Jack Lockwood worked for the US Geological Survey for over 30 years, including 20 years in Hawaii, based at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. He now runs a consulting business, Geohazards Consultants International. Richard (Rick) Hazlett is Coordinator of the Environmental Analysis Program and a member of the Geology Department at Pomona College in Claremont, California, where he teaches an upper-level course in physical volcanology.

“Overall I would highly recommend this work to anyone who wishes to understand volcanoes from a global perspective.”  (Bull Volcanol, 2011)"Volcanoes will satisfy everybody interested in this fascinating topic, but most of all this textbook iswritten for volcanologists, and advanced undergraduate and graduate students in Earth sciences." (Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2011) "Overall I would highly recommend this work to anyone who wishes to understand volcanoes from a global perspective." (Bull Volcanol, 2011)"Essential. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals; general readers". (Choice, 1 November 2010)

• PREFACE viiPART I – INTRODUCTION 31. Eruptions, Jargon, and History 5A “Grey Volcano” in Eruption – Galunggung – 1982 6A “Red Volcano” in Eruption – Kilauea – 1974 16Some Basic Terminology 22History of Volcanology 27Further Reading 39Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 40PART II – THE BIG PICTURE 432. Global Perspectives – Plate Tectonics and Volcanism 45Birth of a Theory 45Volcanoes along Divergent Plate Boundaries 51Volcanoes along Convergent Plate Boundaries 53Intraplate Volcanoes 60Further Reading 63Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 643. The Nature of Magma – Where Volcanoes Come From 65Origins of Magma 65The Physics and Chemistry of Melting 68Classification of Magma and Igneous Rocks 72Principal Magma Types 73Magmatic and Volcanic Gases 78Further Reading 86Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 874. The Physical Properties of Magma and Why it Erupts 89Magma Temperatures 89Magma Rheology 91Magma Ascent and Emplacement 94“Frozen Magma” – Subvolcanic Intrusives 100Triggers for Volcanic Eruptions –Why Volcanoes Erupt 105Repose Intervals 108Further Reading 109Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 110PART III – VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS AND THEIR PRODUCTS 1135. Classifying Volcanic Eruptions 115Lacroix Classification System 117Rittman Diagrams 118Geze Classification Diagram 119Walker Classification System 119Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 123Further Reading 125Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 1266. Effusive Volcanic Eruptions and Their Products 127Mafic and Intermediate Effusive Eruptions 128Pahoehoe and 0A0a 135Pyroducts 138Pahoehoe Surface Structures 147Lava Flow Internal Structures 1570A0a Surface Structures 162Block Lavas 166Radiocarbon Dating of Prehistoric Lava Flows 170Further Reading 171Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 1727. An Overview of Explosive Eruptions and Their Products 173Ejecta Classification 174Explosive Eruption Styles and Their Products 188Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs) 204Further Reading 220Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 2218. A Closer Look at Large-scale Explosive Eruptions 223Measuring the Sizes of Plinian Eruptions 224Plinian Eruption Dynamics 224Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs) 235Directed Blasts 255“Super-Eruptions” 258Further Reading 261Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 262PART IV – VOLCANIC LANDFORMS AND SETTINGS 2659. Constructional (“Positive”) Volcanic Landforms 267Large Igneous Provinces 267Shield Volcanoes 270Composite Volcanoes 283Minor Volcanic Landforms 290Volcano Old Age and Extinction 308Further Reading 314Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 31510. “Negative” Volcanic Landforms – Craters and Calderas 317Small Craters 318Calderas 321Post-caldera Resurgence 331Caldera Formation Mechanisms 335Caldera Roots – Relationships to Plutonic Rocks 336Volcano-tectonic Depressions 336Further Reading 338Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 33911. Mass-wasting Processes and Products 341Landslides, Avalanches, and Sector Collapses 341Lahars 347Causes of Lahars 350Lahar Dynamics 354Lahar Destructiveness 356Further Reading 358Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 35912. Volcanoes Unseen and Far Away 361Submarine and Subglacial Volcanoes – The Meeting of Fire, Water, and Ice 362Extraterrestrial Volcanoes 377Further Reading 392Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 393PART V – HUMANISTIC VOLCANOLOGY 39513. Volcanoes: Life, Climate, and Human History 397Volcanoes and the Origin of Life 397Volcanoes, Atmosphere, and Climate 398Volcanic Influence on Soil Fertility and Agriculture 406Volcanoes and Human History 407Social Impact of Volcanic Eruptions 408Further Reading 411Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 41214. Volcanic Hazards and Risk – Monitoring and Mitigation 413Hazards and Risk 414Active, Dormant, and Extinct Volcanoes 414Volcanic Hazards 416Volcanic Risk 425Volcano Monitoring 443Volcanic Crisis Management 455Further Reading 462Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 46315. Economic Volcanology 465Earth Energy Relationships 465Volcano Energy 466Stored Energy: Geothermal Power 467Volcanoes and Ore Deposits 470Other Useful Volcanic Materials 475Further Reading 477Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 478Epilogue: The Future of Volcanology 479References 481Index 521Appendix: List of Prominent World Volcanoes 538Map: Prominent World Volcanoes 540Companion website available at www.wiley.com/go/lockwood/volcanoes

Jack Lockwood worked for the US Geological Survey for over 30 years, including 20 years in Hawaii, based at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. He now runs a consulting business, Geohazards Consultants International. Richard (Rick) Hazlett is Coordinator of the Environmental Analysis Program and a member of the Geology Department at Pomona College in Claremont, California, where he teaches an upper-level course in physical volcanology.

“Overall I would highly recommend this work to anyone who wishes to understand volcanoes from a global perspective.”  (Bull Volcanol, 2011)"Volcanoes will satisfy everybody interested in this fascinating topic, but most of all this textbook iswritten for volcanologists, and advanced undergraduate and graduate students in Earth sciences." (Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2011) "Overall I would highly recommend this work to anyone who wishes to understand volcanoes from a global perspective." (Bull Volcanol, 2011)"Essential. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals; general readers". (Choice, 1 November 2010)

• PREFACE viiPART I – INTRODUCTION 31. Eruptions, Jargon, and History 5A “Grey Volcano” in Eruption – Galunggung – 1982 6A “Red Volcano” in Eruption – Kilauea – 1974 16Some Basic Terminology 22History of Volcanology 27Further Reading 39Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 40PART II – THE BIG PICTURE 432. Global Perspectives – Plate Tectonics and Volcanism 45Birth of a Theory 45Volcanoes along Divergent Plate Boundaries 51Volcanoes along Convergent Plate Boundaries 53Intraplate Volcanoes 60Further Reading 63Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 643. The Nature of Magma – Where Volcanoes Come From 65Origins of Magma 65The Physics and Chemistry of Melting 68Classification of Magma and Igneous Rocks 72Principal Magma Types 73Magmatic and Volcanic Gases 78Further Reading 86Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 874. The Physical Properties of Magma and Why it Erupts 89Magma Temperatures 89Magma Rheology 91Magma Ascent and Emplacement 94“Frozen Magma” – Subvolcanic Intrusives 100Triggers for Volcanic Eruptions –Why Volcanoes Erupt 105Repose Intervals 108Further Reading 109Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 110PART III – VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS AND THEIR PRODUCTS 1135. Classifying Volcanic Eruptions 115Lacroix Classification System 117Rittman Diagrams 118Geze Classification Diagram 119Walker Classification System 119Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 123Further Reading 125Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 1266. Effusive Volcanic Eruptions and Their Products 127Mafic and Intermediate Effusive Eruptions 128Pahoehoe and 0A0a 135Pyroducts 138Pahoehoe Surface Structures 147Lava Flow Internal Structures 1570A0a Surface Structures 162Block Lavas 166Radiocarbon Dating of Prehistoric Lava Flows 170Further Reading 171Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 1727. An Overview of Explosive Eruptions and Their Products 173Ejecta Classification 174Explosive Eruption Styles and Their Products 188Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs) 204Further Reading 220Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 2218. A Closer Look at Large-scale Explosive Eruptions 223Measuring the Sizes of Plinian Eruptions 224Plinian Eruption Dynamics 224Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs) 235Directed Blasts 255“Super-Eruptions” 258Further Reading 261Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 262PART IV – VOLCANIC LANDFORMS AND SETTINGS 2659. Constructional (“Positive”) Volcanic Landforms 267Large Igneous Provinces 267Shield Volcanoes 270Composite Volcanoes 283Minor Volcanic Landforms 290Volcano Old Age and Extinction 308Further Reading 314Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 31510. “Negative” Volcanic Landforms – Craters and Calderas 317Small Craters 318Calderas 321Post-caldera Resurgence 331Caldera Formation Mechanisms 335Caldera Roots – Relationships to Plutonic Rocks 336Volcano-tectonic Depressions 336Further Reading 338Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 33911. Mass-wasting Processes and Products 341Landslides, Avalanches, and Sector Collapses 341Lahars 347Causes of Lahars 350Lahar Dynamics 354Lahar Destructiveness 356Further Reading 358Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 35912. Volcanoes Unseen and Far Away 361Submarine and Subglacial Volcanoes – The Meeting of Fire, Water, and Ice 362Extraterrestrial Volcanoes 377Further Reading 392Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 393PART V – HUMANISTIC VOLCANOLOGY 39513. Volcanoes: Life, Climate, and Human History 397Volcanoes and the Origin of Life 397Volcanoes, Atmosphere, and Climate 398Volcanic Influence on Soil Fertility and Agriculture 406Volcanoes and Human History 407Social Impact of Volcanic Eruptions 408Further Reading 411Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 41214. Volcanic Hazards and Risk – Monitoring and Mitigation 413Hazards and Risk 414Active, Dormant, and Extinct Volcanoes 414Volcanic Hazards 416Volcanic Risk 425Volcano Monitoring 443Volcanic Crisis Management 455Further Reading 462Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 46315. Economic Volcanology 465Earth Energy Relationships 465Volcano Energy 466Stored Energy: Geothermal Power 467Volcanoes and Ore Deposits 470Other Useful Volcanic Materials 475Further Reading 477Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 478Epilogue: The Future of Volcanology 479References 481Index 521Appendix: List of Prominent World Volcanoes 538Map: Prominent World Volcanoes 540Companion website available at www.wiley.com/go/lockwood/volcanoes

Jack Lockwood worked for the US Geological Survey for over 30 years, including 20 years in Hawaii, based at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. He now runs a consulting business, Geohazards Consultants International. Richard (Rick) Hazlett is Coordinator of the Environmental Analysis Program and a member of the Geology Department at Pomona College in Claremont, California, where he teaches an upper-level course in physical volcanology.

“Overall I would highly recommend this work to anyone who wishes to understand volcanoes from a global perspective.”  (Bull Volcanol, 2011)"Volcanoes will satisfy everybody interested in this fascinating topic, but most of all this textbook iswritten for volcanologists, and advanced undergraduate and graduate students in Earth sciences." (Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2011) "Overall I would highly recommend this work to anyone who wishes to understand volcanoes from a global perspective." (Bull Volcanol, 2011)"Essential. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals; general readers". (Choice, 1 November 2010)

• PREFACE viiPART I – INTRODUCTION 31. Eruptions, Jargon, and History 5A “Grey Volcano” in Eruption – Galunggung – 1982 6A “Red Volcano” in Eruption – Kilauea – 1974 16Some Basic Terminology 22History of Volcanology 27Further Reading 39Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 40PART II – THE BIG PICTURE 432. Global Perspectives – Plate Tectonics and Volcanism 45Birth of a Theory 45Volcanoes along Divergent Plate Boundaries 51Volcanoes along Convergent Plate Boundaries 53Intraplate Volcanoes 60Further Reading 63Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 643. The Nature of Magma – Where Volcanoes Come From 65Origins of Magma 65The Physics and Chemistry of Melting 68Classification of Magma and Igneous Rocks 72Principal Magma Types 73Magmatic and Volcanic Gases 78Further Reading 86Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 874. The Physical Properties of Magma and Why it Erupts 89Magma Temperatures 89Magma Rheology 91Magma Ascent and Emplacement 94“Frozen Magma” – Subvolcanic Intrusives 100Triggers for Volcanic Eruptions –Why Volcanoes Erupt 105Repose Intervals 108Further Reading 109Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 110PART III – VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS AND THEIR PRODUCTS 1135. Classifying Volcanic Eruptions 115Lacroix Classification System 117Rittman Diagrams 118Geze Classification Diagram 119Walker Classification System 119Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 123Further Reading 125Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 1266. Effusive Volcanic Eruptions and Their Products 127Mafic and Intermediate Effusive Eruptions 128Pahoehoe and 0A0a 135Pyroducts 138Pahoehoe Surface Structures 147Lava Flow Internal Structures 1570A0a Surface Structures 162Block Lavas 166Radiocarbon Dating of Prehistoric Lava Flows 170Further Reading 171Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 1727. An Overview of Explosive Eruptions and Their Products 173Ejecta Classification 174Explosive Eruption Styles and Their Products 188Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs) 204Further Reading 220Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 2218. A Closer Look at Large-scale Explosive Eruptions 223Measuring the Sizes of Plinian Eruptions 224Plinian Eruption Dynamics 224Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs) 235Directed Blasts 255“Super-Eruptions” 258Further Reading 261Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 262PART IV – VOLCANIC LANDFORMS AND SETTINGS 2659. Constructional (“Positive”) Volcanic Landforms 267Large Igneous Provinces 267Shield Volcanoes 270Composite Volcanoes 283Minor Volcanic Landforms 290Volcano Old Age and Extinction 308Further Reading 314Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 31510. “Negative” Volcanic Landforms – Craters and Calderas 317Small Craters 318Calderas 321Post-caldera Resurgence 331Caldera Formation Mechanisms 335Caldera Roots – Relationships to Plutonic Rocks 336Volcano-tectonic Depressions 336Further Reading 338Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 33911. Mass-wasting Processes and Products 341Landslides, Avalanches, and Sector Collapses 341Lahars 347Causes of Lahars 350Lahar Dynamics 354Lahar Destructiveness 356Further Reading 358Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 35912. Volcanoes Unseen and Far Away 361Submarine and Subglacial Volcanoes – The Meeting of Fire, Water, and Ice 362Extraterrestrial Volcanoes 377Further Reading 392Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 393PART V – HUMANISTIC VOLCANOLOGY 39513. Volcanoes: Life, Climate, and Human History 397Volcanoes and the Origin of Life 397Volcanoes, Atmosphere, and Climate 398Volcanic Influence on Soil Fertility and Agriculture 406Volcanoes and Human History 407Social Impact of Volcanic Eruptions 408Further Reading 411Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 41214. Volcanic Hazards and Risk – Monitoring and Mitigation 413Hazards and Risk 414Active, Dormant, and Extinct Volcanoes 414Volcanic Hazards 416Volcanic Risk 425Volcano Monitoring 443Volcanic Crisis Management 455Further Reading 462Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 46315. Economic Volcanology 465Earth Energy Relationships 465Volcano Energy 466Stored Energy: Geothermal Power 467Volcanoes and Ore Deposits 470Other Useful Volcanic Materials 475Further Reading 477Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 478Epilogue: The Future of Volcanology 479References 481Index 521Appendix: List of Prominent World Volcanoes 538Map: Prominent World Volcanoes 540Companion website available at www.wiley.com/go/lockwood/volcanoes