Tom Lansford is a professor of political science at the University of Southern Mississippi, Gulf Coast, and served as academic dean from 2009 to 2014. His research interests include foreign and security policy and the U.S. presidency. Dr. Lansford is the author or editor or coeditor of more than 50 books and the author of more than 100 essays, book chapters, encyclopedic entries, and reviews. His notable books include A Bitter Harvest: U.S. Foreign Policy and Afghanistan (2003), Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy since the Cold War (2007), and 9/11 and the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq: A Chronology and Reference Guide (2011). His edited collections include America’s War on Terror (2003; second edition 2009), Judging Bush (2009), The Obama Presidency: A Preliminary Assessment (2012), A Transformation in American National Politics: The 2012 Presidential Election (2016), Leadership and Legacy: The Presidency of Barack Obama (2021). Dr. Lansford has served as the co-editor of the journal White House Studies since 2010 and the editor of Political Handbook of the World since 2012.

• Intergovernmental Organization AbbreviationsPrefaceAbout the Editors and ContributorsGOVERNMENTSVolume 1AfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAndorraAngolaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaContested TerritoryArmeniaAustraliaRelated TerritoriesAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBrazilBruneiBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaPeople’s Republic of ChinaTaiwanColombiaComorosDemocratic Republic of the CongoRepublic of the CongoCosta RicaCôte d’IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusTurkish SectorCzech RepublicDenmarkRelated TerritoriesDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaeSwatiniEthiopiaFijiFinlandRelated TerritoryFranceRelated TerritoriesGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGreeceGrenadaGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHondurasHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaAnnexed TerritoryIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKoreaDemocratic People’s Republic of KoreaRepublic of KoreaKosovoKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgVolume 2MacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMauritaniaMauritiusMexicoMicronesia, Federated States ofMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontenegroMoroccoDisputed TerritoryMozambiqueMyanmar (Burma)NamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsArubaCuraçaoSt. MaartenNew ZealandRelated TerritoriesNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorwayRelated TerritoriesOmanPakistanRelated TerritoriesPalauPanamaPanama Canal ZonePapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalRelated TerritoriesQatarRomaniaRussiaRwandaSt. Kitts and NevisSt. LuciaSt. Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSão Tomé and PríncipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSomalilandSouth AfricaSouth SudanSpainRelated TerritoriesSri LankaSudanSurinameSwedenSwitzerlandSyriaTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-Leste (East Timor)TogoTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomRelated TerritoriesUnited Kingdom: Northern IrelandUnited StatesRelated TerritoriesUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican City StateVenezuelaVietnamYemenZambiaZimbabwePalestinian Authority/Palestine Liberation OrganizationINTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONSAfrican Union (AU)Arab LeagueAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom)Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (Comesa)The CommonwealthCommonwealth of Independent States (CIS)Council of EuropeEconomic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)European Free Trade Association (EFTA)European Union (EU)European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)Group of EightGroup of TwentyInternational Criminal Court (ICC)International Energy Agency (IEA)Non-aligned MovementNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)Organization of American States (OAS)Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)Regional Development BanksAfrican Development Bank (AfDB/BAD)Asian Development Bank (ADB)European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD/BERD)European Investment Bank (EIB)Inter-American Development Bank (IADB/BID)Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)Southern African Development Community (SADC)Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur/Mercosul)United Nations (UN)General AssemblyGeneral Assembly: Special BodiesUnited Nations Children’s FundUnited Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUnited Nations Development ProgramUnited Nations Environment ProgramUnited Nations Institute for Training and ResearchUnited Nations Office of High Commissioner for RefugeesUnited Nations Population FundUnited Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near EastUnited Nations Research Institute for Social DevelopmentUnited Nations UniversitySecurity CouncilSecurity Council: Peacekeeping Forces and MissionsUnited Nations/African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID)United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS)United Nations Operation in Côte D’Ivoire (ONUCI)United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (MINUJUSTH)United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA)United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA)Security Council: International Criminal TribunalsInternational Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)Economic and Social Council: Functional CommissionsCommission on Crime Prevention and Criminal JusticeCommission on Narcotic DrugsCommission on Population and DevelopmentCommission on Science and Technology for DevelopmentCommission for Social DevelopmentCommission on the Status of WomenStatistical CommissionEconomic and Social Council: Regional CommissionsEconomic Commission for Africa (ECA)Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)Trusteeship CouncilInternational Court of Justice (ICJ)SecretariatUnited Nations: Specialized AgenciesFood and Agriculture Organization (FAO)International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)International Labour Organization (ILO)International Maritime Organization (IMO)International Monetary Fund (IMF)International Telecommunication Union (ITU)United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)World BankInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)International Development Association (IDA)International Finance Corporation (IFC)World Health Organization (WHO)World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)United Nations: Related OrganizationsInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)International Organization for Migration (IOM)World Trade Organization (WTO)APPENDIXESAppendix A: Chronology of Major International Political Events: 1945–2018Appendix B: Chronology of Major International Conferences Sponsored by the United Nations: 1946–2018Appendix C: Membership of the United Nations and Its Specialized and Related AgenciesAppendix D: Serials List

Tom Lansford is a professor of political science at the University of Southern Mississippi, Gulf Coast, and served as academic dean from 2009 to 2014. His research interests include foreign and security policy and the U.S. presidency. Dr. Lansford is the author or editor or coeditor of more than 50 books and the author of more than 100 essays, book chapters, encyclopedic entries, and reviews. His notable books include A Bitter Harvest: U.S. Foreign Policy and Afghanistan (2003), Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy since the Cold War (2007), and 9/11 and the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq: A Chronology and Reference Guide (2011). His edited collections include America’s War on Terror (2003; second edition 2009), Judging Bush (2009), The Obama Presidency: A Preliminary Assessment (2012), A Transformation in American National Politics: The 2012 Presidential Election (2016), Leadership and Legacy: The Presidency of Barack Obama (2021). Dr. Lansford has served as the co-editor of the journal White House Studies since 2010 and the editor of Political Handbook of the World since 2012.

• Intergovernmental Organization AbbreviationsPrefaceAbout the Editors and ContributorsGOVERNMENTSVolume 1AfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAndorraAngolaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaContested TerritoryArmeniaAustraliaRelated TerritoriesAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBrazilBruneiBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaPeople’s Republic of ChinaTaiwanColombiaComorosDemocratic Republic of the CongoRepublic of the CongoCosta RicaCôte d’IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusTurkish SectorCzech RepublicDenmarkRelated TerritoriesDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaeSwatiniEthiopiaFijiFinlandRelated TerritoryFranceRelated TerritoriesGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGreeceGrenadaGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHondurasHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaAnnexed TerritoryIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKoreaDemocratic People’s Republic of KoreaRepublic of KoreaKosovoKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgVolume 2MacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMauritaniaMauritiusMexicoMicronesia, Federated States ofMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontenegroMoroccoDisputed TerritoryMozambiqueMyanmar (Burma)NamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsArubaCuraçaoSt. MaartenNew ZealandRelated TerritoriesNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorwayRelated TerritoriesOmanPakistanRelated TerritoriesPalauPanamaPanama Canal ZonePapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalRelated TerritoriesQatarRomaniaRussiaRwandaSt. Kitts and NevisSt. LuciaSt. Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSão Tomé and PríncipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSomalilandSouth AfricaSouth SudanSpainRelated TerritoriesSri LankaSudanSurinameSwedenSwitzerlandSyriaTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-Leste (East Timor)TogoTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomRelated TerritoriesUnited Kingdom: Northern IrelandUnited StatesRelated TerritoriesUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican City StateVenezuelaVietnamYemenZambiaZimbabwePalestinian Authority/Palestine Liberation OrganizationINTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONSAfrican Union (AU)Arab LeagueAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom)Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (Comesa)The CommonwealthCommonwealth of Independent States (CIS)Council of EuropeEconomic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)European Free Trade Association (EFTA)European Union (EU)European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)Group of EightGroup of TwentyInternational Criminal Court (ICC)International Energy Agency (IEA)Non-aligned MovementNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)Organization of American States (OAS)Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)Regional Development BanksAfrican Development Bank (AfDB/BAD)Asian Development Bank (ADB)European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD/BERD)European Investment Bank (EIB)Inter-American Development Bank (IADB/BID)Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)Southern African Development Community (SADC)Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur/Mercosul)United Nations (UN)General AssemblyGeneral Assembly: Special BodiesUnited Nations Children’s FundUnited Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUnited Nations Development ProgramUnited Nations Environment ProgramUnited Nations Institute for Training and ResearchUnited Nations Office of High Commissioner for RefugeesUnited Nations Population FundUnited Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near EastUnited Nations Research Institute for Social DevelopmentUnited Nations UniversitySecurity CouncilSecurity Council: Peacekeeping Forces and MissionsUnited Nations/African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID)United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS)United Nations Operation in Côte D’Ivoire (ONUCI)United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (MINUJUSTH)United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA)United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA)Security Council: International Criminal TribunalsInternational Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)Economic and Social Council: Functional CommissionsCommission on Crime Prevention and Criminal JusticeCommission on Narcotic DrugsCommission on Population and DevelopmentCommission on Science and Technology for DevelopmentCommission for Social DevelopmentCommission on the Status of WomenStatistical CommissionEconomic and Social Council: Regional CommissionsEconomic Commission for Africa (ECA)Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)Trusteeship CouncilInternational Court of Justice (ICJ)SecretariatUnited Nations: Specialized AgenciesFood and Agriculture Organization (FAO)International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)International Labour Organization (ILO)International Maritime Organization (IMO)International Monetary Fund (IMF)International Telecommunication Union (ITU)United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)World BankInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)International Development Association (IDA)International Finance Corporation (IFC)World Health Organization (WHO)World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)United Nations: Related OrganizationsInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)International Organization for Migration (IOM)World Trade Organization (WTO)APPENDIXESAppendix A: Chronology of Major International Political Events: 1945–2018Appendix B: Chronology of Major International Conferences Sponsored by the United Nations: 1946–2018Appendix C: Membership of the United Nations and Its Specialized and Related AgenciesAppendix D: Serials List