Victor Shea is Associate Professor of Humanities and English at York University, Canada. He holds degrees from University of Prince Edward Island, University of Toronto, and York University. His research interests include Victorian culture and literature, British Empire and imperialism, American Studies, and literary theory. With William Whitla, he is co-editor of Essays and Reviews: The 1860 Text and its Readings (2000) and co-author of Foundations: Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing (2nd edition, 2005).William Whitla is Professor Emeritus and Senior Scholar in English and Humanities at York University, Canada.  He holds degrees from University of Toronto, TrinityCollege, and University of Oxford. His research interests include Victorian culture and literature, literary theory, and interdisciplinary studies in medieval and Renaissance studies. He is the author of The English Handbook: A Guide to Literary Studies (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010). With Victor Shea, he is co-editor of Essays and Reviews: The 1860 Text and its Readings (2000) and co-author of Foundations: Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing (2nd edition, 2005).

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• List of Plates and Illustrations xliiPreface xlvAbbreviations liIntroduction 1Victorian Representations and Misrepresentations 1“The Terrific Burning” 2The Battle of the Styles 3“The Best of Times, the Worst of Times” 4Demographics and Underlying Fears 5Power, Industry, and the High Cost of Bread and Beer 5The Classes and the Masses 7The Dynamics of Gender 8Religion and the Churches 9Political Structures 11Empire 12Genres and Literary Hierarchies 12The Fine Arts and Popular Entertainment 13Revolutions in Mass Media and the Expansion of Print Culture 17Part One Contexts 19The Condition of England 21Introduction 211. The Victorian Social Formation 27Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1803–73): Pelham (1828) 27From Chapter 1 27Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): Chartism (1840) 29From Chapter 1: “Condition-of-England Question” 29Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): Past and Present (1843) 30From Book I, Chapter 1: “Midas” 30Benjamin Disraeli (1804–81): Sybil (1845) 32From Book 2, Chapter 5 [The Two Nations] 32George Cruikshank (1792–1878): The British Bee Hive. Process engraving (1867) 34Matthew Arnold (1822–88): Culture and Anarchy (1869) 35From III [Chapter 3: “Barbarians, Philistines, Populace”] 352. Education and Mass Literacy 37Illustrated London News (1842): From “Our Address” 37Illustrated London News (1843): Dedicatory Sonnet 39Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815–81): Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold, D.D. (1844) 39From “Letter of Inquiry for a Master” by Thomas Arnold (1795–1842) 39From “Letter to a Master on his Appointment” 40William Wordsworth (1770–1850): “Illustrated Books and Newspapers” (1846) 40Anon. [Thomas Peckett Prest (?) (1810–59)]: “The String of Pearls: A Romance” (1846–47) 41From Chapter 38 [Sweeney Todd] 41From Chapter 39 42The Society for Promoting Working Men’s Associations: “Lectures for April, 1853” 43Charles Dickens (1812–70): Hard Times (1854) 44Chapter 1: “The One Thing Needful” 44Elizabeth Rigby, Lady Eastlake (1809–93): From “The Englishwoman at School” (July 1878) 45Gender, Women, and Sexuality 49Introduction 491. Constructing Genders 56Kenelm Digby (1800–80): The Broad Stone of Honour: or, the True Sense and Practice of Chivalry ([1822] 1877) 56From Part 1, Section 14: “Godefridus” 56Sarah Stickney Ellis (1799–1872): The Daughters of England (1842) 57From Chapter 1: “Important Inquiries” 57From Chapter 9: “Friendship and Flirtation” 58Marion Kirkland Reid (c.1839–89): From A Plea for Woman (1843) 59Richard Pilling (1799–1874): From “Defence at his Trial” (1843) 61Isabella Beeton (1836–65): The Book of Household Management (1859–61) 62From Chapter 1: “The Mistress” 62Eliza Lynn Linton (1822–98): From “The Girl of the Period” in theSaturday Review (14 Mar. 1868) 65Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936). “If—” (1910) 672. The Woman Question 68Sarah Stickney Ellis (1799–1872): The Women of England (1838) 68From Chapter 2: “The Influence of the Women of England” 68Harriet Taylor (1807–58): From “The Enfranchisement of Women” in Westminster Review (July 1851) 70Caroline Norton (1808–77): From A Letter to the Queen on Lord Chancellor Cranworth’s Marriage and Divorce Bill (1855) 71Harriet Martineau (1802–76), Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), Josephine Butler (1828–1906), and others: “Manifesto” of “The Ladies’ National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts” in Daily News (31 Dec. 1869) 74Sarah Grand (1854–1943): From “The New Aspect of the Woman Question” in North American Review (Mar. 1894) 76Sydney Grundy (1848–1914): The New Woman (1894) 78From Act 1 78Literature and the Arts 81Introduction 811. Debates about Literature 87Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812–52): Contrasts (1836) 87From Chapter 1: “On the Feelings which Produced the Great Edifices of the Middle Ages” 87George Eliot (1819–80): From “Silly Novels by Lady Novelists” inWestminster Review (Oct. 1856) 89Mary Elizabeth Braddon (1835–1915): Lady Audley’s Secret (1862) 91From Chapter 1: “Lucy” 91From Chapter 37: “Buried Alive” 93Colin Henry Hazlewood (1820–75): Lady Audley’s Secret (1863) 94From Act V 94Henry James (1843–1916): From “The Art of Fiction” in Longman’s Magazine (Sept. 1884) 962. Pre-Raphaelitism, Aestheticism, and Decadence 98William Michael Rossetti (1829–1919): The Germ: Or Thoughts Toward Nature in Poetry, Literature, and Art (1850) 98From “Introduction” 98Charles Dickens (1812–70): From “Old Lamps for New Ones” in Household Words (15 June 1850) 100Christina Rossetti (1830–94): Two Poems on the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood [1853] 102The P.R.B. [I] 102The P.R.B. [II] 103John Ruskin (1819–1900): “The Præ-Raphaelites” Letter to The Times(25 May 1854) 103Walter Pater (1839–94): From “The Poems of William Morris” [“Æsthetic Poetry”] in Westminster Review (Oct. 1868) 105James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834–1903): From “Mr. Whistler’s ‘Ten O’Clock’” (20 Feb. 1885) 109Religion and Science 113Introduction 1131. Geology and Evolution 122Robert Chambers (1802–71): Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (1844) 122From Chapter 12: “General Considerations Respecting the Origin of the Animated Tribes” 122Hugh Miller (1802–56): The Foot-Prints of the Creator: or, the Asterolepis of Stromness (1849) 124From “Stromness and its Asterolepis. The Lake of Stennis 124Philip Henry Gosse (1810–88): Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot (1857) 125From Chapter 12: “The Conclusion” 125Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913): From “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type” (20 Aug. 1858) 127Charles Darwin (1809–82): On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859) 130From “Introduction” 130From Chapter 3: “Struggle for Existence” 133From Chapter 4: “Natural Selection” 133From Chapter 15: “Recapitulation and Conclusion” 136Agnes Mary Frances Robinson (1857–1944) 140Darwinism 140Empire 142Introduction 1421. Celebration and Criticism 148Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): From “Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question” in Fraser’s Magazine (Dec. 1849) 148John Stuart Mill (1806–73): From “The Negro Question” inFraser’s Magazine (Jan. 1850) 150John Ruskin (1819–1900): From Inaugural Lecture (1870) 151George William Hunt (c.1839–1904): “MacDermott’s War Song” [“By Jingo”] (1877) 153J. R. Seeley (1834–95): The Expansion of England (1883) 154From Course II, Lecture I: “History and Politics” 154Alfred Tennyson (1809–92): “Opening of the Indian and Colonial Exhibition” (1886) 156Alfred Tennyson (1809–92): “Carmen Sæculare: An Ode in Honour of the Jubilee of Queen Victoria” (1887) 157Henry Labouchère [?] (1831–1912): “The Brown Man’s Burden” (1899) 160J. A. Hobson (1858–1940): Imperialism: A Study (1902) 162From Part 2, Chapter 4: “Imperialism and the Lower Races” 162Arthur Christopher Benson (1862–1925): “Land of Hope and Glory” (1902) 163Wilfrid Scawen Blunt (1840–1922): From My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914 (1919) 1652. Governing the Colonies 1662.1 India 166Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–59): From Minute on Indian Education (1835) 166Proclamation by the Queen in Council, to the Princes, Chiefs, and People of India (1858) 169G. A. Henty (1832–1902): With Clive in India: Or, The Beginnings of an Empire (1884) 171From “Preface” 171Flora Annie Steel (1847–1929) and Grace Gardiner (d. 1919): The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook (1888) 172From “Preface to the First Edition” 172From Chapter 1: “The Duties of the Mistress” 173Behramji Malabari (1853–1912): The Indian Eye on English Life, or Rambles of a Pilgrim Reformer (1893) 176From Chapter 2: “In and About London” 176Ham Mukasa (1870–1956): Uganda’s Katikiro in England (1904) 178From Chapter 5 178From Chapter 6 179Part Two Authors 181Walter Savage Landor (1775–1864) 183To Robert Browning 183“You smiled, you spoke, and I believed” 184Dying Speech of an Old Philosopher 184“I entreat you, Alfred Tennyson” 184Charlotte Elliott (1789–1871) 185“Him That Cometh to Me I Will in No Wise Cast Out.” [Just As I Am] 185John Keble (1792–1866) 186From National Apostasy Considered 187Felicia Hemans (1793–1835) 190Casabianca 191The Indian Woman’s Death-Song 192The Indian With His Dead Child 194The Rock of Cader-Idris 195The Last Song of Sappho 196Janet Hamilton (1795–1873) 198A Lay of the Tambour Frame 198Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) 200Past and Present 201“Hero-Worship” 202“Captains of Industry” 205Maria Smith Abdy (1797–1867) 210A Governess Wanted 211Mary Howitt (1799–1888) 212The Spider and the Fly 213The Fossil Elephant 214Thomas Hood (1799–1845) 216The Song of the Shirt 216The Bridge of Sighs 219Sarah Stickney Ellis (1799–1872) 222From Pictures of Private Life 222“An Apology for Fiction” 222Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–59) 225The History of England from the Accession of James the Second (1848–61) 225From Chapter 1: “Before the Restoration” 226[Introduction] 226From Chapter 3: “The State of England in 1685” 228[The Clergy] 228John Henry Newman (1801–90) 230The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated 231From Discourse V: “Knowledge Its Own End” 233From Discourse VII: “Knowledge Viewed in Relation to Professional Skill” 237William Barnes (1801–86) 239My Orchet in Linden Lea 240Childhood 240The Wife a-Lost 241Zummer An’ Winter 242From “Old Bardic Poetry” [Two Translations from the Welsh] in Macmillan’s Magazine (Aug. 1867). 243I Cynddyl´an’s Hall 243II An Englyn on a Yellow Greyhound 244Harriet Martineau (1802–76) 244Society in America (1837) 245From Chapter 3: “Morals of Politics” 245Section VI: “Citizenship of People of Colour” 245Section VII: “Political Non-Existence of Women” 246L. E. L. [Letitia Elizabeth Landon] (1802–38) 248Sappho’s Song 248Revenge 249Stanzas on the Death of Mrs. Hemans 250The Factory 253The Princess Victoria [I] 255The Princess Victoria [II] 257Elizabeth Duncan Campbell (1804–78) 258The Windmill of Sebastopol 258The Crimean War 261The Schoolmaster 263The Death of Willie, My Second Son 264Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–61) 266Stanzas Addressed to Miss Landon, 266L. E. L.’s Last Question 268A Musical Instrument 270John Stuart Mill (1806–73) 272On Liberty 273From “Introductory” 274The Subjection of Women 280From Chapter 1 280Caroline Norton (1808–77) 285From A Voice from the Factories 285The Picture of Sappho 290Charles Darwin (1809–82) 293From Autobiography 294Edward FitzGerald (1809–83) 301The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, The Astronomer-Poet of Persia 302Alfred Tennyson (1809–92) 318Mariana 319The Kraken 321The Lady of Shalott 321Ulysses 326[“Break, break, break”] 328In Memoriam A. H. H. 329The Eagle 415The Charge of the Light Brigade 416To Virgil 418“Frater Ave atque Vale” 419Crossing the Bar 420Robert Browning (1812–89) 420Porphyria’s Lover 421From Pippa Passes 423Song 423My Last Duchess 423Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister 424The Bishop Orders His Tomb at Saint Praxed’s Church 427Meeting at Night 431Parting at Morning 431Love Among the Ruins 431Fra Lippo Lippi 434Andrea del Sarto 444From Asolando 450Epilogue 450Edward Lear (1812–88) 451From A Book of Nonsense 452The Owl and the Pussy-Cat 453How Pleasant to Know Mr. Lear 454Samuel Smiles (1812–1904) 455Self-Help: With Illustrations of Character and Conduct 455From Chapter 1: “Self-Help: National and Individual” 455From Chapter 2: “Leaders of Industry—Inventors and Producers” [James Watt] 456Charlotte Brontë (1816–55) 457The Missionary 458“My feet they are sore, and my limbs they are weary” 462Eventide [“The house was still, the room was still”] 463Dec 24 [1848] [On the Death of Emily Brontë] 463June 21 1849 [On the Death of Anne Brontë] 464Grace Aguilar (1816–47) 464The Vision of Jerusalem 465Edwin Waugh (1817–90) 467Come Whoam to Thy Childer an’ Me 467Eawr Folk 468Emily Jane Brontë (1818–48) 470Remembrance 470Song [“The Linnet in the rocky dells”] 471To Imagination 472Plead for Me 473The Old Stoic 474“Shall earth no more inspire thee?” 475“Ay—there it is! it wakes to-night” 476“No coward soul is mine” 477Eliza Cook (1818–89) 477The Old Arm-Chair 478Arthur Hugh Clough (1819–61) 479Qui Laborat, Orat 480“Duty—that’s to say complying” 480The Latest Decalogue 482The Struggle 482Ah! Yet Consider it Again! 483Epi-strauss-ium 483John Ruskin (1819–1900) 484Modern Painters 485From “Of Water, as Painted by Turner” 487From “Of Pathetic Fallacy’’ 490The Stones of Venice 493From “The Nature of Gothic” 495Queen Victoria (1819–1901) 506Speech to Parliament 8 August 1851 506From Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1848 to 1861 508Love for Balmoral 508Visits to the Old Women 508George Eliot (1819–80) 509“O May I Join the Choir Invisible” 510Anne Brontë (1820–49) 511Appeal 512The Captive Dove 512“O, they have robbed me of the hope” 513Domestic Peace 513[Last Lines] “I hoped that I was brave and strong” 514Jean Ingelow (1820–97) 516Remonstrance 516Like a Laverock in the Lift 517On the Borders of Cannock Chase 517Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) 518Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not 519Preface 519[Introduction] 519“Note Upon Some Errors in Novels” 522From Cassandra 524Dora Greenwell (1821–82) 529A Scherzo 529To Elizabeth Barrett Browning in 1851 530To Elizabeth Barrett Browning in 1861 531To Christina Rossetti 531Matthew Arnold (1822–88) 532The Forsaken Merman 532Memorial Verses 536[Isolation] To Marguerite 538To Marguerite, in Returning a Volume of the Letters of Ortis 539The Buried Life 540Lines Written in Kensington Gardens 542Philomela 544Requiescat 545Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse 545East London 551West London 552Dover Beach 552Growing Old 553Preface to Poems (1853) 554Coventry Patmore (1823–96) 564From The Angel in the House 565Book I: The Prologue 565III Honoria: the Accompaniments 5681 The Lover 568Book II: “The Espousals” 570X the Epitaph: the Accompaniments 5703 The Foreign Land 570XI the Departure: the Accompaniments 5701 Womanhood 570Idyl XI: The Departure 571The Epilogue 572Sydney Dobell (1824–74) 572To the Authoress of “Aurora Leigh” 573Two Sonnets on the Death of Prince Albert 573William Topaz McGonagall (1825–1902) 574The Tay Bridge Disaster 575The Death of the Queen 577Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895) 578From “‘On a Piece of Chalk.’ A Lecture to Working Men” 579Adelaide Anne Procter (1825–64) 583Envy 583A Woman’s Question 584A Woman’s Answer 585A Lost Cord 586A Woman’s Last Word 587Eliza Harriet Keary (1827–1918) 588Disenchanted 588Renunciation 589A Mother’s Call 589Old Age 590A Portrait 590Samuel Laycock (1826–93) 591To My Owd Friend, Thomas Kenworthy 591John Bull an’ His Tricks! 592Emily Pfeiffer (1827–90) 594Peace to the Odalisque [I] 595[Peace to the Odalisque II] 595Any Husband to Many a Wife 596Studies from the Antique 596Kassandra I 596Kassandra II 597Klytemnestra I 597Klytemnestra II 598Ellen Johnston (c.1827–74) 598The Working Man 599The Last Sark 599Nelly’s Lament for the Pirnhouse Cat 600Wanted, a Man 601The Last Lay of “The Factory Girl” 603George Meredith (1828–1909) 605Lucifer in Starlight 605Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828–82) 606The Girlhood of Mary Virgin 607The Blessed Damozel 608The Woodspurge 614Jenny 614The Ballad of Dead Ladies 623Sunset Wings 625“Found” 626Spheral Change 626Proserpina 627Gerald Massey (1828–1907) 628The Cry of the Unemployed 628The Red Banner 629The Awakening of the People 630Elizabeth Siddal (1829–62) 631Dead Love 632Love and Hate 632Lord, May I Come? 633Christina Rossetti (1830–94) 634Sappho 635Goblin Market 635A Birthday 649Remember 649After Death 650An Apple Gathering 650Echo 651My Secret 652“No, Thank You, John” 653Song 654Up-Hill 654A Better Resurrection 655L. E. L. 655From Sing-Song 656Monna Innominata: A Sonnet of Sonnets 658A Life’s Parallels 667“For Thine Own Sake, O My God” 667Birchington Churchyard 668Cobwebs 668In an Artist’s Studio 669An Echo from Willow-Wood 669Sleeping at Last 670Lewis Carroll (1832–98) 671From Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland 672[Prefatory Poem] “All in the golden afternoon” 672From Through the Looking-Glass 673[Prefatory Poem] “Child of the pure unclouded brow” 673Jabberwocky 674The Walrus and the Carpenter 676[Concluding Poem] “A boat, beneath a sunny sky” 678William Morris (1834–96) 679Riding Together 680The Defence of Guenevere 682The Haystack in the Floods 693In Prison 697From The Earthly Paradise: An Apology 698James Thomson [B. V.] (1834–82) 700The City of Dreadful Night 700Proem 701I “The City is of Night; perchance of Death” 703II “because He Seemed to Walk with An Intent” 704VI “i Sat Forlornly by the River-side” 704VII “some Say That Phantoms Haunt Those Shadowy Streets” 706IX “it Is Full Strange to Him Who Hears and Feels” 707XIII “of All Things Human Which Are Strange and Wild” 708xiv “Large glooms were gathered in the mighty fane” 709xvi “Our shadowy congregation rested still” 712xix “The mighty river flowing dark and deep” 713xx “I sat me weary on a pillar’s base” 715xxi “Anear the centre of that northern crest” 716E. B. B. 719William Schwenck Gilbert (1836–1911) 720From Patience 720Bunthorne’s Recitative and Song [“Am I alone, and unobserved?”] 720Bunthorne and Grosvenor’s Duet [“When I go out of door”] 722From Iolanthe 724Lord Mountararat’s Solo [“When Britain really ruled the waves”] 724From The Gondoliers 725Quartet [“Then one of us will be a Queen”] 725Giuseppe’s Solo [“Rising early in the morning”] 727Augusta Webster (1837–94) 729A Castaway 730Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909) 746From Atalanta in Calydon 747Chorus [“When the hounds of spring are on winter’s traces”] 747Chorus [“Before the beginning of years”] 749The Leper 751Before the Mirror 755Nephelidia 757From “A Sequence of Sonnets on the Death of Robert Browning” 759Walter Horatio Pater (1839–94) 759Studies in the History of the Renaissance 760Preface 762Conclusion 766Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) 769Hap 769Neutral Tones 770Nature’s Questioning 770A Christmas Ghost-Story 771The Dead Drummer [Drummer Hodge] 772The Darkling Thrush 773The Ruined Maid 774De Profundis [In Tenebris] I 775De Profundis [in Tenebris] II 776Mathilde Blind (1841–96) 776Winter 777The Dead 777Manchester by Night 778The Red Sunsets, 1883 [I] 778The Red Sunsets, 1883 [II] 779Violet Fane (1843–1905) 779Lancelot and Guinevere 780Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–89) 783The Wreck of the Deutschland 784God’s Grandeur 796The Starlight Night 796Spring 797The Windhover 797Pied Beauty 798Hurrahing in Harvest 798Binsey Poplars 799Duns Scotus’s Oxford 800Felix Randal 800Spring and Fall: 801“As kingfishers catch fire, dragonflies dráw fláme” 801[Carrion Comfort] 802Tom’s Garland 803Harry Ploughman 804That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire and of the Comfort of the Resurrection 805[“Thou art indeed just, Lord”] 805Louisa Sarah Bevington (1845–95) 806Morning 806Afternoon 807Twilight 808Midnight 809Marion Bernstein (1846–1906) 810Woman’s Rights and Wrongs 810A Rule to Work Both Ways 811Wanted A Husband 812Human Rights 813A Dream 813Married and “Settled” 814Michael Field [Katharine Harris Bradley (1846–1914) and Edith Cooper (1862–1913)] 815An Æolian Harp 816xiv [My Darling] 817xxxv [“Come, Gorgo, put the rug in place”] 818[“O free me, for I take the leap”] 818Praise of Thanatos 819In Memoriam 820Mona Lisa—Leonardo da Vinci (The Louvre) 820To Correggio’s Holy Sebastian (Dresden) 821Cupid’s Visit [“I lay sick in a foreign land”] 821The Birth of Venus 822[“Sometimes I do dispatch my heart”] 823[“Ah, Eros doth not always smite”] 823Cyclamens 824[“Already to mine eyelids’ shore”] 824[“A Girl”] 824[“I sing thee with a stock-dove’s throat”] 825Unbosoming 825[“It was deep April”] 826[“Solitary Death, make me thine own”] 826Walter Pater 827Constancy 827To Christina Rossetti 828Penetration 828To the Winter Aphrodite 829“I love you with my life” 829A Palimpsest 829“Beloved, my glory in thee is not ceased” 830“Lo, my loved is dying” 830Alice Meynell (1847–1922) 830Renouncement 831Unlinked 831Parentage 832Maternity 832William Hurrell Mallock (1849–1923) 833Christmas Thoughts, by a Modern Thinker 833William Ernest Henley (1849–1903) 836From In Hospital 836I Enter Patient 836II Waiting 837xiv Ave, Caesar! 837IV to R. T. H. B. [invictus] 838We Shall Surely Die 838When You Are Old 839Double Ballade of Life and Fate 839Remonstrance 841Pro Rege Nostro 841Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–94) 843From Treasure Island 843To the Hesitating Purchaser 843A Child’s Garden of Verses 844[From the first section] 844I Bed in Summer 844V Whole Duty of Children 845xxviii Foreign Children 845From Underwoods 846xxi Requiem 846“A Plea for Gas Lamps” 846Arthur Clement Hilton (1851–77) 849Octopus 849Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) 850Requiescat 851Impression du Matin 852Helas! 852Impressions 853I Le Jardin 853II La Mer 853Symphony in Yellow 854The Harlot’s House 854A Preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray 855John Davidson (1857–1909) 857Thirty Bob a Week 857A Northern Suburb 860Battle 861Constance Naden (1858–89) 861The Lady Doctor 862Love Versus Learning 864To Amy, On Receiving Her Photograph 866The New Orthodoxy 866Natural Selection 868A. E. Housman (1859–1936) 869A Shropshire Lad 870I 1887 870II “loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now” 871XIII “when I Was One-and-twenty” 872xix To an Athlete Dying Young 872xxvii “Is my team ploughing?” 873xxx “Others, I am not the first” 874xxxi “On Wenlock Edge the wood’s in trouble” 875xxxv “On the idle hill of summer” 875xlv “If by chance your eye offend you” 876liv “With rue my heart is laden” 876lxii “Terence, this is stupid stuff ” 877Additional Poems 879xviii “Oh who is that young sinner with the handcuffs on his wrists?” 879Francis Thompson (1859–1907) 880The Hound of Heaven 880Rosamund Marriott Watson (1860–1911) 885Scythe Song 886Triolet 887Omar Khayyám 887Dead Poets 888In the Rain 889A Summer Night 890Chimæra 891Mary Elizabeth Coleridge (1861–1907) 892Gone 893The Other Side of a Mirror 893Mortal Combat 894The Witch 894Marriage 895The White Women 895Death and the Lady 897Amy Levy (1861–89) 897Felo De Se 898Magdalen 899A Wallflower 901The First Extra 901At a Dinner Party 902A Ballad of Religion and Marriage 902Henry Newbolt (1862–1938) 903Vitaï Lampada 904“He Fell Among Thieves” 905The Dictionary of National Biography 906The Vigil 907Clifton Chapel 908Arthur Symons (1865–1945) 909Pastel 910The Absinthe Drinker 910Javanese Dancers 911Hallucination 912White Heliotrope 913Bianca 913William Butler Yeats (1865–1939) 914The Stolen Child 915The Lake Isle of Innisfree 916An Old Song Re-Sung [Down by the Salley Gardens] 917When You Are Old 917Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936) 918Gunga Din 918The Widow at Windsor 921Mandalay 922Recessional 923The White Man’s Burden: An Address to the United States 924Lionel Johnson (1867–1902) 926The Dark Angel 927The Destroyer of a Soul 928A Decadent’s Lyric 929Ernest Dowson (1867–1900) 929Non Sum Qualis Eram Bonae Sub Regno Cynarae 930Nuns of the Perpetual Adoration 931Vitae Summa Brevis Spem Non Vetat Incohare Longam 932Benedictio Domini 932Spleen 933Villanelle of the Poet’s Road 934Charlotte Mew (1869–1928) 934V.R.I. 935I [January 22nd, 1901] 935II [february 2nd, 1901] 935To a Little Child in Death 935At the Convent Gate 936Song [“Oh! Sorrow”] 937Not for that City 937Requiescat 938The Farmer’s Bride 939Index of Authors and Titles 941

Victor Shea is Associate Professor of Humanities and English at York University, Canada. He holds degrees from University of Prince Edward Island, University of Toronto, and York University. His research interests include Victorian culture and literature, British Empire and imperialism, American Studies, and literary theory. With William Whitla, he is co-editor of Essays and Reviews: The 1860 Text and its Readings (2000) and co-author of Foundations: Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing (2nd edition, 2005).William Whitla is Professor Emeritus and Senior Scholar in English and Humanities at York University, Canada.  He holds degrees from University of Toronto, TrinityCollege, and University of Oxford. His research interests include Victorian culture and literature, literary theory, and interdisciplinary studies in medieval and Renaissance studies. He is the author of The English Handbook: A Guide to Literary Studies (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010). With Victor Shea, he is co-editor of Essays and Reviews: The 1860 Text and its Readings (2000) and co-author of Foundations: Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing (2nd edition, 2005).

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• List of Plates and Illustrations xliiPreface xlvAbbreviations liIntroduction 1Victorian Representations and Misrepresentations 1“The Terrific Burning” 2The Battle of the Styles 3“The Best of Times, the Worst of Times” 4Demographics and Underlying Fears 5Power, Industry, and the High Cost of Bread and Beer 5The Classes and the Masses 7The Dynamics of Gender 8Religion and the Churches 9Political Structures 11Empire 12Genres and Literary Hierarchies 12The Fine Arts and Popular Entertainment 13Revolutions in Mass Media and the Expansion of Print Culture 17Part One Contexts 19The Condition of England 21Introduction 211. The Victorian Social Formation 27Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1803–73): Pelham (1828) 27From Chapter 1 27Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): Chartism (1840) 29From Chapter 1: “Condition-of-England Question” 29Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): Past and Present (1843) 30From Book I, Chapter 1: “Midas” 30Benjamin Disraeli (1804–81): Sybil (1845) 32From Book 2, Chapter 5 [The Two Nations] 32George Cruikshank (1792–1878): The British Bee Hive. Process engraving (1867) 34Matthew Arnold (1822–88): Culture and Anarchy (1869) 35From III [Chapter 3: “Barbarians, Philistines, Populace”] 352. Education and Mass Literacy 37Illustrated London News (1842): From “Our Address” 37Illustrated London News (1843): Dedicatory Sonnet 39Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815–81): Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold, D.D. (1844) 39From “Letter of Inquiry for a Master” by Thomas Arnold (1795–1842) 39From “Letter to a Master on his Appointment” 40William Wordsworth (1770–1850): “Illustrated Books and Newspapers” (1846) 40Anon. [Thomas Peckett Prest (?) (1810–59)]: “The String of Pearls: A Romance” (1846–47) 41From Chapter 38 [Sweeney Todd] 41From Chapter 39 42The Society for Promoting Working Men’s Associations: “Lectures for April, 1853” 43Charles Dickens (1812–70): Hard Times (1854) 44Chapter 1: “The One Thing Needful” 44Elizabeth Rigby, Lady Eastlake (1809–93): From “The Englishwoman at School” (July 1878) 45Gender, Women, and Sexuality 49Introduction 491. Constructing Genders 56Kenelm Digby (1800–80): The Broad Stone of Honour: or, the True Sense and Practice of Chivalry ([1822] 1877) 56From Part 1, Section 14: “Godefridus” 56Sarah Stickney Ellis (1799–1872): The Daughters of England (1842) 57From Chapter 1: “Important Inquiries” 57From Chapter 9: “Friendship and Flirtation” 58Marion Kirkland Reid (c.1839–89): From A Plea for Woman (1843) 59Richard Pilling (1799–1874): From “Defence at his Trial” (1843) 61Isabella Beeton (1836–65): The Book of Household Management (1859–61) 62From Chapter 1: “The Mistress” 62Eliza Lynn Linton (1822–98): From “The Girl of the Period” in theSaturday Review (14 Mar. 1868) 65Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936). “If—” (1910) 672. The Woman Question 68Sarah Stickney Ellis (1799–1872): The Women of England (1838) 68From Chapter 2: “The Influence of the Women of England” 68Harriet Taylor (1807–58): From “The Enfranchisement of Women” in Westminster Review (July 1851) 70Caroline Norton (1808–77): From A Letter to the Queen on Lord Chancellor Cranworth’s Marriage and Divorce Bill (1855) 71Harriet Martineau (1802–76), Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), Josephine Butler (1828–1906), and others: “Manifesto” of “The Ladies’ National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts” in Daily News (31 Dec. 1869) 74Sarah Grand (1854–1943): From “The New Aspect of the Woman Question” in North American Review (Mar. 1894) 76Sydney Grundy (1848–1914): The New Woman (1894) 78From Act 1 78Literature and the Arts 81Introduction 811. Debates about Literature 87Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812–52): Contrasts (1836) 87From Chapter 1: “On the Feelings which Produced the Great Edifices of the Middle Ages” 87George Eliot (1819–80): From “Silly Novels by Lady Novelists” inWestminster Review (Oct. 1856) 89Mary Elizabeth Braddon (1835–1915): Lady Audley’s Secret (1862) 91From Chapter 1: “Lucy” 91From Chapter 37: “Buried Alive” 93Colin Henry Hazlewood (1820–75): Lady Audley’s Secret (1863) 94From Act V 94Henry James (1843–1916): From “The Art of Fiction” in Longman’s Magazine (Sept. 1884) 962. Pre-Raphaelitism, Aestheticism, and Decadence 98William Michael Rossetti (1829–1919): The Germ: Or Thoughts Toward Nature in Poetry, Literature, and Art (1850) 98From “Introduction” 98Charles Dickens (1812–70): From “Old Lamps for New Ones” in Household Words (15 June 1850) 100Christina Rossetti (1830–94): Two Poems on the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood [1853] 102The P.R.B. [I] 102The P.R.B. [II] 103John Ruskin (1819–1900): “The Præ-Raphaelites” Letter to The Times(25 May 1854) 103Walter Pater (1839–94): From “The Poems of William Morris” [“Æsthetic Poetry”] in Westminster Review (Oct. 1868) 105James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834–1903): From “Mr. Whistler’s ‘Ten O’Clock’” (20 Feb. 1885) 109Religion and Science 113Introduction 1131. Geology and Evolution 122Robert Chambers (1802–71): Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (1844) 122From Chapter 12: “General Considerations Respecting the Origin of the Animated Tribes” 122Hugh Miller (1802–56): The Foot-Prints of the Creator: or, the Asterolepis of Stromness (1849) 124From “Stromness and its Asterolepis. The Lake of Stennis 124Philip Henry Gosse (1810–88): Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot (1857) 125From Chapter 12: “The Conclusion” 125Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913): From “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type” (20 Aug. 1858) 127Charles Darwin (1809–82): On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859) 130From “Introduction” 130From Chapter 3: “Struggle for Existence” 133From Chapter 4: “Natural Selection” 133From Chapter 15: “Recapitulation and Conclusion” 136Agnes Mary Frances Robinson (1857–1944) 140Darwinism 140Empire 142Introduction 1421. Celebration and Criticism 148Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): From “Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question” in Fraser’s Magazine (Dec. 1849) 148John Stuart Mill (1806–73): From “The Negro Question” inFraser’s Magazine (Jan. 1850) 150John Ruskin (1819–1900): From Inaugural Lecture (1870) 151George William Hunt (c.1839–1904): “MacDermott’s War Song” [“By Jingo”] (1877) 153J. R. Seeley (1834–95): The Expansion of England (1883) 154From Course II, Lecture I: “History and Politics” 154Alfred Tennyson (1809–92): “Opening of the Indian and Colonial Exhibition” (1886) 156Alfred Tennyson (1809–92): “Carmen Sæculare: An Ode in Honour of the Jubilee of Queen Victoria” (1887) 157Henry Labouchère [?] (1831–1912): “The Brown Man’s Burden” (1899) 160J. A. Hobson (1858–1940): Imperialism: A Study (1902) 162From Part 2, Chapter 4: “Imperialism and the Lower Races” 162Arthur Christopher Benson (1862–1925): “Land of Hope and Glory” (1902) 163Wilfrid Scawen Blunt (1840–1922): From My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914 (1919) 1652. Governing the Colonies 1662.1 India 166Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–59): From Minute on Indian Education (1835) 166Proclamation by the Queen in Council, to the Princes, Chiefs, and People of India (1858) 169G. A. Henty (1832–1902): With Clive in India: Or, The Beginnings of an Empire (1884) 171From “Preface” 171Flora Annie Steel (1847–1929) and Grace Gardiner (d. 1919): The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook (1888) 172From “Preface to the First Edition” 172From Chapter 1: “The Duties of the Mistress” 173Behramji Malabari (1853–1912): The Indian Eye on English Life, or Rambles of a Pilgrim Reformer (1893) 176From Chapter 2: “In and About London” 176Ham Mukasa (1870–1956): Uganda’s Katikiro in England (1904) 178From Chapter 5 178From Chapter 6 179Part Two Authors 181Walter Savage Landor (1775–1864) 183To Robert Browning 183“You smiled, you spoke, and I believed” 184Dying Speech of an Old Philosopher 184“I entreat you, Alfred Tennyson” 184Charlotte Elliott (1789–1871) 185“Him That Cometh to Me I Will in No Wise Cast Out.” [Just As I Am] 185John Keble (1792–1866) 186From National Apostasy Considered 187Felicia Hemans (1793–1835) 190Casabianca 191The Indian Woman’s Death-Song 192The Indian With His Dead Child 194The Rock of Cader-Idris 195The Last Song of Sappho 196Janet Hamilton (1795–1873) 198A Lay of the Tambour Frame 198Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) 200Past and Present 201“Hero-Worship” 202“Captains of Industry” 205Maria Smith Abdy (1797–1867) 210A Governess Wanted 211Mary Howitt (1799–1888) 212The Spider and the Fly 213The Fossil Elephant 214Thomas Hood (1799–1845) 216The Song of the Shirt 216The Bridge of Sighs 219Sarah Stickney Ellis (1799–1872) 222From Pictures of Private Life 222“An Apology for Fiction” 222Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–59) 225The History of England from the Accession of James the Second (1848–61) 225From Chapter 1: “Before the Restoration” 226[Introduction] 226From Chapter 3: “The State of England in 1685” 228[The Clergy] 228John Henry Newman (1801–90) 230The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated 231From Discourse V: “Knowledge Its Own End” 233From Discourse VII: “Knowledge Viewed in Relation to Professional Skill” 237William Barnes (1801–86) 239My Orchet in Linden Lea 240Childhood 240The Wife a-Lost 241Zummer An’ Winter 242From “Old Bardic Poetry” [Two Translations from the Welsh] in Macmillan’s Magazine (Aug. 1867). 243I Cynddyl´an’s Hall 243II An Englyn on a Yellow Greyhound 244Harriet Martineau (1802–76) 244Society in America (1837) 245From Chapter 3: “Morals of Politics” 245Section VI: “Citizenship of People of Colour” 245Section VII: “Political Non-Existence of Women” 246L. E. L. [Letitia Elizabeth Landon] (1802–38) 248Sappho’s Song 248Revenge 249Stanzas on the Death of Mrs. Hemans 250The Factory 253The Princess Victoria [I] 255The Princess Victoria [II] 257Elizabeth Duncan Campbell (1804–78) 258The Windmill of Sebastopol 258The Crimean War 261The Schoolmaster 263The Death of Willie, My Second Son 264Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–61) 266Stanzas Addressed to Miss Landon, 266L. E. L.’s Last Question 268A Musical Instrument 270John Stuart Mill (1806–73) 272On Liberty 273From “Introductory” 274The Subjection of Women 280From Chapter 1 280Caroline Norton (1808–77) 285From A Voice from the Factories 285The Picture of Sappho 290Charles Darwin (1809–82) 293From Autobiography 294Edward FitzGerald (1809–83) 301The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, The Astronomer-Poet of Persia 302Alfred Tennyson (1809–92) 318Mariana 319The Kraken 321The Lady of Shalott 321Ulysses 326[“Break, break, break”] 328In Memoriam A. H. H. 329The Eagle 415The Charge of the Light Brigade 416To Virgil 418“Frater Ave atque Vale” 419Crossing the Bar 420Robert Browning (1812–89) 420Porphyria’s Lover 421From Pippa Passes 423Song 423My Last Duchess 423Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister 424The Bishop Orders His Tomb at Saint Praxed’s Church 427Meeting at Night 431Parting at Morning 431Love Among the Ruins 431Fra Lippo Lippi 434Andrea del Sarto 444From Asolando 450Epilogue 450Edward Lear (1812–88) 451From A Book of Nonsense 452The Owl and the Pussy-Cat 453How Pleasant to Know Mr. Lear 454Samuel Smiles (1812–1904) 455Self-Help: With Illustrations of Character and Conduct 455From Chapter 1: “Self-Help: National and Individual” 455From Chapter 2: “Leaders of Industry—Inventors and Producers” [James Watt] 456Charlotte Brontë (1816–55) 457The Missionary 458“My feet they are sore, and my limbs they are weary” 462Eventide [“The house was still, the room was still”] 463Dec 24 [1848] [On the Death of Emily Brontë] 463June 21 1849 [On the Death of Anne Brontë] 464Grace Aguilar (1816–47) 464The Vision of Jerusalem 465Edwin Waugh (1817–90) 467Come Whoam to Thy Childer an’ Me 467Eawr Folk 468Emily Jane Brontë (1818–48) 470Remembrance 470Song [“The Linnet in the rocky dells”] 471To Imagination 472Plead for Me 473The Old Stoic 474“Shall earth no more inspire thee?” 475“Ay—there it is! it wakes to-night” 476“No coward soul is mine” 477Eliza Cook (1818–89) 477The Old Arm-Chair 478Arthur Hugh Clough (1819–61) 479Qui Laborat, Orat 480“Duty—that’s to say complying” 480The Latest Decalogue 482The Struggle 482Ah! Yet Consider it Again! 483Epi-strauss-ium 483John Ruskin (1819–1900) 484Modern Painters 485From “Of Water, as Painted by Turner” 487From “Of Pathetic Fallacy’’ 490The Stones of Venice 493From “The Nature of Gothic” 495Queen Victoria (1819–1901) 506Speech to Parliament 8 August 1851 506From Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1848 to 1861 508Love for Balmoral 508Visits to the Old Women 508George Eliot (1819–80) 509“O May I Join the Choir Invisible” 510Anne Brontë (1820–49) 511Appeal 512The Captive Dove 512“O, they have robbed me of the hope” 513Domestic Peace 513[Last Lines] “I hoped that I was brave and strong” 514Jean Ingelow (1820–97) 516Remonstrance 516Like a Laverock in the Lift 517On the Borders of Cannock Chase 517Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) 518Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not 519Preface 519[Introduction] 519“Note Upon Some Errors in Novels” 522From Cassandra 524Dora Greenwell (1821–82) 529A Scherzo 529To Elizabeth Barrett Browning in 1851 530To Elizabeth Barrett Browning in 1861 531To Christina Rossetti 531Matthew Arnold (1822–88) 532The Forsaken Merman 532Memorial Verses 536[Isolation] To Marguerite 538To Marguerite, in Returning a Volume of the Letters of Ortis 539The Buried Life 540Lines Written in Kensington Gardens 542Philomela 544Requiescat 545Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse 545East London 551West London 552Dover Beach 552Growing Old 553Preface to Poems (1853) 554Coventry Patmore (1823–96) 564From The Angel in the House 565Book I: The Prologue 565III Honoria: the Accompaniments 5681 The Lover 568Book II: “The Espousals” 570X the Epitaph: the Accompaniments 5703 The Foreign Land 570XI the Departure: the Accompaniments 5701 Womanhood 570Idyl XI: The Departure 571The Epilogue 572Sydney Dobell (1824–74) 572To the Authoress of “Aurora Leigh” 573Two Sonnets on the Death of Prince Albert 573William Topaz McGonagall (1825–1902) 574The Tay Bridge Disaster 575The Death of the Queen 577Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895) 578From “‘On a Piece of Chalk.’ A Lecture to Working Men” 579Adelaide Anne Procter (1825–64) 583Envy 583A Woman’s Question 584A Woman’s Answer 585A Lost Cord 586A Woman’s Last Word 587Eliza Harriet Keary (1827–1918) 588Disenchanted 588Renunciation 589A Mother’s Call 589Old Age 590A Portrait 590Samuel Laycock (1826–93) 591To My Owd Friend, Thomas Kenworthy 591John Bull an’ His Tricks! 592Emily Pfeiffer (1827–90) 594Peace to the Odalisque [I] 595[Peace to the Odalisque II] 595Any Husband to Many a Wife 596Studies from the Antique 596Kassandra I 596Kassandra II 597Klytemnestra I 597Klytemnestra II 598Ellen Johnston (c.1827–74) 598The Working Man 599The Last Sark 599Nelly’s Lament for the Pirnhouse Cat 600Wanted, a Man 601The Last Lay of “The Factory Girl” 603George Meredith (1828–1909) 605Lucifer in Starlight 605Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828–82) 606The Girlhood of Mary Virgin 607The Blessed Damozel 608The Woodspurge 614Jenny 614The Ballad of Dead Ladies 623Sunset Wings 625“Found” 626Spheral Change 626Proserpina 627Gerald Massey (1828–1907) 628The Cry of the Unemployed 628The Red Banner 629The Awakening of the People 630Elizabeth Siddal (1829–62) 631Dead Love 632Love and Hate 632Lord, May I Come? 633Christina Rossetti (1830–94) 634Sappho 635Goblin Market 635A Birthday 649Remember 649After Death 650An Apple Gathering 650Echo 651My Secret 652“No, Thank You, John” 653Song 654Up-Hill 654A Better Resurrection 655L. E. L. 655From Sing-Song 656Monna Innominata: A Sonnet of Sonnets 658A Life’s Parallels 667“For Thine Own Sake, O My God” 667Birchington Churchyard 668Cobwebs 668In an Artist’s Studio 669An Echo from Willow-Wood 669Sleeping at Last 670Lewis Carroll (1832–98) 671From Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland 672[Prefatory Poem] “All in the golden afternoon” 672From Through the Looking-Glass 673[Prefatory Poem] “Child of the pure unclouded brow” 673Jabberwocky 674The Walrus and the Carpenter 676[Concluding Poem] “A boat, beneath a sunny sky” 678William Morris (1834–96) 679Riding Together 680The Defence of Guenevere 682The Haystack in the Floods 693In Prison 697From The Earthly Paradise: An Apology 698James Thomson [B. V.] (1834–82) 700The City of Dreadful Night 700Proem 701I “The City is of Night; perchance of Death” 703II “because He Seemed to Walk with An Intent” 704VI “i Sat Forlornly by the River-side” 704VII “some Say That Phantoms Haunt Those Shadowy Streets” 706IX “it Is Full Strange to Him Who Hears and Feels” 707XIII “of All Things Human Which Are Strange and Wild” 708xiv “Large glooms were gathered in the mighty fane” 709xvi “Our shadowy congregation rested still” 712xix “The mighty river flowing dark and deep” 713xx “I sat me weary on a pillar’s base” 715xxi “Anear the centre of that northern crest” 716E. B. B. 719William Schwenck Gilbert (1836–1911) 720From Patience 720Bunthorne’s Recitative and Song [“Am I alone, and unobserved?”] 720Bunthorne and Grosvenor’s Duet [“When I go out of door”] 722From Iolanthe 724Lord Mountararat’s Solo [“When Britain really ruled the waves”] 724From The Gondoliers 725Quartet [“Then one of us will be a Queen”] 725Giuseppe’s Solo [“Rising early in the morning”] 727Augusta Webster (1837–94) 729A Castaway 730Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909) 746From Atalanta in Calydon 747Chorus [“When the hounds of spring are on winter’s traces”] 747Chorus [“Before the beginning of years”] 749The Leper 751Before the Mirror 755Nephelidia 757From “A Sequence of Sonnets on the Death of Robert Browning” 759Walter Horatio Pater (1839–94) 759Studies in the History of the Renaissance 760Preface 762Conclusion 766Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) 769Hap 769Neutral Tones 770Nature’s Questioning 770A Christmas Ghost-Story 771The Dead Drummer [Drummer Hodge] 772The Darkling Thrush 773The Ruined Maid 774De Profundis [In Tenebris] I 775De Profundis [in Tenebris] II 776Mathilde Blind (1841–96) 776Winter 777The Dead 777Manchester by Night 778The Red Sunsets, 1883 [I] 778The Red Sunsets, 1883 [II] 779Violet Fane (1843–1905) 779Lancelot and Guinevere 780Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–89) 783The Wreck of the Deutschland 784God’s Grandeur 796The Starlight Night 796Spring 797The Windhover 797Pied Beauty 798Hurrahing in Harvest 798Binsey Poplars 799Duns Scotus’s Oxford 800Felix Randal 800Spring and Fall: 801“As kingfishers catch fire, dragonflies dráw fláme” 801[Carrion Comfort] 802Tom’s Garland 803Harry Ploughman 804That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire and of the Comfort of the Resurrection 805[“Thou art indeed just, Lord”] 805Louisa Sarah Bevington (1845–95) 806Morning 806Afternoon 807Twilight 808Midnight 809Marion Bernstein (1846–1906) 810Woman’s Rights and Wrongs 810A Rule to Work Both Ways 811Wanted A Husband 812Human Rights 813A Dream 813Married and “Settled” 814Michael Field [Katharine Harris Bradley (1846–1914) and Edith Cooper (1862–1913)] 815An Æolian Harp 816xiv [My Darling] 817xxxv [“Come, Gorgo, put the rug in place”] 818[“O free me, for I take the leap”] 818Praise of Thanatos 819In Memoriam 820Mona Lisa—Leonardo da Vinci (The Louvre) 820To Correggio’s Holy Sebastian (Dresden) 821Cupid’s Visit [“I lay sick in a foreign land”] 821The Birth of Venus 822[“Sometimes I do dispatch my heart”] 823[“Ah, Eros doth not always smite”] 823Cyclamens 824[“Already to mine eyelids’ shore”] 824[“A Girl”] 824[“I sing thee with a stock-dove’s throat”] 825Unbosoming 825[“It was deep April”] 826[“Solitary Death, make me thine own”] 826Walter Pater 827Constancy 827To Christina Rossetti 828Penetration 828To the Winter Aphrodite 829“I love you with my life” 829A Palimpsest 829“Beloved, my glory in thee is not ceased” 830“Lo, my loved is dying” 830Alice Meynell (1847–1922) 830Renouncement 831Unlinked 831Parentage 832Maternity 832William Hurrell Mallock (1849–1923) 833Christmas Thoughts, by a Modern Thinker 833William Ernest Henley (1849–1903) 836From In Hospital 836I Enter Patient 836II Waiting 837xiv Ave, Caesar! 837IV to R. T. H. B. [invictus] 838We Shall Surely Die 838When You Are Old 839Double Ballade of Life and Fate 839Remonstrance 841Pro Rege Nostro 841Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–94) 843From Treasure Island 843To the Hesitating Purchaser 843A Child’s Garden of Verses 844[From the first section] 844I Bed in Summer 844V Whole Duty of Children 845xxviii Foreign Children 845From Underwoods 846xxi Requiem 846“A Plea for Gas Lamps” 846Arthur Clement Hilton (1851–77) 849Octopus 849Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) 850Requiescat 851Impression du Matin 852Helas! 852Impressions 853I Le Jardin 853II La Mer 853Symphony in Yellow 854The Harlot’s House 854A Preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray 855John Davidson (1857–1909) 857Thirty Bob a Week 857A Northern Suburb 860Battle 861Constance Naden (1858–89) 861The Lady Doctor 862Love Versus Learning 864To Amy, On Receiving Her Photograph 866The New Orthodoxy 866Natural Selection 868A. E. Housman (1859–1936) 869A Shropshire Lad 870I 1887 870II “loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now” 871XIII “when I Was One-and-twenty” 872xix To an Athlete Dying Young 872xxvii “Is my team ploughing?” 873xxx “Others, I am not the first” 874xxxi “On Wenlock Edge the wood’s in trouble” 875xxxv “On the idle hill of summer” 875xlv “If by chance your eye offend you” 876liv “With rue my heart is laden” 876lxii “Terence, this is stupid stuff ” 877Additional Poems 879xviii “Oh who is that young sinner with the handcuffs on his wrists?” 879Francis Thompson (1859–1907) 880The Hound of Heaven 880Rosamund Marriott Watson (1860–1911) 885Scythe Song 886Triolet 887Omar Khayyám 887Dead Poets 888In the Rain 889A Summer Night 890Chimæra 891Mary Elizabeth Coleridge (1861–1907) 892Gone 893The Other Side of a Mirror 893Mortal Combat 894The Witch 894Marriage 895The White Women 895Death and the Lady 897Amy Levy (1861–89) 897Felo De Se 898Magdalen 899A Wallflower 901The First Extra 901At a Dinner Party 902A Ballad of Religion and Marriage 902Henry Newbolt (1862–1938) 903Vitaï Lampada 904“He Fell Among Thieves” 905The Dictionary of National Biography 906The Vigil 907Clifton Chapel 908Arthur Symons (1865–1945) 909Pastel 910The Absinthe Drinker 910Javanese Dancers 911Hallucination 912White Heliotrope 913Bianca 913William Butler Yeats (1865–1939) 914The Stolen Child 915The Lake Isle of Innisfree 916An Old Song Re-Sung [Down by the Salley Gardens] 917When You Are Old 917Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936) 918Gunga Din 918The Widow at Windsor 921Mandalay 922Recessional 923The White Man’s Burden: An Address to the United States 924Lionel Johnson (1867–1902) 926The Dark Angel 927The Destroyer of a Soul 928A Decadent’s Lyric 929Ernest Dowson (1867–1900) 929Non Sum Qualis Eram Bonae Sub Regno Cynarae 930Nuns of the Perpetual Adoration 931Vitae Summa Brevis Spem Non Vetat Incohare Longam 932Benedictio Domini 932Spleen 933Villanelle of the Poet’s Road 934Charlotte Mew (1869–1928) 934V.R.I. 935I [January 22nd, 1901] 935II [february 2nd, 1901] 935To a Little Child in Death 935At the Convent Gate 936Song [“Oh! Sorrow”] 937Not for that City 937Requiescat 938The Farmer’s Bride 939Index of Authors and Titles 941

Victor Shea is Associate Professor of Humanities and English at York University, Canada. He holds degrees from University of Prince Edward Island, University of Toronto, and York University. His research interests include Victorian culture and literature, British Empire and imperialism, American Studies, and literary theory. With William Whitla, he is co-editor of Essays and Reviews: The 1860 Text and its Readings (2000) and co-author of Foundations: Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing (2nd edition, 2005).William Whitla is Professor Emeritus and Senior Scholar in English and Humanities at York University, Canada.  He holds degrees from University of Toronto, TrinityCollege, and University of Oxford. His research interests include Victorian culture and literature, literary theory, and interdisciplinary studies in medieval and Renaissance studies. He is the author of The English Handbook: A Guide to Literary Studies (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010). With Victor Shea, he is co-editor of Essays and Reviews: The 1860 Text and its Readings (2000) and co-author of Foundations: Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing (2nd edition, 2005).

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• List of Plates and Illustrations xliiPreface xlvAbbreviations liIntroduction 1Victorian Representations and Misrepresentations 1“The Terrific Burning” 2The Battle of the Styles 3“The Best of Times, the Worst of Times” 4Demographics and Underlying Fears 5Power, Industry, and the High Cost of Bread and Beer 5The Classes and the Masses 7The Dynamics of Gender 8Religion and the Churches 9Political Structures 11Empire 12Genres and Literary Hierarchies 12The Fine Arts and Popular Entertainment 13Revolutions in Mass Media and the Expansion of Print Culture 17Part One Contexts 19The Condition of England 21Introduction 211. The Victorian Social Formation 27Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1803–73): Pelham (1828) 27From Chapter 1 27Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): Chartism (1840) 29From Chapter 1: “Condition-of-England Question” 29Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): Past and Present (1843) 30From Book I, Chapter 1: “Midas” 30Benjamin Disraeli (1804–81): Sybil (1845) 32From Book 2, Chapter 5 [The Two Nations] 32George Cruikshank (1792–1878): The British Bee Hive. Process engraving (1867) 34Matthew Arnold (1822–88): Culture and Anarchy (1869) 35From III [Chapter 3: “Barbarians, Philistines, Populace”] 352. Education and Mass Literacy 37Illustrated London News (1842): From “Our Address” 37Illustrated London News (1843): Dedicatory Sonnet 39Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815–81): Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold, D.D. (1844) 39From “Letter of Inquiry for a Master” by Thomas Arnold (1795–1842) 39From “Letter to a Master on his Appointment” 40William Wordsworth (1770–1850): “Illustrated Books and Newspapers” (1846) 40Anon. [Thomas Peckett Prest (?) (1810–59)]: “The String of Pearls: A Romance” (1846–47) 41From Chapter 38 [Sweeney Todd] 41From Chapter 39 42The Society for Promoting Working Men’s Associations: “Lectures for April, 1853” 43Charles Dickens (1812–70): Hard Times (1854) 44Chapter 1: “The One Thing Needful” 44Elizabeth Rigby, Lady Eastlake (1809–93): From “The Englishwoman at School” (July 1878) 45Gender, Women, and Sexuality 49Introduction 491. Constructing Genders 56Kenelm Digby (1800–80): The Broad Stone of Honour: or, the True Sense and Practice of Chivalry ([1822] 1877) 56From Part 1, Section 14: “Godefridus” 56Sarah Stickney Ellis (1799–1872): The Daughters of England (1842) 57From Chapter 1: “Important Inquiries” 57From Chapter 9: “Friendship and Flirtation” 58Marion Kirkland Reid (c.1839–89): From A Plea for Woman (1843) 59Richard Pilling (1799–1874): From “Defence at his Trial” (1843) 61Isabella Beeton (1836–65): The Book of Household Management (1859–61) 62From Chapter 1: “The Mistress” 62Eliza Lynn Linton (1822–98): From “The Girl of the Period” in theSaturday Review (14 Mar. 1868) 65Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936). “If—” (1910) 672. The Woman Question 68Sarah Stickney Ellis (1799–1872): The Women of England (1838) 68From Chapter 2: “The Influence of the Women of England” 68Harriet Taylor (1807–58): From “The Enfranchisement of Women” in Westminster Review (July 1851) 70Caroline Norton (1808–77): From A Letter to the Queen on Lord Chancellor Cranworth’s Marriage and Divorce Bill (1855) 71Harriet Martineau (1802–76), Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), Josephine Butler (1828–1906), and others: “Manifesto” of “The Ladies’ National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts” in Daily News (31 Dec. 1869) 74Sarah Grand (1854–1943): From “The New Aspect of the Woman Question” in North American Review (Mar. 1894) 76Sydney Grundy (1848–1914): The New Woman (1894) 78From Act 1 78Literature and the Arts 81Introduction 811. Debates about Literature 87Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812–52): Contrasts (1836) 87From Chapter 1: “On the Feelings which Produced the Great Edifices of the Middle Ages” 87George Eliot (1819–80): From “Silly Novels by Lady Novelists” inWestminster Review (Oct. 1856) 89Mary Elizabeth Braddon (1835–1915): Lady Audley’s Secret (1862) 91From Chapter 1: “Lucy” 91From Chapter 37: “Buried Alive” 93Colin Henry Hazlewood (1820–75): Lady Audley’s Secret (1863) 94From Act V 94Henry James (1843–1916): From “The Art of Fiction” in Longman’s Magazine (Sept. 1884) 962. Pre-Raphaelitism, Aestheticism, and Decadence 98William Michael Rossetti (1829–1919): The Germ: Or Thoughts Toward Nature in Poetry, Literature, and Art (1850) 98From “Introduction” 98Charles Dickens (1812–70): From “Old Lamps for New Ones” in Household Words (15 June 1850) 100Christina Rossetti (1830–94): Two Poems on the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood [1853] 102The P.R.B. [I] 102The P.R.B. [II] 103John Ruskin (1819–1900): “The Præ-Raphaelites” Letter to The Times(25 May 1854) 103Walter Pater (1839–94): From “The Poems of William Morris” [“Æsthetic Poetry”] in Westminster Review (Oct. 1868) 105James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834–1903): From “Mr. Whistler’s ‘Ten O’Clock’” (20 Feb. 1885) 109Religion and Science 113Introduction 1131. Geology and Evolution 122Robert Chambers (1802–71): Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (1844) 122From Chapter 12: “General Considerations Respecting the Origin of the Animated Tribes” 122Hugh Miller (1802–56): The Foot-Prints of the Creator: or, the Asterolepis of Stromness (1849) 124From “Stromness and its Asterolepis. The Lake of Stennis 124Philip Henry Gosse (1810–88): Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot (1857) 125From Chapter 12: “The Conclusion” 125Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913): From “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type” (20 Aug. 1858) 127Charles Darwin (1809–82): On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859) 130From “Introduction” 130From Chapter 3: “Struggle for Existence” 133From Chapter 4: “Natural Selection” 133From Chapter 15: “Recapitulation and Conclusion” 136Agnes Mary Frances Robinson (1857–1944) 140Darwinism 140Empire 142Introduction 1421. Celebration and Criticism 148Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): From “Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question” in Fraser’s Magazine (Dec. 1849) 148John Stuart Mill (1806–73): From “The Negro Question” inFraser’s Magazine (Jan. 1850) 150John Ruskin (1819–1900): From Inaugural Lecture (1870) 151George William Hunt (c.1839–1904): “MacDermott’s War Song” [“By Jingo”] (1877) 153J. R. Seeley (1834–95): The Expansion of England (1883) 154From Course II, Lecture I: “History and Politics” 154Alfred Tennyson (1809–92): “Opening of the Indian and Colonial Exhibition” (1886) 156Alfred Tennyson (1809–92): “Carmen Sæculare: An Ode in Honour of the Jubilee of Queen Victoria” (1887) 157Henry Labouchère [?] (1831–1912): “The Brown Man’s Burden” (1899) 160J. A. Hobson (1858–1940): Imperialism: A Study (1902) 162From Part 2, Chapter 4: “Imperialism and the Lower Races” 162Arthur Christopher Benson (1862–1925): “Land of Hope and Glory” (1902) 163Wilfrid Scawen Blunt (1840–1922): From My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914 (1919) 1652. Governing the Colonies 1662.1 India 166Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–59): From Minute on Indian Education (1835) 166Proclamation by the Queen in Council, to the Princes, Chiefs, and People of India (1858) 169G. A. Henty (1832–1902): With Clive in India: Or, The Beginnings of an Empire (1884) 171From “Preface” 171Flora Annie Steel (1847–1929) and Grace Gardiner (d. 1919): The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook (1888) 172From “Preface to the First Edition” 172From Chapter 1: “The Duties of the Mistress” 173Behramji Malabari (1853–1912): The Indian Eye on English Life, or Rambles of a Pilgrim Reformer (1893) 176From Chapter 2: “In and About London” 176Ham Mukasa (1870–1956): Uganda’s Katikiro in England (1904) 178From Chapter 5 178From Chapter 6 179Part Two Authors 181Walter Savage Landor (1775–1864) 183To Robert Browning 183“You smiled, you spoke, and I believed” 184Dying Speech of an Old Philosopher 184“I entreat you, Alfred Tennyson” 184Charlotte Elliott (1789–1871) 185“Him That Cometh to Me I Will in No Wise Cast Out.” [Just As I Am] 185John Keble (1792–1866) 186From National Apostasy Considered 187Felicia Hemans (1793–1835) 190Casabianca 191The Indian Woman’s Death-Song 192The Indian With His Dead Child 194The Rock of Cader-Idris 195The Last Song of Sappho 196Janet Hamilton (1795–1873) 198A Lay of the Tambour Frame 198Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) 200Past and Present 201“Hero-Worship” 202“Captains of Industry” 205Maria Smith Abdy (1797–1867) 210A Governess Wanted 211Mary Howitt (1799–1888) 212The Spider and the Fly 213The Fossil Elephant 214Thomas Hood (1799–1845) 216The Song of the Shirt 216The Bridge of Sighs 219Sarah Stickney Ellis (1799–1872) 222From Pictures of Private Life 222“An Apology for Fiction” 222Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–59) 225The History of England from the Accession of James the Second (1848–61) 225From Chapter 1: “Before the Restoration” 226[Introduction] 226From Chapter 3: “The State of England in 1685” 228[The Clergy] 228John Henry Newman (1801–90) 230The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated 231From Discourse V: “Knowledge Its Own End” 233From Discourse VII: “Knowledge Viewed in Relation to Professional Skill” 237William Barnes (1801–86) 239My Orchet in Linden Lea 240Childhood 240The Wife a-Lost 241Zummer An’ Winter 242From “Old Bardic Poetry” [Two Translations from the Welsh] in Macmillan’s Magazine (Aug. 1867). 243I Cynddyl´an’s Hall 243II An Englyn on a Yellow Greyhound 244Harriet Martineau (1802–76) 244Society in America (1837) 245From Chapter 3: “Morals of Politics” 245Section VI: “Citizenship of People of Colour” 245Section VII: “Political Non-Existence of Women” 246L. E. L. [Letitia Elizabeth Landon] (1802–38) 248Sappho’s Song 248Revenge 249Stanzas on the Death of Mrs. Hemans 250The Factory 253The Princess Victoria [I] 255The Princess Victoria [II] 257Elizabeth Duncan Campbell (1804–78) 258The Windmill of Sebastopol 258The Crimean War 261The Schoolmaster 263The Death of Willie, My Second Son 264Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–61) 266Stanzas Addressed to Miss Landon, 266L. E. L.’s Last Question 268A Musical Instrument 270John Stuart Mill (1806–73) 272On Liberty 273From “Introductory” 274The Subjection of Women 280From Chapter 1 280Caroline Norton (1808–77) 285From A Voice from the Factories 285The Picture of Sappho 290Charles Darwin (1809–82) 293From Autobiography 294Edward FitzGerald (1809–83) 301The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, The Astronomer-Poet of Persia 302Alfred Tennyson (1809–92) 318Mariana 319The Kraken 321The Lady of Shalott 321Ulysses 326[“Break, break, break”] 328In Memoriam A. H. H. 329The Eagle 415The Charge of the Light Brigade 416To Virgil 418“Frater Ave atque Vale” 419Crossing the Bar 420Robert Browning (1812–89) 420Porphyria’s Lover 421From Pippa Passes 423Song 423My Last Duchess 423Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister 424The Bishop Orders His Tomb at Saint Praxed’s Church 427Meeting at Night 431Parting at Morning 431Love Among the Ruins 431Fra Lippo Lippi 434Andrea del Sarto 444From Asolando 450Epilogue 450Edward Lear (1812–88) 451From A Book of Nonsense 452The Owl and the Pussy-Cat 453How Pleasant to Know Mr. Lear 454Samuel Smiles (1812–1904) 455Self-Help: With Illustrations of Character and Conduct 455From Chapter 1: “Self-Help: National and Individual” 455From Chapter 2: “Leaders of Industry—Inventors and Producers” [James Watt] 456Charlotte Brontë (1816–55) 457The Missionary 458“My feet they are sore, and my limbs they are weary” 462Eventide [“The house was still, the room was still”] 463Dec 24 [1848] [On the Death of Emily Brontë] 463June 21 1849 [On the Death of Anne Brontë] 464Grace Aguilar (1816–47) 464The Vision of Jerusalem 465Edwin Waugh (1817–90) 467Come Whoam to Thy Childer an’ Me 467Eawr Folk 468Emily Jane Brontë (1818–48) 470Remembrance 470Song [“The Linnet in the rocky dells”] 471To Imagination 472Plead for Me 473The Old Stoic 474“Shall earth no more inspire thee?” 475“Ay—there it is! it wakes to-night” 476“No coward soul is mine” 477Eliza Cook (1818–89) 477The Old Arm-Chair 478Arthur Hugh Clough (1819–61) 479Qui Laborat, Orat 480“Duty—that’s to say complying” 480The Latest Decalogue 482The Struggle 482Ah! Yet Consider it Again! 483Epi-strauss-ium 483John Ruskin (1819–1900) 484Modern Painters 485From “Of Water, as Painted by Turner” 487From “Of Pathetic Fallacy’’ 490The Stones of Venice 493From “The Nature of Gothic” 495Queen Victoria (1819–1901) 506Speech to Parliament 8 August 1851 506From Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1848 to 1861 508Love for Balmoral 508Visits to the Old Women 508George Eliot (1819–80) 509“O May I Join the Choir Invisible” 510Anne Brontë (1820–49) 511Appeal 512The Captive Dove 512“O, they have robbed me of the hope” 513Domestic Peace 513[Last Lines] “I hoped that I was brave and strong” 514Jean Ingelow (1820–97) 516Remonstrance 516Like a Laverock in the Lift 517On the Borders of Cannock Chase 517Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) 518Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not 519Preface 519[Introduction] 519“Note Upon Some Errors in Novels” 522From Cassandra 524Dora Greenwell (1821–82) 529A Scherzo 529To Elizabeth Barrett Browning in 1851 530To Elizabeth Barrett Browning in 1861 531To Christina Rossetti 531Matthew Arnold (1822–88) 532The Forsaken Merman 532Memorial Verses 536[Isolation] To Marguerite 538To Marguerite, in Returning a Volume of the Letters of Ortis 539The Buried Life 540Lines Written in Kensington Gardens 542Philomela 544Requiescat 545Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse 545East London 551West London 552Dover Beach 552Growing Old 553Preface to Poems (1853) 554Coventry Patmore (1823–96) 564From The Angel in the House 565Book I: The Prologue 565III Honoria: the Accompaniments 5681 The Lover 568Book II: “The Espousals” 570X the Epitaph: the Accompaniments 5703 The Foreign Land 570XI the Departure: the Accompaniments 5701 Womanhood 570Idyl XI: The Departure 571The Epilogue 572Sydney Dobell (1824–74) 572To the Authoress of “Aurora Leigh” 573Two Sonnets on the Death of Prince Albert 573William Topaz McGonagall (1825–1902) 574The Tay Bridge Disaster 575The Death of the Queen 577Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895) 578From “‘On a Piece of Chalk.’ A Lecture to Working Men” 579Adelaide Anne Procter (1825–64) 583Envy 583A Woman’s Question 584A Woman’s Answer 585A Lost Cord 586A Woman’s Last Word 587Eliza Harriet Keary (1827–1918) 588Disenchanted 588Renunciation 589A Mother’s Call 589Old Age 590A Portrait 590Samuel Laycock (1826–93) 591To My Owd Friend, Thomas Kenworthy 591John Bull an’ His Tricks! 592Emily Pfeiffer (1827–90) 594Peace to the Odalisque [I] 595[Peace to the Odalisque II] 595Any Husband to Many a Wife 596Studies from the Antique 596Kassandra I 596Kassandra II 597Klytemnestra I 597Klytemnestra II 598Ellen Johnston (c.1827–74) 598The Working Man 599The Last Sark 599Nelly’s Lament for the Pirnhouse Cat 600Wanted, a Man 601The Last Lay of “The Factory Girl” 603George Meredith (1828–1909) 605Lucifer in Starlight 605Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828–82) 606The Girlhood of Mary Virgin 607The Blessed Damozel 608The Woodspurge 614Jenny 614The Ballad of Dead Ladies 623Sunset Wings 625“Found” 626Spheral Change 626Proserpina 627Gerald Massey (1828–1907) 628The Cry of the Unemployed 628The Red Banner 629The Awakening of the People 630Elizabeth Siddal (1829–62) 631Dead Love 632Love and Hate 632Lord, May I Come? 633Christina Rossetti (1830–94) 634Sappho 635Goblin Market 635A Birthday 649Remember 649After Death 650An Apple Gathering 650Echo 651My Secret 652“No, Thank You, John” 653Song 654Up-Hill 654A Better Resurrection 655L. E. L. 655From Sing-Song 656Monna Innominata: A Sonnet of Sonnets 658A Life’s Parallels 667“For Thine Own Sake, O My God” 667Birchington Churchyard 668Cobwebs 668In an Artist’s Studio 669An Echo from Willow-Wood 669Sleeping at Last 670Lewis Carroll (1832–98) 671From Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland 672[Prefatory Poem] “All in the golden afternoon” 672From Through the Looking-Glass 673[Prefatory Poem] “Child of the pure unclouded brow” 673Jabberwocky 674The Walrus and the Carpenter 676[Concluding Poem] “A boat, beneath a sunny sky” 678William Morris (1834–96) 679Riding Together 680The Defence of Guenevere 682The Haystack in the Floods 693In Prison 697From The Earthly Paradise: An Apology 698James Thomson [B. V.] (1834–82) 700The City of Dreadful Night 700Proem 701I “The City is of Night; perchance of Death” 703II “because He Seemed to Walk with An Intent” 704VI “i Sat Forlornly by the River-side” 704VII “some Say That Phantoms Haunt Those Shadowy Streets” 706IX “it Is Full Strange to Him Who Hears and Feels” 707XIII “of All Things Human Which Are Strange and Wild” 708xiv “Large glooms were gathered in the mighty fane” 709xvi “Our shadowy congregation rested still” 712xix “The mighty river flowing dark and deep” 713xx “I sat me weary on a pillar’s base” 715xxi “Anear the centre of that northern crest” 716E. B. B. 719William Schwenck Gilbert (1836–1911) 720From Patience 720Bunthorne’s Recitative and Song [“Am I alone, and unobserved?”] 720Bunthorne and Grosvenor’s Duet [“When I go out of door”] 722From Iolanthe 724Lord Mountararat’s Solo [“When Britain really ruled the waves”] 724From The Gondoliers 725Quartet [“Then one of us will be a Queen”] 725Giuseppe’s Solo [“Rising early in the morning”] 727Augusta Webster (1837–94) 729A Castaway 730Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909) 746From Atalanta in Calydon 747Chorus [“When the hounds of spring are on winter’s traces”] 747Chorus [“Before the beginning of years”] 749The Leper 751Before the Mirror 755Nephelidia 757From “A Sequence of Sonnets on the Death of Robert Browning” 759Walter Horatio Pater (1839–94) 759Studies in the History of the Renaissance 760Preface 762Conclusion 766Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) 769Hap 769Neutral Tones 770Nature’s Questioning 770A Christmas Ghost-Story 771The Dead Drummer [Drummer Hodge] 772The Darkling Thrush 773The Ruined Maid 774De Profundis [In Tenebris] I 775De Profundis [in Tenebris] II 776Mathilde Blind (1841–96) 776Winter 777The Dead 777Manchester by Night 778The Red Sunsets, 1883 [I] 778The Red Sunsets, 1883 [II] 779Violet Fane (1843–1905) 779Lancelot and Guinevere 780Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–89) 783The Wreck of the Deutschland 784God’s Grandeur 796The Starlight Night 796Spring 797The Windhover 797Pied Beauty 798Hurrahing in Harvest 798Binsey Poplars 799Duns Scotus’s Oxford 800Felix Randal 800Spring and Fall: 801“As kingfishers catch fire, dragonflies dráw fláme” 801[Carrion Comfort] 802Tom’s Garland 803Harry Ploughman 804That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire and of the Comfort of the Resurrection 805[“Thou art indeed just, Lord”] 805Louisa Sarah Bevington (1845–95) 806Morning 806Afternoon 807Twilight 808Midnight 809Marion Bernstein (1846–1906) 810Woman’s Rights and Wrongs 810A Rule to Work Both Ways 811Wanted A Husband 812Human Rights 813A Dream 813Married and “Settled” 814Michael Field [Katharine Harris Bradley (1846–1914) and Edith Cooper (1862–1913)] 815An Æolian Harp 816xiv [My Darling] 817xxxv [“Come, Gorgo, put the rug in place”] 818[“O free me, for I take the leap”] 818Praise of Thanatos 819In Memoriam 820Mona Lisa—Leonardo da Vinci (The Louvre) 820To Correggio’s Holy Sebastian (Dresden) 821Cupid’s Visit [“I lay sick in a foreign land”] 821The Birth of Venus 822[“Sometimes I do dispatch my heart”] 823[“Ah, Eros doth not always smite”] 823Cyclamens 824[“Already to mine eyelids’ shore”] 824[“A Girl”] 824[“I sing thee with a stock-dove’s throat”] 825Unbosoming 825[“It was deep April”] 826[“Solitary Death, make me thine own”] 826Walter Pater 827Constancy 827To Christina Rossetti 828Penetration 828To the Winter Aphrodite 829“I love you with my life” 829A Palimpsest 829“Beloved, my glory in thee is not ceased” 830“Lo, my loved is dying” 830Alice Meynell (1847–1922) 830Renouncement 831Unlinked 831Parentage 832Maternity 832William Hurrell Mallock (1849–1923) 833Christmas Thoughts, by a Modern Thinker 833William Ernest Henley (1849–1903) 836From In Hospital 836I Enter Patient 836II Waiting 837xiv Ave, Caesar! 837IV to R. T. H. B. [invictus] 838We Shall Surely Die 838When You Are Old 839Double Ballade of Life and Fate 839Remonstrance 841Pro Rege Nostro 841Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–94) 843From Treasure Island 843To the Hesitating Purchaser 843A Child’s Garden of Verses 844[From the first section] 844I Bed in Summer 844V Whole Duty of Children 845xxviii Foreign Children 845From Underwoods 846xxi Requiem 846“A Plea for Gas Lamps” 846Arthur Clement Hilton (1851–77) 849Octopus 849Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) 850Requiescat 851Impression du Matin 852Helas! 852Impressions 853I Le Jardin 853II La Mer 853Symphony in Yellow 854The Harlot’s House 854A Preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray 855John Davidson (1857–1909) 857Thirty Bob a Week 857A Northern Suburb 860Battle 861Constance Naden (1858–89) 861The Lady Doctor 862Love Versus Learning 864To Amy, On Receiving Her Photograph 866The New Orthodoxy 866Natural Selection 868A. E. Housman (1859–1936) 869A Shropshire Lad 870I 1887 870II “loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now” 871XIII “when I Was One-and-twenty” 872xix To an Athlete Dying Young 872xxvii “Is my team ploughing?” 873xxx “Others, I am not the first” 874xxxi “On Wenlock Edge the wood’s in trouble” 875xxxv “On the idle hill of summer” 875xlv “If by chance your eye offend you” 876liv “With rue my heart is laden” 876lxii “Terence, this is stupid stuff ” 877Additional Poems 879xviii “Oh who is that young sinner with the handcuffs on his wrists?” 879Francis Thompson (1859–1907) 880The Hound of Heaven 880Rosamund Marriott Watson (1860–1911) 885Scythe Song 886Triolet 887Omar Khayyám 887Dead Poets 888In the Rain 889A Summer Night 890Chimæra 891Mary Elizabeth Coleridge (1861–1907) 892Gone 893The Other Side of a Mirror 893Mortal Combat 894The Witch 894Marriage 895The White Women 895Death and the Lady 897Amy Levy (1861–89) 897Felo De Se 898Magdalen 899A Wallflower 901The First Extra 901At a Dinner Party 902A Ballad of Religion and Marriage 902Henry Newbolt (1862–1938) 903Vitaï Lampada 904“He Fell Among Thieves” 905The Dictionary of National Biography 906The Vigil 907Clifton Chapel 908Arthur Symons (1865–1945) 909Pastel 910The Absinthe Drinker 910Javanese Dancers 911Hallucination 912White Heliotrope 913Bianca 913William Butler Yeats (1865–1939) 914The Stolen Child 915The Lake Isle of Innisfree 916An Old Song Re-Sung [Down by the Salley Gardens] 917When You Are Old 917Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936) 918Gunga Din 918The Widow at Windsor 921Mandalay 922Recessional 923The White Man’s Burden: An Address to the United States 924Lionel Johnson (1867–1902) 926The Dark Angel 927The Destroyer of a Soul 928A Decadent’s Lyric 929Ernest Dowson (1867–1900) 929Non Sum Qualis Eram Bonae Sub Regno Cynarae 930Nuns of the Perpetual Adoration 931Vitae Summa Brevis Spem Non Vetat Incohare Longam 932Benedictio Domini 932Spleen 933Villanelle of the Poet’s Road 934Charlotte Mew (1869–1928) 934V.R.I. 935I [January 22nd, 1901] 935II [february 2nd, 1901] 935To a Little Child in Death 935At the Convent Gate 936Song [“Oh! Sorrow”] 937Not for that City 937Requiescat 938The Farmer’s Bride 939Index of Authors and Titles 941