Applied Social Psychology

Jamie A. Gruman, (PhD, University of Windsor) earned his doctorate in Applied Social Psychology with a specialization in organizational psychology. He is currently an Associate Professor of Organizational Behavior at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, and has previously taught in both the psychology departments and business schools at the University of Toronto and the University of Windsor. An award-winning researcher, he has published articles in such journals as Basic and Applied Social Psychology, Human Resource Management, the Journal of Vocational Behavior, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Human Resource Management Review, Human Resource Development Quarterly, and the Journal of Managerial Psychology. His current research interests pertain largely to positive organizational psychology and his point of entry into this topic is often the organizational socialization process. He is also the founding Chair of the Canadian Positive Psychology Association. Frank W. Schneider (PhD, University of Florida) is Professor Emeritus of Psychology, University of Windsor. He is a cofounder of the doctoral program in Applied Social Psychology at the University of Windsor. He coauthored a textbook on differential psychology and has published articles related to a variety of topics, including policing, group dynamics, organizational effectiveness, evaluation research, social psychology of education, gender roles, domestic violence, helping behavior, race relations, nonverbal communication, attribution theory, and adjustment of the elderly. His current research interests are in the areas of community policing and police organization effectiveness.Larry M. Coutts (PhD, University of Windsor) is the president of L. M. Coutts & Associates, an organizational and human resource management consulting firm, and teaches part-time in the Sprott School of Business, Carleton University. Larry is a former Director of Research and Development for the human resource consulting company EPSI Inc. and a former Assistant Professor in the Applied Social Psychology division at the University of Windsor. He also has held positions with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police as director of the Organizational Design and Job Evaluation Branch and as a senior research principal with both the Personnel Research Branch and the Canadian Police College. His research interests include industrial and organizational psychology, specifically personnel selection (assessment centers, simulation exercises, structured interviews, and testing) and organizational change and development. Much of his published research has focused around law enforcement settings (personnel selection in law enforcement, police hiring and promotion, senior police executive development, etc.).

• PrefacePART I- FOUNDATIONS OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY1. Defining the Field of Applied Social Psychology - Frank W. Schneider, Jamie A. Gruman, and Larry M. CouttsSocial PsychologyDefining Social PsychologySocial Psychology as a ScienceApplied Social PsychologyApplied Social Psychology as a ScienceThe Role of Personal ValuesHistorical Context of Applied Social PsychologyA Problem FocusApproaches to Applied Social PsychologySocial Influences on Behavior: The Power of the SituationLevels of AnalysisThe Need for a Broad ApproachVarious Roles of Applied Social PsychologistsOverview of BookSummary2. Social Psychological Theory - Michelle A. Krieger, Greg A. Chung-Yan, and Shelagh M. J. TowsonThe Scientific ProcessTheory in Social PsychologyFunctions of Social Psychological TheoriesCharacteristics of Social Psychological TheoriesCognitive Dissonance TheoryDescriptionOrganizationDirectionInterventionSumming Up Cognitive Dissonance TheoryTheory of Planned BehaviorDescriptionOrganizationDirectionInterventionSumming Up the Theory of Planned BehaviorSummary3. Research Methods in Applied Social Psychology - Kenneth M. Cramer and Louise R. AlexitchMethods of Data CollectionVariables and Their MeasurementSelf-Report Methods: The Special Case of SurveysObservational MethodsResearch DesignsTrue ExperimentsQuasi-ExperimentsCorrelational StudiesDescriptive StudiesResearch SettingsQualitative Research MethodsResearch EthicsPostscriptSummary4. Intervention and Evaluation - Adam Lodzinski, Michiko S. Motomura, and Frank W. SchneiderDesign of InterventionsNature of InterventionsKey Tasks in Intervention Design and DeliveryEvaluation of InterventionsReasons for Evaluating InterventionsIneffective InterventionsTypes of EvaluationImportance of Research Design in Evaluating InterventionsEvidence-Based InterventionsAn Intervention Example: Reducing Alcohol Problems on CampusIdentifying the ProblemDeveloping a Solution: Forming the Intervention HypothesisGoal Setting and Designing the InterventionImplementing the InterventionEvaluating the InterventionIncorporating Qualitative Methods to Design and Evaluate InterventionsFurther Applications of Social Norm TheoryOther InterventionsExamples of Other InterventionsComplex Problems Require Complex SolutionsInfluencing Social PolicyIntervention IssuesProcess IssuesEthical IssuesSummaryPART II APPLYING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY TO ARENAS OF LIFE5. Applying Social Psychology to Clinical and Counseling Psychology - Kenneth E. Hart and Phillip A. IanniThe Origins of Psychological DisordersThe Social Psychological Roots of Social AnxietyA Social Psychological Model of DepressionThe Treatment and Prevention of Psychological DisordersSelf-Presentation Theory: An Approach to Treating Social AnxietyHopelessness Theory Approach to Treating DepressionThe Diagnosis of Psychological DisordersBiases in Clinical Decision MakingFinal ThoughtsSummary6. Applying Social Psychology to Sports Teams - Philip Sullivan, Deborah L. Feltz, and Lori DithurbideTeam DynamicsTeam CohesionTeam ConfidenceEffective CommunicationTeam Goal SettingTeam BuildingFamily Psychology InterventionCommunication Training InterventionSummary7. Applying Social Psychology to the Media - David R. Ewoldsen and Beverly RoskosHow Does Media Violence Affect Us?The Consequences of Viewing Media ViolenceImitation of ViolenceMedia Violence and Aggressive ThoughtsMedia Violence and FearWhat Happens When We Watch Pornography?Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Nonviolent PornographyEffects of Exposure to Embedded Violent Sexual MaterialReducing the Harmful Effects of Exposure to Violent Sexual MaterialDoes Political News Coverage Affect Us?How the Media Influence Our ThoughtsEffects of Negative Media Coverage of the GovernmentSummary8. Applying Social Psychology to Health - Kathryn D. Lafreniere and Kenneth M. CramerHealth Psychology DefinedThe Biopsychosocial ModelSocial Variables and HealthPromoting Health and Preventing IllnessPersuasion and Social Influence in Media Health CoverageHealth Literacy: Evaluating Health-Related Information on the InternetFamily, Peer, and School InfluencesChanging Health BehaviorHealth Belief ModelTheory of Planned BehaviorTranstheoretical ModelStress, Coping, and Social SupportStress and CopingSocial SupportSummary9. Applying Social Psychology to Education - Louise R. AlexitchIntrapersonal Processes: Increasing Success, Reducing FailureWhat Factors Affect Student Performance?How Can Student Performance Be Improved?Interpersonal Processes: Teachers and Students InteractingTeacher Expectations and Student AchievementStudents Interacting With Other StudentsWhen Interactions Turn Ugly: Aggression in SchoolSummary10. Applying Social Psychology to Organizations - Larry M. Coutts and Jamie A. GrumanThe Individual in an Organizational ContextMaking Sense of Others in the Work EnvironmentJob Satisfaction: Antecedents and ConsequencesInterpersonal Processes in OrganizationsCommunicationGroup Decision MakingSummary11. Applying Social Psychology to the Criminal Justice System - David M. Day and Stéphanie B. MarionThe Crime and the CriminalThe Social Psychology of a CrimeThe Origins of Criminal BehaviorThe Response of the Criminal Justice SystemThe Police InvestigationThe CourtroomThe Prison SettingSummary12. Applying Social Psychology to the Community - Kathryn D. Lafreniere, Stewart Page, and Charlene Y. SennWhat Is Community Psychology?Defining Community PsychologyOrigins of Community PsychologyCommunity Psychology Values and ApproachesSense of CommunityLife in the CityThe Internet as a Community and Source of HelpDiversity Versus Prejudice and StigmatizationThe Importance of DiversityResearch on StigmatizationThe Media and StigmatizationBringing About Social ChangeSocial Action and ActivismUsing Research to Influence Social ChangeActivism in ResearchInfluencing PolicyChanging Structural or Social BarriersSummary13. Applying Social Psychology to the Environment - Robert GiffordResource DilemmasA Family of DilemmasWhat Is a Resource Dilemma?Studying Resource DilemmasStrategies for Inducing Pro-Environment BehaviorThe Built EnvironmentSocial DesignDefensible SpaceEpilogueSummary14. Applying Social Psychology to Diversity - Catherine T. Kwantes and Sherry BergeronSocieties: Cultural DiversityHofstede’s Cultural TaxonomySchwartz’s Values FrameworkSocial Axioms ApproachDemographics: Personal DiversityGenderEthnic BackgroundSocial ClassConsequences of Diversity: Opportunities and ChallengesCreativity and InnovationProblem SolvingPrejudice and DiscriminationConflictTheories of ConflictConflict Management and ResolutionSummaryPART III APPLYING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY TO ONE’S OWN LIFE15. Applying Social Psychology to Personal Relationships - Ann L. Weber and Jennifer DobsonThe Need to Be CloseAttractionProximity and FamiliarityPhysical AttractivenessAttachmentInfant AttachmentAdult Attachment StylesAssess Your Attachment StyleApplying Attachment LessonsThe Selection ProcessThe T-Shirt StudySelection Process Lessons and ApplicationsConclusion: The Science of ClosenessSummary16. Applying Social Psychology to the Classroom - Randolph A. SmithCognitive Errors and Student–Teacher RelationsFundamental Attribution ErrorBelief PerseveranceSocial CategorizationSelf-Perceptions and Their Academic ConsequencesSelf-HandicappingSelf-Serving BiasOverjustification EffectConclusion: Social Psychology in the ClassroomSummary17. Applying Social Psychology to the Good Life: Balancing Optimism and Pessimism - Jamie A. Gruman, Kenneth E. Hart, and Phillip A. IanniIntroduction to Positive Social PsychologyOptimismIntroduction to Optimism–PessimismSelf-Assessment of Optimism–PessimismThe Social Psychology of OptimismThe Benefits of OptimismPositive Coaching ExercisesPessimismA Balanced View of Optimism and PessimismBroadening the Perspective on Well-BeingSummaryReferencesAuthor IndexSubject IndexAbout the EditorsContributors