Handbook of the Science of Existential Psychology

Kenneth E. Vail III, PhD, is Associate Professor of Psychology and Director of the Social Psychology and Existential Attitudes Research Laboratory at Cleveland State University (CSU). Dr. Vail’s research focuses on existential psychology, including the consequences of humans’ awareness of their own mortality, autonomy, and choice freedom, and the influence of these existential concerns on cultural activity, personal growth, and both physical and mental health. He is cofounder and president of the International Society for the Science of Existential Psychology. Dr. Vail is a recipient of the Rising Star Award from the Association for Psychological Science, as well as research, teaching, mentoring, and service awards from CSU.Daryl R. Van Tongeren, PhD, is Associate Professor of Psychology and Director of the Frost Center for Social Science Research at Hope College. He addresses “big questions” humans face by conducting multimethod research from an existential perspective. His recent research foci include the causes and consequences of religious deidentification and the costs and benefits of intellectual humility in the face of existential challenges. With over 200 publications, Dr. Van Tongeren is a recipient of the Rising Star Award from the Association for Psychological Science and of Early Career Awards from the Society for the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality (Division 36 of the American Psychological Association) and the International Society for the Science of Existential Psychology.Rebecca J. Schlegel, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Texas A&M University (TAMU), Co-Principal Investigator in the TAMU Existential Psychology Collaboratory, and Interim Director of the TAMU Institute for Technology Infused Learning. Her research focuses on issues related to self/identity, authenticity, and meaning in life, particularly on the idea of a “true self” and the ways in which people use beliefs surrounding their avowed true self to imbue their life with meaning. In recent years, Dr. Schlegel has worked with education researchers, computer scientists, and engineers in an interdisciplinary effort to develop and test interventions that aim to foster an academic sense of self among students in elementary, middle, and high school.Jeff Greenberg, PhD, is Regents Professor of Psychology and College of Science Fellow at the University of Arizona. His work has contributed to understanding self-serving biases, how motivation affects cognition, the effects of ethnic slurs, the role of self-awareness in depression, cognitive dissonance, existential isolation, and how concerns about death contribute to prejudice, self-esteem striving, and many other aspects of social behavior. Cocreator of terror management theory, Dr. Greenberg is a recipient of honors including the Distinguished Career Contributions Award from the International Society for the Science of Existential Psychology, the Career Contribution Award from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, and the Outstanding Lifetime Career Award from the International Society for Self and Identity.Laura A. King, PhD, is Curators’ Distinguished Professor of Psychology and Director of the Personality Dynamics Lab at the University of Missouri–Columbia. Her research focuses primarily on the experience of meaning in life, embedding that experience in everyday life. She has also examined the existential benefits of worldviews, such as right-wing authoritarianism, and the existential challenge of pluralism. Dr. King is a recipient of the Jack Block Award for Distinguished Research in Personality from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, among other research and teaching awards. She has served in many editorial and leadership roles in personality and social psychology. A member of the LGBTQ+ community, Dr. King has advocated for diversity and inclusion in these various roles.Richard M. Ryan, PhD, is Professor at the Institute for Positive Psychology and Education at the Australian Catholic University. He is also Distinguished Professor in the College of Education at Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea; Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Rochester; and Visiting Professor at Imperial College London, United Kingdom. The co-developer of self-determination theory, Dr. Ryan is a therapist, consultant, and cofounder of Motivation Works, an organizational research and intervention firm. He is the most-cited psychologist in the world today and has authored over 450 papers and books. Dr. Ryan has been honored with four lifetime achievement awards for his work on motivation, personal meaning, self and identity, and existential psychology.

“This is the most comprehensive and useful volume on existential psychology to date. The Handbook shows how questions about mortality, freedom, meaning, and identity shape thought and behavior across nearly every area of psychology. The structure makes it easy to assign individual chapters or full sections in advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level courses on the self, moral psychology, religion, philosophy, or mental health. The writing is clear, evidence based, and intellectually serious, while still accessible to students. An ideal book for sparking discussion, building foundations in psychological theory, and connecting psychology to the real world.”--Kurt Gray, PhD, Weary Foundation Endowed Chair in Social Psychology, The Ohio State University“This outstanding handbook brings the rigors and sophistication of psychological science to the most profound aspects of the human predicament, including freedom, death, uncertainty, aging, and authenticity. Under the deft hands of a stellar editorial team, and with an impressive lineup of contributors, the volume explores topics that, despite being quintessentially psychological, have been left until recently to philosophers, novelists, and poets. An essential read for scholars and students interested in cutting-edge psychological insights into the mysteries of human nature and human adaptation in our quickly changing world.”--Arie W. Kruglanski, PhD, Distinguished University Professor of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park"Sixty-five remarkable chapters on life, death, and everything in between! Love and work, meaning and loss, knowledge and ignorance, freedom and oppression, happiness and misery, longing and anxiety, self-esteem and attachment, sex and objectification, morality and courage, acceptance and exclusion, politics and religion, aging and nostalgia, hope and despair, suicide and grief. It’s all here. The science of existential psychology is alive and well, and we need it now more than ever."--John T. Jost, PhD, Department of Psychology, New York University-

• IntroductionI. Philosophical Roots, Scientific Methods1. The Role of Death in Becoming Subjective and Cultivating Meaning in Kierkegaard, Sophie Höfer & Adam Buben2. A Sense of Freedom: Free Will in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy and Sartre’s Being and Nothingness, Stephen Kearns & Alfred R.Mele3. Determination and Transcendence: An Existentialist Account of Our Freedom to Shape Ourselves in a Deterministic World, Derk Pereboom4. The Failure of Science and the Science of Failure: Toward a Black Existential Psychology, Timothy J. Golden5. Research Methods in the Science of Existential Psychology, Matthew VessII. Death, Aging, and Time6. Back to the Future: Terror Management Theory--Review and Preview, Sheldon Solomon, Jeff Greenberg, & Tom Pyszczynski7. The Nature Problem: Wilderness, Animals, and the Human Body, Uri Lifshin, Sarah Elizabeth Wolfe, Lauren Keira Marie Smith, Stylianos Syropoulos, Immo Fritsche, & Fabian M. Hess8. Near-Death Experiences: An Overview and Implications for Mortality, Natasha Ann Tassell-Matamua, Bruce Greyson, & Philip J. Cozzolino9. Death Anxiety and Mental Health, Rachel Menzies10. Health in the Spotlight and Shadow of Death: The Terror Management Health Model, Emily P. Courtney, Jamie L. Goldenberg, & Jamie Arndt11. Suicide: The Fatal Withdrawal from Life, Joseph Hayes & Robert W.G. Tupper12. Existential Neuroscience: Bridging Philosophy, Psychology, and the Brain, Markus Quirin & Georg Northoff13. Time, Scarcity, and Savoring the Moment, Jaime L. Kurtz & Ryan Murphy14. Nostalgia: The Existential Value of Temporal Longing, Constantine Sedikides & Tim Wildschut15. An Existential Perspective on Aging into Older Adulthood, Molly MaxfieldIII. Freedom, Authenticity, and Moral Responsibility16. Developmental Research on Children’s Understanding of Choice and Constraints, Xin Zhao17. How the Existential Agent Functions: Free Will and Self-Regulation, Roy F. Baumeister18. From Authenticity to I–Thou Relationships: Self-Determination Theory as a Framework for the Study of Existential-Phenomenological Psychology, William S. Ryan & Richard M. Ryan19. Solving the Existential Problem of Choice: Sartre, Free Will, Goal Breakthroughs, Courage, Autonomy, and Self-Concordance, Kennon M. Sheldon20. Authenticity and True Selves, Rebecca J. Schlegel & Grace N. Rivera21. Don’t Tread on Me: Freedom and Reactance to Autonomy Threat, Benjamin David Rosenberg, Thomas Bernhard Coulson, Christopher M. Falco, & Jason T. Siegel22. The Tyranny of Freedom: Choice Overload, Decision Fatigue, and the Meaning of Choice, Nathan N. Cheek23. The Art of Choosing: Navigating the Benefits and Costs of Choice, Elena Reutskaja & Raffaella Misuraca24. Belief in Free Will, Moral Responsibility, and Personal Agency, Elizabeth Seto25. Morality, the Self, and Self-Conscious Emotions, Jessica L. Tracy, Gabrielle C. Ibasco, & Ian HohmIV. Isolation, Uncertainty, and Shared Reality26. Existential Isolation and I-Sharing: Theoretical and Empirical Contributions, Elif Bilal & Peter J. Helm27. Shared Reality, Matteo Masi & Gerald Echterhoff28. Navigating Uncertainty: Cognitive Closure, Information Processing, Epistemic Authority in the Pursuit of Knowledge, Karolina Bonarska, Jakub Cacek, Malgorzata Kossowska, & Ewa Szumowska29. Uncertainty and Social Identity, Benjamin J. Anjewierden, Kathryn M. Kincaid, Amber M. Gaffney, & David E. Rast30. How Meaningful Values Supplant Reactive Approach Motivation for Hostile Worldview Extremes, Ian McGregor31. An Attachment Perspective on the Management of Existential Concerns and Cultivation of Personal Growth, Mario Mikulincer & Phillip R. Shaver32. Ostracism as an Existential Threat, Sydney G. Wicks, Sarah Mohammadi, Natasha R. Wood, & Andrew H. Hales33. Existential Loneliness and Aging, Phoebe E. McKenna-Plumley & Jenny M. GroarkeV. Culture, Self, and Identity34. The Cultural Pursuit of Meaning, Steven J. Heine & Michael B. Mask35. Metaphor Shapes Existential Cognition, Mark Landau, Amy P. Kenny, & Young-Ju Ryu36. Cultural–Existential Psychology: The Societal Roots of Threat and Defense, Daniel Sullivan, Alexis N. Goad, Roman Palitsky, Harrison J. Schmitt, & Isaac F. Young37. A Hero’s Wrath: Taming the Sense of Chaos and Cultivating a Meaningful Sense of Self Through Moral Outrage, Zachary K. Rothschild & Lucas A. Keefer38. Life in Plastic, Not So Fantastic: A Barbie-Informed Feminist Existential Perspective on the Objectification of Women, Jamie L. Goldenberg, Tomi-Ann Roberts, & Roxanne N. Felig39. State Authenticity as Identity-Based Fit to Environment: The SAFE Model, Constantine Sedikides & Toni Schmader40. Narrative Identity, Dan P. McAdams & Sebnem Ture41. How and Why Does Personality Change across the Lifespan?, Muchen Xi & Joshua J. JacksonVI. Meaning and Purpose42. Commonplace Meaning in Life, Erica A. Holberg & Laura A. King43. Dynamic Variation in Finding Meaning and Purpose in Daily Life, David B. Newman & Paul K. Lutz44. The Existential Dynamics of Politics: Understanding the Links between Political Beliefs, Well-Being, and Meaning in Life, Jake Womick, Julianna Ochoa-Peralta, Kevin Flores, Sarahi Lopez Amaro, & Andre Martinez, Jr.45. Science and Religion: Meaning-Making Tools Competing to Explain the World, Natalia Zarzeczna & Roosa Haimila46. Making Life Matter: The Role of Sociocultural and Experiential Significance, Lydia M. Needy, Michael Austin Day, Xiaobo Xu, & Joshua A. Hicks47. From Conscious Wishes to Nonconscious Actions, Gabriele Oettingen48. Boredom and Meaning: Managing Everyday Existential Dread, Eric Raymound Igou, Wijnand Adriaan Pieter van Tilburg, Andrew Bryan Moynihan, & Muireann Kate O'Dea49. Pathways to Meaning and Meaning Maintenance in an Ever-Changing World, Pninit Russo-Netzer & Stefan E. Schulenberg50. Making Meaning of Adversity: A Conceptual and Empirical Overview, Crystal L. Park51. The Search for Meaning: A Review of Research and Theory, Michael F. Steger & Dylan R. MarshVII. Religion and Spirituality52. Death Awareness and Religious Faith, Kenneth E. Vail III, Madhwa S. Galgali, Ashley D. Seeling, & Caroline C. Lapish53. Agency, Free Will Beliefs and Religion: Implications for Meaning Making, Self-Regulation, Well-Being, and Attributional Thinking, Jeffrey D. Green, Stephanie Anne Barrientos Barrientos, & Isabella L. Di Lauro54. Facing the Existential Chasm: The Nonreligious Quest for Meaning and Existential Security, Daryl R. Van Tongeren55. Nonreligious Paths to Existential Fulfillment, Luke Galen56. Religious and Spiritual Struggles: A Brief Overview Highlighting Links with Existential Topics, Julie J. Exline & Kenneth I. Pargament57. Guided by the Glimpse: The Psychology of Meaning from Anomalous Experience, Ralph W. Hood, Jr. & Jonathan DinsmoreVIII. Awe, Growth, and the Good Life58. Awe, Megan E. Edwards & Patty Van Cappellen59. The Transformative Self: How the Narrative Architecture of Identity Frames Humane Flourishing and Authenticity, Jack J. Bauer60. Familiarity Seeking: Growing and Learning from Repeat Experiences, Yuji Katsumata Winet & Ed O'Brien61. The Pursuit of Happiness: Toxic