Drug Delivery Systems for the Management of Dermatological Disorders

Neeraj Mishra, PhD is a Professor at the Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, India with more than 20 years of teaching and research experience. He has published more than 100 articles in international journals and conferences of repute, ten books, and 25 book chapters. He has also been granted three international patents and two Indian patents. His research focuses on novel drug delivery systems, localized drug delivery, targeted and controlled drug delivery of nanocarriers and microparticles for the treatment of breast and colon cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Nimisha, PhD is an Associate Professor in the Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Lucknow Campus, India with more than 16 years of teaching and research experience. She has presented papers in more than 50 national and international conferences and holds a granted Indian patent and an additional published patent. Her research interests include novel drug delivery systems, dermatological disorders,wound healing, nanovesicular systems for herbal phytoconstituents, and nanocrystals for the treatment of breast and skin cancer. Tanweer Haider, PhD is a Research Scientist at Intas Pharmaceutical Ltd. Biopharma Division, Ahmedabad, India. He has made significant contributions to his field, with more than 30 research articles in renowned journals, 12 book chapters, and one edited book to his credit. His research interests focus on novel drug delivery systems, targeted and controlled drug delivery, particulate and vesiculate nanocarriers, nanomedicine, tumor targeting, targeted drug delivery, and quality by design. Arun Kumar Singh is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Pharmacy, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India. He has published one authored book, eleven edited books, five chapters, and 20 review papers. His areas of interest include nanoformulation, blockchain, IoT, machine learning, cancer, artificial intelligence, big data, and neuroscience.

• Preface xxi1 Molecular Composition and Functionality of the Skin: A Chemical Perspective 1Pranav Kumar Prabhakar, Tarun Kumar Upadhyay and Sarad Pawar Naik Bukke2 Dermatologic Pharmacology of Skin Disorders 31Abhay Upadhyay, Akhil Padha, Nikita Nayak, Tuhin Mukherjee and Satyajit Mohanty2.1 Introduction: Skin Disorders 322.2 Anatomy of Skin 382.3 Drug Absorption through Skin 442.4 Principles of Dermatologic Pharmacology 452.5 Systemic Agents and Topical Agents Used in Skin Disorder 482.6 Pharmacotherapy for Specific Skin Disorders 592.7 Herbal Treatments for Dermatologic Disorders 592.8 Future Directions in Dermatologic Pharmacology 692.9 Conclusion 693 Role of Polymers for Skin Disorders 83Anshita Gupta Soni, Renjil Joshi and Chanchal Deep Kaur3.1 Introduction 843.2 Role of the Stratum Corneum in Drug Penetration 863.3 Challenges in Drug Delivery to the Skin 873.4 Advancements in Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems 883.5 Controlled Release Mechanism of Polymers in Topical Formulations 913.6 Polymer Selection Criteria for Skin Disorders 923.7 Compatibility of Polymers with Various Drugs and Skin Types 943.8 Role of Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymers in Skin Diseases 963.9 Herbal Polymers for Topical Formulations 1003.10 Safety and Regulatory Considerations of Using Polymers for Skin Diseases 1053.11 Conclusion 1124 Role of Lipidic Nano Carriers for Skin Disorders 117Nagaraju Bandaru, Nalla Swathi, Prashik B. Dudhe and Makarand Suresh Gambhire4.1 Introduction to Lipid Nano Carriers 1184.2 Structure and Composition of Skin 1214.3 Role of Lipidic Nano Carriers in Treating Skin Disorders 1244.4 Challenges and Future Directions 1534.5 Conclusion 1545 Novel Delivery Systems for the Management of Skin Cancer 163Ayush Madan, Biplab Debnath, Riya Dave, Himanshu Sharma, Radheshyam Pal and Sumel Ashique5.1 Introduction 1645.2 Pathogenesis of Skin Cancer 1665.3 Biological Barriers for Skin Cancer Therapeutics 1695.4 Convention Dosage Form for Skin Cancer Treatment 1715.5 Limitation of Convention Dosage Form in Skin Cancer Treatment 1755.6 Phytomedicines for Skin Cancer Treatment 1785.7 Novel Nanocarriers against Skin Cancer 1825.8 Nutraceutical for Skin Cancer Treatment 1915.9 Advantages of Novel Drug Delivery System 1955.10 Challenges of Novel Drug Delivery System 1965.11 Future Direction 1965.12 Conclusion 1966 Lipid Nano-Carriers for Skin Disorders: Mechanism, Preparation, and Characterization 209Monika Vishwakarma, Devyani Rajput, Wasim Akram and Tanweer Haider6.1 Introduction 2106.2 Conventional Treatment of Skin Disorders 2106.3 Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Skin Disorders 2116.4 Lipid Nanocarriers: Mechanism and Benefits 2116.5 Case Studies and Clinical Evidence 2146.6 Lipid Nanocarriers (Liposomes, Ultra Deformable Liposomes, Ethosomes, Transethosomes, Solid Lipid Nanoparticle, etc.) 2166.7 Particulate Carrier Systems 2246.8 Vesicular Carrier Systems 2256.9 Mechanism (Mechanism of Skin Penetration, Uptake by Cells, and Drug Release Mechanism from Lipidic Nanocarrier (Dependent Upon Nature of Drug i.e. Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Drug) 2336.10 Methods of Preparation 2366.11 Characterization Methods of Lipidic Nanocarriers 2416.12 Conclusion and Future Perspective 2437 Role of Nano-Vesicular Carriers for the Management of Dermatitis 255Sunny Rathee, Debasis Sen and Sanjay K. Jain7.1 Introduction 2567.2 Conventional Approaches for the Treatment of Dermatitis 2647.3 Role of Nano-Vesicular Carriers for the Treatment of Dermatitis 2687.4 Preclinical and Clinical Applications 2797.5 Challenges and Future Directions 2807.6 Conclusion 2818 Role of Lipid Nanoparticulate Carriers in the Management of Infectious Inflammatory Disorders 291Biswajit Rout, Shyam Sudhakar Gomte, Sandeep Kr Maharana, Devaraj and Aakanchha Jain8.1 Introduction 2928.2 Pathophysiology of Infectious Inflammatory Disorders of the Skin 2938.3 Lipid Nanoparticulate Carriers and Their Use Against Infectious Inflammatory Disorders 2988.4 Challenges 3088.5 Conclusion 3099 Role of Nano Vesicular Carriers in the Management of Dermatophytic Infections 319Anish Menon and Neha Mathur9.1 Introduction 3209.2 Geographical Epidemiology of Dermatophytosis 3259.3 Treatment Strategies Available to Counter Dermatophytic Fungal Infections 3279.4 Shortcomings of Conventional Treatment Strategies 3319.5 Nanocarriers in Management of Fungal Infections 3339.6 Challenges Associated with Nanocarriers 3449.7 Future Aspects 3469.8 Summary and Conclusion 34810 Role of Nano Vesicular Carriers in the Management of Psoriasis 359Devyani Rajput, Shivangi Sharma, Ankur Agrawal and Neeraj Mishra10.1 Introduction 36010.2 Pathophysiology of Psoriasis 36410.3 Nanovesicular Carriers: An Overview 36610.4 Treatment of Psoriasis 37910.5 Mechanisms of Action of Nanovesicular Carriers in Psoriasis Management 37910.6 Clinical Trials, Challenges, and Opportunities in the Development of Nanovesicular Carriers for Psoriasis 38310.7 Future Perspectives 38610.8 Conclusion 38711 Topical Delivery for the Management of Vitiligo: Challenges and Advances 397Rishabh Gupta, Shivang Shukla and Namrata Singh11.1 Introduction 39811.2 Pathophysiology of Vitiligo 39811.3 Topical Treatments for Vitiligo 40111.4 Challenges in Topical Treatment for Vitiligo 40611.5 Recent Research and Innovations 40911.6 Patient-Centered Considerations in Case of Vitiligo Treatment 41611.7 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations 41911.8 Conclusion 42312 Microneedle Drug Delivery System as a Useful Tool for Dermal Drug Delivery 433Mayuri Gupta, Nimisha Srivastava, Himanshu Kathuria and Manish Dwivedi12.1 Introduction 43412.2 Fundamentals of Microneedle Drug Delivery 43712.3 Novel Designs of Microneedles 44212.4 Fabrication Techniques 44812.5 Applications of Microneedles in Dermal Drug Delivery 45412.6 Treatment for Skin Cancer and Superficial Tumours 45612.7 Wound Healing 45712.8 Treatment for Atopic Dermatitis and Seborrheic Dermatitis 45912.9 Treatment for Alopecia 46012.10 Treatment for Fungal Infections 46112.11 Approach as Anti-Aging 46212.12 Conclusion and Future Perspective 46313 Liposomal Gene Delivery for Skin Disorders 479Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Savita Deokar, Rajib Singh, Shilpa S. Borkar and Tomy Muringayil Joseph13.1 Introduction 48013.2 Gene Therapy 48513.3 Journey to the Nucleus 48613.4 Liposome 48613.5 Liposome as a Carrier 48713.6 Steps to Successful Gene Transfer 48813.7 Barriers for Gene Delivery 49113.8 Modifications for Improved Liposome-Mediated Gene Delivery 49113.9 Role of Helper Lipid in Cationic Liposome Mediated Gene Delivery 49313.10 Transdermal Delivery 49313.11 Systemic Barriers 49513.12 Current Methods of Transdermal Gene Delivery 49613.13 Conclusion 50114 siRNA Delivery for the Management of Skin Disorders 519Sandeep Kumar Maurya, Devyani Rajput and Umesh Kumar Patil14.1 Introduction 52014.2 Mechanism of Action 52514.3 The Pathogenesis of Skin Diseases and Their Potential Therapeutic Targets 52714.4 siRNA Transdermal Delivery Vehicle 53614.5 Nanoparticle-Based siRNA Delivery System 53614.6 Challenges with siRNA-Based Therapeutics 54214.7 Discussion 54414.8 Conclusion 54615 Challenges and Opportunities in the Therapeutic Management of Skin Diseases 555Karan Wadhwa, Swati Saini, Taruna and Rakesh Pahwa15.1 Introduction 55615.2 Conventional Therapies for Skin Disorders Management 55815.3 Emerging Trends and Treatment Opportunities in Skin Therapy 55915.4 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 57116 Safety Guidelines and Regulatory Perspectives of Nanoformulations for Skin Disorders 583Sushant Bharat Gaikwad, Md Imtiyaz Alam and Awesh K. Yadav16.1 Introduction 58416.2 Fundamentals of Nanoformulations 58516.3 Safety Assessment of Nanoformulations 59116.4 Regulatory Framework and Guidelines 59816.5 Regulatory Approval Process 60316.6 Manufacturing Standards and Quality Controls 60716.7 Labeling Requirements and Documentation 60816.8 Postmarketing Surveillance and Risk Management 60816.9 Conclusion 609Acknowledgment 610References 610Index 619