiotic stress in plants with special emphasis on nitric oxide, phytohormonal, hydrogen sulfide and reactive oxygen species signalling. Samiksha Singh is an Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, S.N. Sen B.V. Post Graduate College, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, India. Her research focuses on reducing heavy metal toxicity in crop plants using a nutrient-management approach.

• List of Contributors xxiPreface xxv1 Cellular Compartmentalization and the Role of Peptide Hormone 1Gagan Kumar Panigrahi, Rutupurna Das, and Annapurna Sahoo1.1 Introduction 11.2 Cellular Compartmentalization in Plants 31.3 Peptide Hormones in Plants 51.4 Interplay Between Cellular Compartmentalization and Peptide Hormones 81.5 Signal Transduction of Peptide Hormones in Plants 101.6 Peptide Hormones in Plant Development and Growth 131.7 Peptide Hormones in Plant Stress Response 151.8 Advances in Peptide Hormone Research and Biotechnology Applications 171.9 Conclusion 18References 192 Peptide Hormone Receptors and Cellular Signaling in Diverse Responses of Plants 31Aryadeep Roychoudhury, Konkona Lahiri, and Heeya Gupta2.1 Introduction 312.2 Plant Peptide Hormones, Identification and Their Categorization 322.3 Classification of Peptide Hormones 332.4 Receptor-Mediated Perception of Peptide Hormones 402.5 Activation Mechanism 412.6 Signal Transduction Pathways 422.7 Integration with Other Signaling Pathways 432.8 Some Impacts of Peptide Hormone-Receptor Interactions in Plants 442.9 Tyrosine Sulfated Peptides and Their Receptors 462.10 CEP and Their Receptors 482.11 RALF Family and Their Receptors 502.12 Other Notable Peptides and Their Receptors 522.13 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 54References 543 Post-Translational Modifications of Peptide Hormones and Their Functionality 65Gagan Kumar Panigrahi, Sanjoy Majumder, Kunja Bihari Satapathy, and Annapurna Sahoo3.1 Introduction 653.2 Key Functions of Peptide Hormones 673.3 Post-Translational Modifications 723.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 76References 774 Plant Peptide Hormones and Plant Development 91Emad Hamdy Khedr, Nagwa Khedr, and Hossam S. El-Beltagi4.1 Introduction 914.2 Classification of Peptide Hormones and Growth Factors 924.3 Hormones and Patterning in Plants 994.4 Spatial Organization of Plant Stem Cells 1004.5 Regulatory Feedback in the Shoot and Root Stem Cell Niches 1014.6 Intercellular Trafficking Through Plasmodesmata 1024.7 Peptide Hormones in Meristem Development 1034.8 The Role of CLE Peptides and Their Receptors During Root Development 1054.9 The Roles of Tyrosine-Sulfated Peptides and Their Receptors in Root Development 1064.10 The Roles of RALF Peptides and Their Receptors in Root Development 1084.11 Peptide Hormones That Regulate Leaf Senescence 1094.12 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 109Acknowledgments 111References 1115 Meristem Activity Regulation by Peptide Hormones 119Vijay P. Kapale, Rakesh K. Bairwa, Jyoti P. Singh, Om Prakash Gupta, and Charan Singh5.1 Introduction 1195.2 Identification of Peptide Hormones in Plants 1205.3 Classification of Peptide Hormones 1225.4 Maturation of Peptide Hormones 1245.5 The Roles of Peptide Hormones in Regulation of Meristem Activity in Plants 1265.6 Future Perspectives on Peptide Regulation of Meristem Activity 135References 1376 Regulation of Plant Morphology by Peptide Hormones 147Parul Negi, Shehnaj Khan, and Anupama Singh6.1 Introduction 1476.2 Role of Peptide Hormones in Developmental Processes 1486.3 Classification of Peptide Hormones 1496.4 Maturation of Peptide Hormones 1536.5 Conclusion 153Abbreviations 154References 1547 Peptide Hormones in Flowering Regulation 157Jayoti Majumder Sarkar and Saikat Gantait7.1 Introduction 1577.2 Types of PHs for Flowering 1597.3 Signaling of PHs 1627.4 Conclusion 165Conflict of Interest 166Abbreviations 166References 1668 Regulation of Plant Cell Death by Peptide Hormones 173Pankaj Kumar Singh8.1 Introduction 1738.2 Overview of Plant Programmed Cell Death 1758.3 Peptide Hormones in Plant Cell Death 1778.4 Mechanisms of Peptide Hormone Action in PCD 1828.5 Applications of Peptide Hormones 1878.6 Challenges and Research Opportunities 1898.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 190References 1909 Regulation of Plant Senescence by Peptide Hormones 195Aslıhan Temel, Filiz Vardar, and Nihal Gören-Sağlam9.1 Introduction 1959.2 Types of Plant Senescence 1979.3 Leaf Senescence 1989.4 Effects of Classical Plant Hormones in Plant Senescence 1999.5 Plant Peptide Hormones 2029.6 Effect of PPHs in Plant Senescence 2049.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 205References 20610 Regulation of Symbiotic Relation in Plants by Phytohormones 217Weam El-Aggan and Amel Tammam10.1 Introduction 21710.2 Legume–Rhizobia Interaction: General Considerations 21910.3 Roles of Phytohormones During Nodule Formation 22210.4 Signaling Peptides 23010.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective 238References 23911 Regulation of Nutrient Assimilation by Plant Hormones and Its Relation to Crop Yields 249Rutupurna Das, Gagan Kumar Panigrahi, and Annapurna Sahoo11.1 Introduction 24911.2 Overview of Nutrient Assimilation in Plants 25111.3 Plant Hormones and Their Roles in Nutrient Assimilation 25311.4 Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation of Nutrient Assimilation 25611.5 Hormonal Regulation and Crop Yields 26011.6 Advances in Hormonal Research and Agricultural Applications 26311.7 Policy and Economic Considerations in Hormone-Based Agriculture 26511.8 Conclusion 266References 26612 Peptide Hormone Signaling in Photoprotection: Integrating Developmental and Stress Pathways to Enhance Photosynthetic Resilience 279Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini and Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan12.1 Introduction 27912.2 Peptide Hormones in Plants 28012.3 Photosynthesis—Overview 28512.4 Photodamage and the Requirement for Photoprotection 28712.5 Mechanisms of Photoprotection 29212.6 Cross Talk Between Peptide Hormones and Photoprotection 29412.7 Transcription Factors Regulated by Peptide Hormones Affecting Photosynthetic Genes 29812.8 Biotechnological and Agricultural Implications 30012.9 Future Directions 30112.10 Conclusion 302References 30313 Peptide Hormones and Regulation of Sources–Sink Regulation 313Somayeh Rastegar and Emad Hamdy Khedr13.1 Introduction 31313.2 Classification and Main Characteristics of Peptide Hormones 31413.3 Biosynthesis and Posttranslational Modifications 31713.4 Signaling Pathways of Plant Peptide Hormones 31813.5 Function of Plant Peptide Hormones 32013.6 Hormonal Regulation, Including Peptide Hormones 32413.7 Plant Hormones in Sink–Source Regulation 32513.8 The Role of Peptide Hormones in Regulating Source–Sink Relationships 32713.9 Molecular Mechanisms of Peptide Hormone Action in Source–Sink Regulation 33513.10 Peptide Hormones and Environmental Modulation of Source–Sink Dynamics 33713.11 Potential Applications of Peptide Hormones in Crop Improvement and Yield Optimization 33913.12 Biotechnological Applications of Peptide Hormones in Agriculture 34213.13 Challenges and Future Prospects 344References 34514 Priming, Plant Defense Against Insects, and Peptide Hormones 355Bimal Kumar Sahoo, Ansh Raj, Ipsita Samal, Deepak Kumar Mahanta, Tanmaya Kumar Bhoi, Mohammad Ikram, and Iqra Ali14.1 Introduction 35514.2 Mechanism of Plant Priming 35714.3 Plant Defense Responses to Insect Herbivory 36014.4 Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles as Defense Signals: Role of Insect Oral Secretions 36314.5 Phytohormones as Induced Plant Defenses 36414.6 Peptide Hormones in Plant Defense 36514.7 Top of Form 36614.8 Reducing Chemical Inputs in Pest Management 36814.9 Existing Gap in Knowledge and Future Directions 369References 36915 Regulation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance by Peptide Hormones 379Sumera Javad, Aina Inam, Sadia Afzal, and Ajit Singh15.1 Introduction 37915.2 Peptide Hormones: Structure and Functions 38215.3 Peptide Hormone Signaling Mechanisms 38715.4 Genetic and Biotechnological Approaches 39015.5 Future Prospects and Challenges 39215.6 Conclusion 394References 39516 Peptide Hormone Receptors and Plant Defense 399Farhad Nazarian-Firouzabadi16.1 Introduction 39916.2 Role of Peptide Hormones in Stress Responses 40116.3 Plant Peptide Receptors 40216.4 Implication of Peptide Hormone Receptors in Plant Breeding 407References 40717 Plant Peptide Hormones in Salt and Drought Stress Tolerance 413Tülay Alp Öztürk and Melike Bor17.1 Introduction 41317.2 Plant Peptide Hormones Mediate Salt and Drought Stress Responses 41617.3 Peptide Hormones Requiring Further Characterization for Their Salt and Drought Stress Effects 42317.4 Conclusion 424References 42518 The Role of Peptide Hormones in Plant Immunity 431Muhammad Imran, Zhongke Sun, and Kamal A. M. Abo-Elyousr18.1 Introduction and Overview to Plant Immunity and Peptide Hormones 43118.2 Peptide Hormones in Plant Signaling 43518.3 Interplay between Peptide Hormones and Immune Responses 44218.4 Role of Peptide Hormones in Plant Defense Against Pathogens 44518.5 Peptide Hormones and Abiotic Stress Responses 44718.6 Future Directions in Research 45018.7 Emerging Peptide Hormones in Plant Immunity 45118.8 Conclusion 452References 45219 Utilization of Bacillus-Derived Secondary Metabolites in Sustainable Agriculture: A Natural Defense Mechanism against Fungal Pathogens 469Pooja Parmar, Abhishek Prajapati, Bhavesh Parmar, and Chaitanya Kumar Jha19.1 Introduction 46919.2 Unlocking the Biochemical Arsenal of Bacillus: Classification of Secondary Metabolites 47119.3 Volatile Metabolites: A Biocontrol Strategy of Bacillus 48419.4 Whispers in the Rhizosphere: ISR as a Silent Defense Strategy by Bacillus 48519.5 Multifunctional Roles of Bacillus Secondary Metabolites in Agriculture 48719.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 491References 49120 Regulation of Seed Size and Yield in Plant by Peptides Hormones 501Deva Andrews Arulsoosairaj, Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini, and Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan20.1 Introduction 50120.2 Peptide Hormones in Plants 50320.3 A Hormonal Role in Seed Development and Yield 50820.4 Specific Peptide Hormones Regulating Seed Size and Yield 51020.5 Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Peptide–Receptor–Induced Functioning 51220.6 Biotechnological Methods for Peptide Hormone Editing 51520.7 Peptide Hormones and Environment Regulation of Yield 51720.8 Agricultural Applications and Translational Potential of Peptides 51920.9 Future Directions 52020.10 Conclusion 521References 52221 Peptide Hormones as Potential Candidates for Food Security 531Sanjoy Majumder, Gagan Kumar Panigrahi, Kunja Bihari Satapathy, and Annapurna Sahoo21.1 Introduction 53121.2 Plant Peptide Hormones as Crucial Players in Agricultural Productivity 53221.3 Functional Dynamics of Peptide Hormones in Plant Development and Resilience 53421.4 Disease Resistance 53921.5 Engineering Peptide Hormone Production for Agricultural Applications 54021.6 Advances in Research of Peptide Hormones 54121.7 Sustainable Agricultural Practices 54121.8 Challenges in Agricultural Productivity and Defining the Role of Peptide Hormones 54221.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 543References 544Index 557