Peter Brandon is Professor and Director of Salford University Think Lab and Centre for Virtual Environments, as well as Director of Strategic Programmes, School of Construction & Property Management, University of Salford, UK.Tuba Kocaturk is Lecturer in Architectural Design and Technology and Coordinator of MSc Development in Digital Design, School of Construction & Property Management, University of Salford, UK.

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• Note on editors page viiList of contributors viiiNote on Think Lab xiiAcknowledgements xiiiForeword – Virtual worlds, virtual prototypes, and design xivWilliam J. MitchellIntroduction – Virtually there. . . ? xxiPeter BrandonPART 1 DESIGN, ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING CHALLENGES 11 Emerging paradigms and models in digital design – Performance-based architectural design 3Rivka Oxman2 Algorithmic design optimization 21Manfred Grohmann and Oliver Tessmann3 VR or PR: Virtual or physical reality? 35Anthony Thorpe, Richard A. Buswell, Rupert C. Soar and Alistair G. F. Gibb4 Digital affordances: Emerging knowledge and cognition in design 47Tuba KocatürkPART 2 CHALLENGES FOR IMPLEMENTATION: FROM VIRTUAL THROUGH TO CONSTRUCTION 575 One Island East, Hong Kong: A case study in construction virtual prototyping 59Martin Riese6 The virtual building: A designer’s perspective 72Martin SimpsonPART 3 CHALLENGES FOR VISUALIZATION AND SIMULATION 877 Planning and scheduling in a virtual prototyping environment 89Andrew Baldwin, C. W. Kong, T. Huang, H. L. Guo, K. D. Wong and Heng Li8 Reshaping the life cycle process with virtual design and construction methods 104Martin Fischer9 Virtual prototyping from need to pre-construction 113Robin Drogemuller10 The need for creativity enhancing design tools 131Souheil SoubraPART 4 CHALLENGES FOR INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE MODELLING 14511 Context-aware virtual prototyping 147Chimay J. Anumba and Zeeshan Aziz12 nD modelling, present and future 158Ghassan Aouad, Song Wu and Angela Lee13 Interoperable knowledge: Achievements and future challenges 171Yacine Rezgui and Simona Barresi14 Knowledge management systems in the future 192Matthew BaconPART 5 OTHER CHALLENGES: AGENT TECHNOLOGIES, SECURITY, REGULATIONS AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL 21115 Future agent-driven virtual prototyping environments in construction 213Joseph H. M. Tah16 The nature of virtuality and the need for enhanced security in the virtual world 230Grahame S. Cooper17 The future of virtual construction and regulation checking 241Nicholas Nisbet, Jeffrey Wix and David Conover18 Virtual prototyping of financial flows as a form of management control 251Richard J. Boland, Jr, Fred Collopy, Julia Grant and Lin ZhaoPART 6 VISIONS, ROADMAPS AND FUTURE SCENARIOS 25919 VR – Roadmap: A vision for 2030 in the built environment 261Nashwan Dawood, R. Marasini and John Dean20 Future collaborative workspaces for the construction industry 278Terrence Fernando21 The future organization: Sustainable competitiveness through virtual prototyping 290Mustafa AlshawiIndex 305