Xinghua Liu, PhD, is a Professor with the Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China. He has published several prestigious journal and conference papers in the IEEE. Siwei Qiao received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Xi’an University of Technology in 2025, Xi’an, China. Gaoxi Xiao, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the School of EEE, NTU. Dr. Xiao is a member of the IEEE and the ICST. Peng Wang, PhD, is a Professor at the School of EEE, NTU. Dr. Wang is a felllow of the IEEE.

• ContentsContributorsForewordPrefaceAcknowledgmentsAcronymsIntroduction1 Observer-based Sliding Mode Load Frequency Control of PowerSystems under Deception Attack1.1 Background1.2 Problem Formulation1.2.1 Model description1.2.2 Event-triggered control1.2.3 Sliding mode design1.3 Main Results1.3.1 Stability Analysis1.3.2 Control law design1.4 Numerical Examples1.5 ConclusionBibliography2 Event-triggered Sliding Mode Load Frequency Control of MultiareaPower Systems under Periodic Denial-of-service Attacks2.1 Background2.2 Problem Formulation2.2.1 Model Description2.2.2 Sliding Mode Surface Design2.2.3 Event-triggered Strategy Under Periodic DoS Attacks2.3 Main Results2.3.1 Exponential Stability analysis2.3.2 Strategy of Controller gain2.3.3 Control law design2.4 Numerical Examples2.5 ConclusionBibliography3 H∞ Load Frequency Control of Power System Integrated withEVs under DoS Attacks: Non-Fragile Output Sliding ModeControl Approach3.1 Background3.2 Problem Formulation3.2.1 Model Description3.2.2 Real-Time Frequency-Triggered Mechanism3.2.3 Real-Time Frequency-Triggered DoS Attacks3.3 Non-Fragile Output SMC Scheme3.4 Main Results3.4.1 Non-fragile H∞ stability analysis3.4.2 Reachability analysis3.5 Numerical Examples3.6 ConclusionBibliography4 Memory-based Event-Triggered Fault-Tolerant Load FrequencyControl of Multi-Area Power Systems with Electric Vehicles4.1 Background4.2 Problem Formulation4.2.1 Simplified Electric Vehicle Model4.2.2 Power System Model with Sensor Fault4.2.3 Sliding Mode Observer Design4.2.4 Memory-Based Adaptive Hybrid Event-Triggered4.2.5 Active Fault-tolerant Controller Design4.3 Main Results4.3.1 Stability Analysis4.3.2 Reachability of the Sliding Mode Surface4.4 Numerical Examples4.4.1 Unstable Case With Sensor Fault4.4.2 Stable Case With Sensor Fault4.4.3 Transmissions Under Memory-based Adaptive HETM4.5 ConclusionBibliography5 Active Fault-Tolerant LFC for Power Systems with EVs underDeception Attacks5.1 Background5.2 Problem Formulation5.2.1 Electric Vehicle Model5.2.2 System Model with Delay and Sensor Fault5.2.3 Deception attacks model5.3 Main Results5.3.1 Sliding Mode Observer Design5.3.2 Active Fault-tolerant Controller Design5.3.3 Stability Analysis5.3.4 Reachability of the Sliding Mode Surface5.4 Numerical Examples5.5 ConclusionBibliography6 Reliable AMD Event-triggered Control of Wind Power Systemsunder Frequency-based Deception Attacks6.1 Background6.2 Problem Formulation6.2.1 Wind Power System Model6.2.2 Model of Renewable Energy6.2.3 Selection of Quantizer6.2.4 AMD Event-Triggered Scheme6.2.5 Frequency-based Deception Attacks6.3 Main Results6.3.1 Reliable region6.3.2 Reliability Analysis6.4 Numerical Examples6.5 ConclusionBibliography7 Event-Triggered Memory Sliding Mode Load Frequency Controlof Power System with BESSs Against Frequency-basedDeception Attacks7.1 Background7.2 Problem Formulation7.2.1 Battery Energy Storage System7.2.2 Power System Model7.2.3 Preliminaries7.3 Main Results7.3.1 Frequency-based Deception Attacks7.3.2 Event-Triggered SMC Scheme7.3.3 Stability analysis7.3.4 Reachability condition7.4 Numerical Examples7.5 ConclusionBibliography8 Security Performance of MOSMLFC Power System under Historical-Frequency-Triggered DoS Attacks8.1 Background8.2 Problem Formulation8.2.1 Power System Model8.2.2 DoS Attacks model8.3 Main Results8.3.1 Memory Output SMC Scheme8.3.2 Security Performance Analysis8.3.3 Reachability Analysis8.4 Numerical Examples8.5 ConclusionBibliography9 Security Concern and Fuzzy Output Sliding Mode Load FrequencyControl of Power Systems9.1 Background9.2 Problem Formulation9.2.1 Multi-area Power System Model9.2.2 Motion-Trends-based Deception Attacks model9.2.3 Fuzzy Output Sliding Mode Control Approach9.3 Main Results9.3.1 Stability Analysis9.3.2 Fuzzy gains9.3.3 Reachability Analysis9.4 Numerical Examples9.5 ConclusionBibliography10 Future Work

Xinghua Liu, PhD, is a Professor with the Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China. He has published several prestigious journal and conference papers in the IEEE. Siwei Qiao received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Xi’an University of Technology in 2025, Xi’an, China. Gaoxi Xiao, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the School of EEE, NTU. Dr. Xiao is a member of the IEEE and the ICST. Peng Wang, PhD, is a Professor at the School of EEE, NTU. Dr. Wang is a felllow of the IEEE.

• ContentsContributorsForewordPrefaceAcknowledgmentsAcronymsIntroduction1 Observer-based Sliding Mode Load Frequency Control of PowerSystems under Deception Attack1.1 Background1.2 Problem Formulation1.2.1 Model description1.2.2 Event-triggered control1.2.3 Sliding mode design1.3 Main Results1.3.1 Stability Analysis1.3.2 Control law design1.4 Numerical Examples1.5 ConclusionBibliography2 Event-triggered Sliding Mode Load Frequency Control of MultiareaPower Systems under Periodic Denial-of-service Attacks2.1 Background2.2 Problem Formulation2.2.1 Model Description2.2.2 Sliding Mode Surface Design2.2.3 Event-triggered Strategy Under Periodic DoS Attacks2.3 Main Results2.3.1 Exponential Stability analysis2.3.2 Strategy of Controller gain2.3.3 Control law design2.4 Numerical Examples2.5 ConclusionBibliography3 H∞ Load Frequency Control of Power System Integrated withEVs under DoS Attacks: Non-Fragile Output Sliding ModeControl Approach3.1 Background3.2 Problem Formulation3.2.1 Model Description3.2.2 Real-Time Frequency-Triggered Mechanism3.2.3 Real-Time Frequency-Triggered DoS Attacks3.3 Non-Fragile Output SMC Scheme3.4 Main Results3.4.1 Non-fragile H∞ stability analysis3.4.2 Reachability analysis3.5 Numerical Examples3.6 ConclusionBibliography4 Memory-based Event-Triggered Fault-Tolerant Load FrequencyControl of Multi-Area Power Systems with Electric Vehicles4.1 Background4.2 Problem Formulation4.2.1 Simplified Electric Vehicle Model4.2.2 Power System Model with Sensor Fault4.2.3 Sliding Mode Observer Design4.2.4 Memory-Based Adaptive Hybrid Event-Triggered4.2.5 Active Fault-tolerant Controller Design4.3 Main Results4.3.1 Stability Analysis4.3.2 Reachability of the Sliding Mode Surface4.4 Numerical Examples4.4.1 Unstable Case With Sensor Fault4.4.2 Stable Case With Sensor Fault4.4.3 Transmissions Under Memory-based Adaptive HETM4.5 ConclusionBibliography5 Active Fault-Tolerant LFC for Power Systems with EVs underDeception Attacks5.1 Background5.2 Problem Formulation5.2.1 Electric Vehicle Model5.2.2 System Model with Delay and Sensor Fault5.2.3 Deception attacks model5.3 Main Results5.3.1 Sliding Mode Observer Design5.3.2 Active Fault-tolerant Controller Design5.3.3 Stability Analysis5.3.4 Reachability of the Sliding Mode Surface5.4 Numerical Examples5.5 ConclusionBibliography6 Reliable AMD Event-triggered Control of Wind Power Systemsunder Frequency-based Deception Attacks6.1 Background6.2 Problem Formulation6.2.1 Wind Power System Model6.2.2 Model of Renewable Energy6.2.3 Selection of Quantizer6.2.4 AMD Event-Triggered Scheme6.2.5 Frequency-based Deception Attacks6.3 Main Results6.3.1 Reliable region6.3.2 Reliability Analysis6.4 Numerical Examples6.5 ConclusionBibliography7 Event-Triggered Memory Sliding Mode Load Frequency Controlof Power System with BESSs Against Frequency-basedDeception Attacks7.1 Background7.2 Problem Formulation7.2.1 Battery Energy Storage System7.2.2 Power System Model7.2.3 Preliminaries7.3 Main Results7.3.1 Frequency-based Deception Attacks7.3.2 Event-Triggered SMC Scheme7.3.3 Stability analysis7.3.4 Reachability condition7.4 Numerical Examples7.5 ConclusionBibliography8 Security Performance of MOSMLFC Power System under Historical-Frequency-Triggered DoS Attacks8.1 Background8.2 Problem Formulation8.2.1 Power System Model8.2.2 DoS Attacks model8.3 Main Results8.3.1 Memory Output SMC Scheme8.3.2 Security Performance Analysis8.3.3 Reachability Analysis8.4 Numerical Examples8.5 ConclusionBibliography9 Security Concern and Fuzzy Output Sliding Mode Load FrequencyControl of Power Systems9.1 Background9.2 Problem Formulation9.2.1 Multi-area Power System Model9.2.2 Motion-Trends-based Deception Attacks model9.2.3 Fuzzy Output Sliding Mode Control Approach9.3 Main Results9.3.1 Stability Analysis9.3.2 Fuzzy gains9.3.3 Reachability Analysis9.4 Numerical Examples9.5 ConclusionBibliography10 Future Work

Xinghua Liu, PhD, is a Professor with the Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China. He has published several prestigious journal and conference papers in the IEEE. Siwei Qiao received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Xi’an University of Technology in 2025, Xi’an, China. Gaoxi Xiao, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the School of EEE, NTU. Dr. Xiao is a member of the IEEE and the ICST. Peng Wang, PhD, is a Professor at the School of EEE, NTU. Dr. Wang is a felllow of the IEEE.

• ContentsContributorsForewordPrefaceAcknowledgmentsAcronymsIntroduction1 Observer-based Sliding Mode Load Frequency Control of PowerSystems under Deception Attack1.1 Background1.2 Problem Formulation1.2.1 Model description1.2.2 Event-triggered control1.2.3 Sliding mode design1.3 Main Results1.3.1 Stability Analysis1.3.2 Control law design1.4 Numerical Examples1.5 ConclusionBibliography2 Event-triggered Sliding Mode Load Frequency Control of MultiareaPower Systems under Periodic Denial-of-service Attacks2.1 Background2.2 Problem Formulation2.2.1 Model Description2.2.2 Sliding Mode Surface Design2.2.3 Event-triggered Strategy Under Periodic DoS Attacks2.3 Main Results2.3.1 Exponential Stability analysis2.3.2 Strategy of Controller gain2.3.3 Control law design2.4 Numerical Examples2.5 ConclusionBibliography3 H∞ Load Frequency Control of Power System Integrated withEVs under DoS Attacks: Non-Fragile Output Sliding ModeControl Approach3.1 Background3.2 Problem Formulation3.2.1 Model Description3.2.2 Real-Time Frequency-Triggered Mechanism3.2.3 Real-Time Frequency-Triggered DoS Attacks3.3 Non-Fragile Output SMC Scheme3.4 Main Results3.4.1 Non-fragile H∞ stability analysis3.4.2 Reachability analysis3.5 Numerical Examples3.6 ConclusionBibliography4 Memory-based Event-Triggered Fault-Tolerant Load FrequencyControl of Multi-Area Power Systems with Electric Vehicles4.1 Background4.2 Problem Formulation4.2.1 Simplified Electric Vehicle Model4.2.2 Power System Model with Sensor Fault4.2.3 Sliding Mode Observer Design4.2.4 Memory-Based Adaptive Hybrid Event-Triggered4.2.5 Active Fault-tolerant Controller Design4.3 Main Results4.3.1 Stability Analysis4.3.2 Reachability of the Sliding Mode Surface4.4 Numerical Examples4.4.1 Unstable Case With Sensor Fault4.4.2 Stable Case With Sensor Fault4.4.3 Transmissions Under Memory-based Adaptive HETM4.5 ConclusionBibliography5 Active Fault-Tolerant LFC for Power Systems with EVs underDeception Attacks5.1 Background5.2 Problem Formulation5.2.1 Electric Vehicle Model5.2.2 System Model with Delay and Sensor Fault5.2.3 Deception attacks model5.3 Main Results5.3.1 Sliding Mode Observer Design5.3.2 Active Fault-tolerant Controller Design5.3.3 Stability Analysis5.3.4 Reachability of the Sliding Mode Surface5.4 Numerical Examples5.5 ConclusionBibliography6 Reliable AMD Event-triggered Control of Wind Power Systemsunder Frequency-based Deception Attacks6.1 Background6.2 Problem Formulation6.2.1 Wind Power System Model6.2.2 Model of Renewable Energy6.2.3 Selection of Quantizer6.2.4 AMD Event-Triggered Scheme6.2.5 Frequency-based Deception Attacks6.3 Main Results6.3.1 Reliable region6.3.2 Reliability Analysis6.4 Numerical Examples6.5 ConclusionBibliography7 Event-Triggered Memory Sliding Mode Load Frequency Controlof Power System with BESSs Against Frequency-basedDeception Attacks7.1 Background7.2 Problem Formulation7.2.1 Battery Energy Storage System7.2.2 Power System Model7.2.3 Preliminaries7.3 Main Results7.3.1 Frequency-based Deception Attacks7.3.2 Event-Triggered SMC Scheme7.3.3 Stability analysis7.3.4 Reachability condition7.4 Numerical Examples7.5 ConclusionBibliography8 Security Performance of MOSMLFC Power System under Historical-Frequency-Triggered DoS Attacks8.1 Background8.2 Problem Formulation8.2.1 Power System Model8.2.2 DoS Attacks model8.3 Main Results8.3.1 Memory Output SMC Scheme8.3.2 Security Performance Analysis8.3.3 Reachability Analysis8.4 Numerical Examples8.5 ConclusionBibliography9 Security Concern and Fuzzy Output Sliding Mode Load FrequencyControl of Power Systems9.1 Background9.2 Problem Formulation9.2.1 Multi-area Power System Model9.2.2 Motion-Trends-based Deception Attacks model9.2.3 Fuzzy Output Sliding Mode Control Approach9.3 Main Results9.3.1 Stability Analysis9.3.2 Fuzzy gains9.3.3 Reachability Analysis9.4 Numerical Examples9.5 ConclusionBibliography10 Future Work