Mike Kagioglou, Programme Director, Health and Care Infrastructures Research and Innovation Centre, Head of the School of the Built Environment, University of Salford.Patricia Tzortzopoulos, Academic Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford.

"This book has a wide attraction across a range of interests in the delivery of better supporting infrastructure to the health sector. From a property management perspective it addresses the entire lifecycle of asset provision and draws the important link between good design, operation and the health outcomes that the facility underpins. The book has a good balance between industry and academic contributions and I recommend it to anyone with an interest in this specialised area of infrastructure provision and management." (Emerald Journal: Property Management, 2011)

• About the Editors xAbout the Contributors xiForeword by Rob Smith, Director of Estates and Facilities (NHS England), Department of Health xxiAcknowledgements xxiii1 Introduction: Improving Healthcare through Built Environment Infrastructure 1Mike Kagioglou and Patricia Tzortzopoulos1.1. Part 1: Practitioner contributions 21.2. Part 2: Academic contributions 3Part 1 Practitioner Contributions 72 Planning Healthcare Environments 9Duane Passman2.1. Introduction 92.2. Background and history 92.3. The planning landscape 132.4. Policy developments since 1997 142.5. Capital procurement methodologies and NHS organisations 202.6. Settings for healthcare 262.7. Supply-side considerations 302.8. Demand side 352.9. Design and the physical environment 372.10. Conclusion 383 Plan for Uncertainty: Design for Change 40Susan Francis3.1. Introduction 403.2. Context 403.3. Impact on the built environment 413.4. Optimising design 453.5. Future proofing design 473.6. Design matters 493.7. Measuring design quality 503.8. Final remarks: making places 514 Designed with Care? The Role of Design in Creating Excellent Community Healthcare Buildings 53Kate Trant4.1. Introduction 534.2. Why does design matter? 544.3. What makes a good healthcare building? 614.4. Final remarks 705 The Stages of LIFT – Local Improvement Finance Trust and Delivery of Primary Healthcare Facilities 71Richard L. Groome5.1. Introduction 715.2. The LIFT process 725.3. Cultural differences 825.4. Conclusions 836 The Integrated Agreement for Lean Project Delivery 85William A. Lichtig6.1. Introduction to Sutter Health 856.2. Integrated form of agreement 866.3. Traditional responses to owner dissatisfaction with the status quo 866.4. What is lean? 876.5. The application of TPS principles to design and construction 886.6. Sutter Health's formulation of a lean project delivery strategy 90Contents vii6.7. Development of the integrated agreement for lean project delivery 926.8. Conclusion 1007 The Sutter Health Prototype Hospital Initiative 102Dave Chambers7.1. Getting started 1037.2. Goals and metrics 1067.3. Design 1077.4. Results and conclusion 1088 The Strategic Service Development Plan: An Integrated Tool for Planning Built Environment Solutions for Primary HealthCare Services 109Ged Devereux8.1. Introduction 1098.2. Background 1098.3. The development of primary care 1118.4. The role of the built environment in delivering primary healthcare 1148.5. The origins of the strategic service development plan 1178.6. A comparative case study of the MaST LIFT SSDP 1198.7. Conclusion 1268.8. Recommendations 126Part 2 Academic Contributions 1299 From Care Closer to Home to Care in the Home: The Potential Impact of Telecare on the Healthcare Built Environment 131James Barlow, Steffen Bayer, Richard Curry, Jane Hendy and Laurie McMahon9.1. Introduction 1319.2. Key trends 1329.3. What is telecare? 1339.4. The impact of telecare on care services 1349.5. Implications for the healthcare built infrastructure 1359.6. Conclusion 1379.7. Acknowledgements 13810 Risk Management and Procurement 139Nigel Smith, Denise Bower and Bernard Aritua10.1. Introduction 13910.2. General principles of risk management in infrastructure procurement 14010.3. Risk and procurement routes 14410.4. Risk in NHS procurement 14610.5. Multi-project procurement 14710.6. Sustainable NHS procurement options 14811 Supporting Evidence-Based Design 151Ricardo Codinhoto, Bronwyn Platten, Patricia Tzortzopoulos and Mike Kagioglou11.1. Definitions 15211.2. The built environment and health outcomes: considerations about evidence-based design 15311.3. Searching for evidence 15411.4. Healthcare environments and impacts on health 15711.5. Organising information 15911.6. Conclusion 16311.7. Acknowledgements 16412 Benefits Realisation: Planning and Evaluating Healthcare Infrastructures and Services 166Stelios Sapountzis, Kathryn Yates, Jose Barreiro Lima and Mike Kagioglou12.1. Introduction 16612.2. Benefits realisation 16712.3. Research methodology 16912.4. BeReal model overview 17212.5. Case studies 17812.6. Conclusions 19212.7. Acknowledgements 19313 Achieving Continuous Improvement in the UK Local Improvement Finance Trust (LIFT) Initiative 196A.D. Ibrahim, A.D.F. Price and A.R.J. Dainty13.1. Introduction 19613.2. Continuous improvement concept 199Contents ix13.3. Research method 20213.4. Results and discussions 20313.5. The development of a generic continuous improvement framework for LIFT 20613.6. Application of CIF within LIFT procurement 20713.7. Conclusions 21114 Performance Management in the Context of Healthcare Infrastructure 216Therese Lawlor-Wright and Mike Kagioglou14.1. Introduction 21714.2. Organisational performance measurement systems 21714.3. Building performance assessment 21814.4. Contribution of infrastructure to performance of healthcare organisation 22214.5. Conclusions 22514.6. Acknowledgements 22615 Hard Facilities and Performance Management in Hospitals 229Igal M. Shohet and Sarel Lavy15.1. Components of healthcare facilities management 22915.2. Key performance indicators in hospital facilities 23215.3. Research methods 23615.4. Analysis of a hospital using the indicators developed – a case study 23815.5. Discussion 24615.6. Towards a maintenance performance toolkit 24616 Community Clinics: Hard Facilities Management and Performance Management 249Igal M. Shohet16.1. Introduction 25016.2. Clinic facilities 25316.3. Profile of clinic facilities 26016.4. Hospital facilities versus clinic facilities – comparative perspective 26316.5. Concluding remarks 264References 265Index 267

Mike Kagioglou, Programme Director, Health and Care Infrastructures Research and Innovation Centre, Head of the School of the Built Environment, University of Salford.Patricia Tzortzopoulos, Academic Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford.

"This book has a wide attraction across a range of interests in the delivery of better supporting infrastructure to the health sector. From a property management perspective it addresses the entire lifecycle of asset provision and draws the important link between good design, operation and the health outcomes that the facility underpins. The book has a good balance between industry and academic contributions and I recommend it to anyone with an interest in this specialised area of infrastructure provision and management." (Emerald Journal: Property Management, 2011)

• About the Editors xAbout the Contributors xiForeword by Rob Smith, Director of Estates and Facilities (NHS England), Department of Health xxiAcknowledgements xxiii1 Introduction: Improving Healthcare through Built Environment Infrastructure 1Mike Kagioglou and Patricia Tzortzopoulos1.1. Part 1: Practitioner contributions 21.2. Part 2: Academic contributions 3Part 1 Practitioner Contributions 72 Planning Healthcare Environments 9Duane Passman2.1. Introduction 92.2. Background and history 92.3. The planning landscape 132.4. Policy developments since 1997 142.5. Capital procurement methodologies and NHS organisations 202.6. Settings for healthcare 262.7. Supply-side considerations 302.8. Demand side 352.9. Design and the physical environment 372.10. Conclusion 383 Plan for Uncertainty: Design for Change 40Susan Francis3.1. Introduction 403.2. Context 403.3. Impact on the built environment 413.4. Optimising design 453.5. Future proofing design 473.6. Design matters 493.7. Measuring design quality 503.8. Final remarks: making places 514 Designed with Care? The Role of Design in Creating Excellent Community Healthcare Buildings 53Kate Trant4.1. Introduction 534.2. Why does design matter? 544.3. What makes a good healthcare building? 614.4. Final remarks 705 The Stages of LIFT – Local Improvement Finance Trust and Delivery of Primary Healthcare Facilities 71Richard L. Groome5.1. Introduction 715.2. The LIFT process 725.3. Cultural differences 825.4. Conclusions 836 The Integrated Agreement for Lean Project Delivery 85William A. Lichtig6.1. Introduction to Sutter Health 856.2. Integrated form of agreement 866.3. Traditional responses to owner dissatisfaction with the status quo 866.4. What is lean? 876.5. The application of TPS principles to design and construction 886.6. Sutter Health's formulation of a lean project delivery strategy 90Contents vii6.7. Development of the integrated agreement for lean project delivery 926.8. Conclusion 1007 The Sutter Health Prototype Hospital Initiative 102Dave Chambers7.1. Getting started 1037.2. Goals and metrics 1067.3. Design 1077.4. Results and conclusion 1088 The Strategic Service Development Plan: An Integrated Tool for Planning Built Environment Solutions for Primary HealthCare Services 109Ged Devereux8.1. Introduction 1098.2. Background 1098.3. The development of primary care 1118.4. The role of the built environment in delivering primary healthcare 1148.5. The origins of the strategic service development plan 1178.6. A comparative case study of the MaST LIFT SSDP 1198.7. Conclusion 1268.8. Recommendations 126Part 2 Academic Contributions 1299 From Care Closer to Home to Care in the Home: The Potential Impact of Telecare on the Healthcare Built Environment 131James Barlow, Steffen Bayer, Richard Curry, Jane Hendy and Laurie McMahon9.1. Introduction 1319.2. Key trends 1329.3. What is telecare? 1339.4. The impact of telecare on care services 1349.5. Implications for the healthcare built infrastructure 1359.6. Conclusion 1379.7. Acknowledgements 13810 Risk Management and Procurement 139Nigel Smith, Denise Bower and Bernard Aritua10.1. Introduction 13910.2. General principles of risk management in infrastructure procurement 14010.3. Risk and procurement routes 14410.4. Risk in NHS procurement 14610.5. Multi-project procurement 14710.6. Sustainable NHS procurement options 14811 Supporting Evidence-Based Design 151Ricardo Codinhoto, Bronwyn Platten, Patricia Tzortzopoulos and Mike Kagioglou11.1. Definitions 15211.2. The built environment and health outcomes: considerations about evidence-based design 15311.3. Searching for evidence 15411.4. Healthcare environments and impacts on health 15711.5. Organising information 15911.6. Conclusion 16311.7. Acknowledgements 16412 Benefits Realisation: Planning and Evaluating Healthcare Infrastructures and Services 166Stelios Sapountzis, Kathryn Yates, Jose Barreiro Lima and Mike Kagioglou12.1. Introduction 16612.2. Benefits realisation 16712.3. Research methodology 16912.4. BeReal model overview 17212.5. Case studies 17812.6. Conclusions 19212.7. Acknowledgements 19313 Achieving Continuous Improvement in the UK Local Improvement Finance Trust (LIFT) Initiative 196A.D. Ibrahim, A.D.F. Price and A.R.J. Dainty13.1. Introduction 19613.2. Continuous improvement concept 199Contents ix13.3. Research method 20213.4. Results and discussions 20313.5. The development of a generic continuous improvement framework for LIFT 20613.6. Application of CIF within LIFT procurement 20713.7. Conclusions 21114 Performance Management in the Context of Healthcare Infrastructure 216Therese Lawlor-Wright and Mike Kagioglou14.1. Introduction 21714.2. Organisational performance measurement systems 21714.3. Building performance assessment 21814.4. Contribution of infrastructure to performance of healthcare organisation 22214.5. Conclusions 22514.6. Acknowledgements 22615 Hard Facilities and Performance Management in Hospitals 229Igal M. Shohet and Sarel Lavy15.1. Components of healthcare facilities management 22915.2. Key performance indicators in hospital facilities 23215.3. Research methods 23615.4. Analysis of a hospital using the indicators developed – a case study 23815.5. Discussion 24615.6. Towards a maintenance performance toolkit 24616 Community Clinics: Hard Facilities Management and Performance Management 249Igal M. Shohet16.1. Introduction 25016.2. Clinic facilities 25316.3. Profile of clinic facilities 26016.4. Hospital facilities versus clinic facilities – comparative perspective 26316.5. Concluding remarks 264References 265Index 267

Mike Kagioglou, Programme Director, Health and Care Infrastructures Research and Innovation Centre, Head of the School of the Built Environment, University of Salford.Patricia Tzortzopoulos, Academic Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford.

"This book has a wide attraction across a range of interests in the delivery of better supporting infrastructure to the health sector. From a property management perspective it addresses the entire lifecycle of asset provision and draws the important link between good design, operation and the health outcomes that the facility underpins. The book has a good balance between industry and academic contributions and I recommend it to anyone with an interest in this specialised area of infrastructure provision and management." (Emerald Journal: Property Management, 2011)

• About the Editors xAbout the Contributors xiForeword by Rob Smith, Director of Estates and Facilities (NHS England), Department of Health xxiAcknowledgements xxiii1 Introduction: Improving Healthcare through Built Environment Infrastructure 1Mike Kagioglou and Patricia Tzortzopoulos1.1. Part 1: Practitioner contributions 21.2. Part 2: Academic contributions 3Part 1 Practitioner Contributions 72 Planning Healthcare Environments 9Duane Passman2.1. Introduction 92.2. Background and history 92.3. The planning landscape 132.4. Policy developments since 1997 142.5. Capital procurement methodologies and NHS organisations 202.6. Settings for healthcare 262.7. Supply-side considerations 302.8. Demand side 352.9. Design and the physical environment 372.10. Conclusion 383 Plan for Uncertainty: Design for Change 40Susan Francis3.1. Introduction 403.2. Context 403.3. Impact on the built environment 413.4. Optimising design 453.5. Future proofing design 473.6. Design matters 493.7. Measuring design quality 503.8. Final remarks: making places 514 Designed with Care? The Role of Design in Creating Excellent Community Healthcare Buildings 53Kate Trant4.1. Introduction 534.2. Why does design matter? 544.3. What makes a good healthcare building? 614.4. Final remarks 705 The Stages of LIFT – Local Improvement Finance Trust and Delivery of Primary Healthcare Facilities 71Richard L. Groome5.1. Introduction 715.2. The LIFT process 725.3. Cultural differences 825.4. Conclusions 836 The Integrated Agreement for Lean Project Delivery 85William A. Lichtig6.1. Introduction to Sutter Health 856.2. Integrated form of agreement 866.3. Traditional responses to owner dissatisfaction with the status quo 866.4. What is lean? 876.5. The application of TPS principles to design and construction 886.6. Sutter Health's formulation of a lean project delivery strategy 90Contents vii6.7. Development of the integrated agreement for lean project delivery 926.8. Conclusion 1007 The Sutter Health Prototype Hospital Initiative 102Dave Chambers7.1. Getting started 1037.2. Goals and metrics 1067.3. Design 1077.4. Results and conclusion 1088 The Strategic Service Development Plan: An Integrated Tool for Planning Built Environment Solutions for Primary HealthCare Services 109Ged Devereux8.1. Introduction 1098.2. Background 1098.3. The development of primary care 1118.4. The role of the built environment in delivering primary healthcare 1148.5. The origins of the strategic service development plan 1178.6. A comparative case study of the MaST LIFT SSDP 1198.7. Conclusion 1268.8. Recommendations 126Part 2 Academic Contributions 1299 From Care Closer to Home to Care in the Home: The Potential Impact of Telecare on the Healthcare Built Environment 131James Barlow, Steffen Bayer, Richard Curry, Jane Hendy and Laurie McMahon9.1. Introduction 1319.2. Key trends 1329.3. What is telecare? 1339.4. The impact of telecare on care services 1349.5. Implications for the healthcare built infrastructure 1359.6. Conclusion 1379.7. Acknowledgements 13810 Risk Management and Procurement 139Nigel Smith, Denise Bower and Bernard Aritua10.1. Introduction 13910.2. General principles of risk management in infrastructure procurement 14010.3. Risk and procurement routes 14410.4. Risk in NHS procurement 14610.5. Multi-project procurement 14710.6. Sustainable NHS procurement options 14811 Supporting Evidence-Based Design 151Ricardo Codinhoto, Bronwyn Platten, Patricia Tzortzopoulos and Mike Kagioglou11.1. Definitions 15211.2. The built environment and health outcomes: considerations about evidence-based design 15311.3. Searching for evidence 15411.4. Healthcare environments and impacts on health 15711.5. Organising information 15911.6. Conclusion 16311.7. Acknowledgements 16412 Benefits Realisation: Planning and Evaluating Healthcare Infrastructures and Services 166Stelios Sapountzis, Kathryn Yates, Jose Barreiro Lima and Mike Kagioglou12.1. Introduction 16612.2. Benefits realisation 16712.3. Research methodology 16912.4. BeReal model overview 17212.5. Case studies 17812.6. Conclusions 19212.7. Acknowledgements 19313 Achieving Continuous Improvement in the UK Local Improvement Finance Trust (LIFT) Initiative 196A.D. Ibrahim, A.D.F. Price and A.R.J. Dainty13.1. Introduction 19613.2. Continuous improvement concept 199Contents ix13.3. Research method 20213.4. Results and discussions 20313.5. The development of a generic continuous improvement framework for LIFT 20613.6. Application of CIF within LIFT procurement 20713.7. Conclusions 21114 Performance Management in the Context of Healthcare Infrastructure 216Therese Lawlor-Wright and Mike Kagioglou14.1. Introduction 21714.2. Organisational performance measurement systems 21714.3. Building performance assessment 21814.4. Contribution of infrastructure to performance of healthcare organisation 22214.5. Conclusions 22514.6. Acknowledgements 22615 Hard Facilities and Performance Management in Hospitals 229Igal M. Shohet and Sarel Lavy15.1. Components of healthcare facilities management 22915.2. Key performance indicators in hospital facilities 23215.3. Research methods 23615.4. Analysis of a hospital using the indicators developed – a case study 23815.5. Discussion 24615.6. Towards a maintenance performance toolkit 24616 Community Clinics: Hard Facilities Management and Performance Management 249Igal M. Shohet16.1. Introduction 25016.2. Clinic facilities 25316.3. Profile of clinic facilities 26016.4. Hospital facilities versus clinic facilities – comparative perspective 26316.5. Concluding remarks 264References 265Index 267