Sharon Fekrat, MD, FACS is a vitreoretinal surgeon at the Duke University Eye Center, Professor of Ophthalmology and Associate Professor of Surgery at the Duke University School of Medicine, and Associate Chief of Staff at Duke’s Veterans Affairs affiliate, the Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, where she previously held positions as Chief of Ophthalmology and Interim Chief of Surgery. She has co-authored over 120 peer-reviewed articles and over 40 book chapters, holds 2 surgical instrument patents, has received 2 American Society of Retina Specialists Rhett-Buckler Awards for surgical video, is on the editorial board of 6 professional journals, and has served as site principal investigator for numerous multicenter clinical trials. She is co-editor of Duke Eye Center’s All About Your Eyes book for the lay public. Dr. Fekrat has been selected by her peers as one of Best Doctors each year for over a decade, was chosen as one of the top 150 leading retina innovators in the United States by Ocular Surgery News, and is past president of the North Carolina Society of Eye Physicians and Surgeons. She is Director of the Duke Vitreoretinal Surgery Fellowship and of Ophthalmology Faculty Mentoring and Career Development.

“The book covers a set of questions that readers would commonly encounter. It provides a veritable potpourri of information, which always comes in handy. It is an excellent companion read for those who are inquisitive by nature.”- Diana V. Do, MD, Doody's Book Review

• Dedication Acknowledgments About the EditorAbout the Associate Editors Contributing AuthorsPreface Foreword by Jennifer I. Lim, MD, FARVOIntroductionQuestion 1 What Is Hemorrhagic Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis, and Why Do I Need to Know About It? James A. Stefater, MD, PhD and Dean Eliott, MDQuestion 2 How Do I Counsel My Patients With Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration and What About Various Vitamin Supplements? T. Y. Alvin Liu, MD and Catherine B. Meyerle, MDQuestion 3 What Are the Age-Related Macular Degeneration Look-Alikes? Do I Treat Them Any Differently? Kaivon Pakzad-Vaezi, MD and Kathryn L. Pepple, MD, PhDQuestion 4 How Long Are We Going to Have to Keep Doing Frequent Intravitreal Injections—Any Other Options Anytime Soon? What Are We Waiting For? Margaret A. Greven, MD and Diana V. Do, MDQuestion 5 Anything Coming Down the Pike yet for Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration? Jose Mauricio Botto Garcia, MD, MSc and Philip J. Rosenfeld, MD, PhDQuestion 6 Are We Ever Going to Use Stem Cells? For What? What's the Scoop? Steven D. Schwartz, MDQuestion 7 What Is the Easiest Way to Do a Good B-Scan? Cathy DiBernardo, CDOSQuestion 8 When Do I Refer a Patient With a Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion or Central Retinal Artery Occlusion, What Is the Work-Up, and What Are the Treatment Options? Todd R. Klesert, MD, PhDQuestion 9 What Do I Do When I See a Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion? Andrew M. Hendrick, MD and Michael S. Ip, MDQuestion 10 When Do I Refer a Patient With a Central Retinal Vein Occlusion, What Is the Work-Up, and What Are the Treatment Options? Richard F. Spaide, MDQuestion 11 What Visualization Agents Are Used During Vitrectomy Surgery? And Wait, Tell Me About the Intraocular Tamponade Options! Sean M. Platt, MD and Sophie J. Bakri, MDQuestion 12 What Type of Intraocular Lens Should Be Considered in an Eye With Vitreoretinal Disease? Marina Gilca, MD and Kourous A. Rezaei, MDQuestion 13 I Just Can't Keep Up With All of the Clinical Trial Acronyms. Can You Tell Me What Study Each Refers To? A. Yasin Alibhai, MD and Nadia K. Waheed, MD, MPHQuestion 14 How Do I Figure Out Whether or Not My Patient Has a Posterior Vitreous Detachment? Does There Have to Be a Weiss Ring to Make the Diagnosis? Stephen G. Schwartz, MD, MBA; Harry W. Flynn, Jr., MD; and Ingrid U. Scott, MD, MPHQuestion 15 How Soon Should a Patient With Floaters Be Examined and How Should I Manage a Patient With an Acute Posterior Vitreous Detachment? Karen M. Gehrs, MDQuestion 16 How Do I Differentiate All of Those White Dot Syndromes? Arthi Venkat, MD and Sunil K. Srivastava, MDQuestion 17 How Do I Work Up and Manage a Patient With a White-Centered Retinal Hemorrhage? Seema Garg, MD, PhDQuestion 18 How Do I Manage a Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage? Odette Margit Houghton, MD and Nicholas Farber, MDQuestion 19 When Should I Suspect Endophthalmitis in My Postoperative Cataract Patient and What Are the Treatment Options? Bernard H. Doft, MDQuestion 20 How Do I Follow a Patient With a Presumed Choroidal Nevus? Matthew A. Powers, MD, MBA and Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, MD, MHSQuestion 21 How Do I Distinguish One Pigmented Lesion From Another? Amy C. Schefler, MD and Ryan S. Kim, BAQuestion 22 How Do I Work Up and Manage a Patient With a Vitreous Hemorrhage? Pauline T. Merrill, MD and Marina Gilca, MDQuestion 23 What Is Fundus Autofluorescence? Do I Need to Add It to My Imaging Options? Amani A. Fawzi, MD and Philipp Roberts, MD, PhDQuestion 24 What Additional Information Can I Get From Ultra-Widefield Fluorescein Angiography That I Can't Get From a 30-Degree Angiogram? Jeremy A. Lavine, MD, PhD and Justis P. Ehlers, MDQuestion 25 What Imaging Options Are There to Detect an Intraocular Foreign Body? When Do I Get Which One? Daniel G. Cherfan, MD and Sumit Sharma, MDQuestion 26 Why Would I Want to Look at Choroidal Thickness on Optical Coherence Tomography? Glenn Yiu, MD, PhDQuestion 27 When Should I Refer a Patient With an Epiretinal Membrane and What if There Is Associated Cystoid Macular Edema? Gaurav K. Shah, MD and Daniel Connors, MDQuestion 28 How Do I Differentiate a Macular Hole From a Lamellar Hole From an Epiretinal Membrane With a Pseudohole, and Why Do I Care? SriniVas R. Sadda, MDQuestion 29 What Is Micropulse Laser and What Can It Be Used For? Scott D. Walter, MD, MScQuestion 30 What Is The Treatment Paradigm for Postoperative Pseudophakic Macular Edema? Felipe F. Conti, MD; Fabiana Q. Silva, MD; and Rishi P. Singh, MDQuestion 31 What Is Dyeless Angiography (Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography) And What Do I Need To Know About It? Will It Replace Fluorescein Angiography? Thomas Hwang, MD and Yali Jia, PhDQuestion 32 Central Serous? What Now? Management Options for Central Serous Retinopathy Lisa C. Olmos de Koo, MD, MBAQuestion 33 What Systemic Medications Require Periodic Fundus Evaluation? What Am I Looking for and What Tests Do I Do? Michael T. Andreoli, MD and William F. Mieler, MDQuestion 34 Should I Send a Patient With a Large Chronic Macular Hole to a Retina Doctor? Do They Even Operate on Those? Avni P. Finn, MD, MBA and Tamer H. Mahmoud, MD, PhDQuestion 35 Explain All of These New Anticoagulants to Me. Should I Consider Stopping Them Preoperatively? Elizabeth Verner-Cole, MD and Phoebe Lin, MD, PhDQuestion 36 When Should Cataract Surgery Be Performed if a Vitrectomy Is Planned—Before, During, or After? Michael I. Seider, MD and Amar Patel, MDQuestion 37 What Should I Tell a Patient With Retinitis Pigmentosa About Prognosis and Should I Prescribe Vitamin A or Other Supplements? Jackson Abou Chehade, MD and Raymond Iezzi, MD, MSQuestion 38 Why Should I Send My Retinal Degeneration Patients to Specialists if There Is No Cure for Their Condition? Alessandro Iannaccone, MD, MS, FARVOQuestion 39 What Is the Artificial Retinal Prosthesis (Argus II Implant) and Who Would Be a Good Candidate for It? Paul Hahn, MD, PhDQuestion 40 How Do You Differentiate Between Retinoschisis and Retinal Detachment? Scott Ketner, MD and Ron A. Adelman, MD, MPH, MBA, FARVOQuestion 41 What Systemic Conditions Are Associated With an Increased Risk of Retinal Detachment? What Should I Do About It? Joseph N. Martel, MD and Mallika Doss, MDQuestion 42 What Retinal Findings Should Be Treated Before Cataract Surgery, Refractive Surgery, or Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Laser? Franco M. Recchia, MDQuestion 43 Do Chronic Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments Need Surgical Repair? Charles C. Wykoff, MD, PhD; Harry W. Flynn, Jr., MD; and Nidhi Relhan Batra, MDQuestion 44 Should I Use Jetrea or a Gas Bubble or Just Do a Vitrectomy for Vitreomacular Traction? Michael N. Cohen, MD and Caroline R. Baumal, MDQuestion 45 When Should a Patient With Diabetic Retinopathy Be Considered for a Vitrectomy? Ronald C. Gentile, MD, FACS, FASRS and Alexander Barash, MDQuestion 46 How Do I Follow a Patient Who Has Diabetes and Becomes Pregnant? What Tests Can I Do? Judy E. Kim, MD and Alessa Crossan, MDQuestion 47 How Long Should I Wait to Perform Cataract Surgery After Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema or Retinopathy? Linda A. Lam, MD, MBAQuestion 48 I Saw Some Retinal Neovascularization but My Patient Does Not Have Diabetes, so What Else Can It Be? Brian E. Goldhagen, MDQuestion 49 When Should I Consider Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity? Yoshihiro Yonekawa, MD and Kimberly A. Drenser, MD, PhDFinancial Disclosures Index

Sharon Fekrat, MD, FACS is a vitreoretinal surgeon at the Duke University Eye Center, Professor of Ophthalmology and Associate Professor of Surgery at the Duke University School of Medicine, and Associate Chief of Staff at Duke’s Veterans Affairs affiliate, the Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, where she previously held positions as Chief of Ophthalmology and Interim Chief of Surgery. She has co-authored over 120 peer-reviewed articles and over 40 book chapters, holds 2 surgical instrument patents, has received 2 American Society of Retina Specialists Rhett-Buckler Awards for surgical video, is on the editorial board of 6 professional journals, and has served as site principal investigator for numerous multicenter clinical trials. She is co-editor of Duke Eye Center’s All About Your Eyes book for the lay public. Dr. Fekrat has been selected by her peers as one of Best Doctors each year for over a decade, was chosen as one of the top 150 leading retina innovators in the United States by Ocular Surgery News, and is past president of the North Carolina Society of Eye Physicians and Surgeons. She is Director of the Duke Vitreoretinal Surgery Fellowship and of Ophthalmology Faculty Mentoring and Career Development.

“The book covers a set of questions that readers would commonly encounter. It provides a veritable potpourri of information, which always comes in handy. It is an excellent companion read for those who are inquisitive by nature.”- Diana V. Do, MD, Doody's Book Review

• Dedication Acknowledgments About the EditorAbout the Associate Editors Contributing AuthorsPreface Foreword by Jennifer I. Lim, MD, FARVOIntroductionQuestion 1 What Is Hemorrhagic Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis, and Why Do I Need to Know About It? James A. Stefater, MD, PhD and Dean Eliott, MDQuestion 2 How Do I Counsel My Patients With Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration and What About Various Vitamin Supplements? T. Y. Alvin Liu, MD and Catherine B. Meyerle, MDQuestion 3 What Are the Age-Related Macular Degeneration Look-Alikes? Do I Treat Them Any Differently? Kaivon Pakzad-Vaezi, MD and Kathryn L. Pepple, MD, PhDQuestion 4 How Long Are We Going to Have to Keep Doing Frequent Intravitreal Injections—Any Other Options Anytime Soon? What Are We Waiting For? Margaret A. Greven, MD and Diana V. Do, MDQuestion 5 Anything Coming Down the Pike yet for Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration? Jose Mauricio Botto Garcia, MD, MSc and Philip J. Rosenfeld, MD, PhDQuestion 6 Are We Ever Going to Use Stem Cells? For What? What's the Scoop? Steven D. Schwartz, MDQuestion 7 What Is the Easiest Way to Do a Good B-Scan? Cathy DiBernardo, CDOSQuestion 8 When Do I Refer a Patient With a Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion or Central Retinal Artery Occlusion, What Is the Work-Up, and What Are the Treatment Options? Todd R. Klesert, MD, PhDQuestion 9 What Do I Do When I See a Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion? Andrew M. Hendrick, MD and Michael S. Ip, MDQuestion 10 When Do I Refer a Patient With a Central Retinal Vein Occlusion, What Is the Work-Up, and What Are the Treatment Options? Richard F. Spaide, MDQuestion 11 What Visualization Agents Are Used During Vitrectomy Surgery? And Wait, Tell Me About the Intraocular Tamponade Options! Sean M. Platt, MD and Sophie J. Bakri, MDQuestion 12 What Type of Intraocular Lens Should Be Considered in an Eye With Vitreoretinal Disease? Marina Gilca, MD and Kourous A. Rezaei, MDQuestion 13 I Just Can't Keep Up With All of the Clinical Trial Acronyms. Can You Tell Me What Study Each Refers To? A. Yasin Alibhai, MD and Nadia K. Waheed, MD, MPHQuestion 14 How Do I Figure Out Whether or Not My Patient Has a Posterior Vitreous Detachment? Does There Have to Be a Weiss Ring to Make the Diagnosis? Stephen G. Schwartz, MD, MBA; Harry W. Flynn, Jr., MD; and Ingrid U. Scott, MD, MPHQuestion 15 How Soon Should a Patient With Floaters Be Examined and How Should I Manage a Patient With an Acute Posterior Vitreous Detachment? Karen M. Gehrs, MDQuestion 16 How Do I Differentiate All of Those White Dot Syndromes? Arthi Venkat, MD and Sunil K. Srivastava, MDQuestion 17 How Do I Work Up and Manage a Patient With a White-Centered Retinal Hemorrhage? Seema Garg, MD, PhDQuestion 18 How Do I Manage a Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage? Odette Margit Houghton, MD and Nicholas Farber, MDQuestion 19 When Should I Suspect Endophthalmitis in My Postoperative Cataract Patient and What Are the Treatment Options? Bernard H. Doft, MDQuestion 20 How Do I Follow a Patient With a Presumed Choroidal Nevus? Matthew A. Powers, MD, MBA and Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, MD, MHSQuestion 21 How Do I Distinguish One Pigmented Lesion From Another? Amy C. Schefler, MD and Ryan S. Kim, BAQuestion 22 How Do I Work Up and Manage a Patient With a Vitreous Hemorrhage? Pauline T. Merrill, MD and Marina Gilca, MDQuestion 23 What Is Fundus Autofluorescence? Do I Need to Add It to My Imaging Options? Amani A. Fawzi, MD and Philipp Roberts, MD, PhDQuestion 24 What Additional Information Can I Get From Ultra-Widefield Fluorescein Angiography That I Can't Get From a 30-Degree Angiogram? Jeremy A. Lavine, MD, PhD and Justis P. Ehlers, MDQuestion 25 What Imaging Options Are There to Detect an Intraocular Foreign Body? When Do I Get Which One? Daniel G. Cherfan, MD and Sumit Sharma, MDQuestion 26 Why Would I Want to Look at Choroidal Thickness on Optical Coherence Tomography? Glenn Yiu, MD, PhDQuestion 27 When Should I Refer a Patient With an Epiretinal Membrane and What if There Is Associated Cystoid Macular Edema? Gaurav K. Shah, MD and Daniel Connors, MDQuestion 28 How Do I Differentiate a Macular Hole From a Lamellar Hole From an Epiretinal Membrane With a Pseudohole, and Why Do I Care? SriniVas R. Sadda, MDQuestion 29 What Is Micropulse Laser and What Can It Be Used For? Scott D. Walter, MD, MScQuestion 30 What Is The Treatment Paradigm for Postoperative Pseudophakic Macular Edema? Felipe F. Conti, MD; Fabiana Q. Silva, MD; and Rishi P. Singh, MDQuestion 31 What Is Dyeless Angiography (Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography) And What Do I Need To Know About It? Will It Replace Fluorescein Angiography? Thomas Hwang, MD and Yali Jia, PhDQuestion 32 Central Serous? What Now? Management Options for Central Serous Retinopathy Lisa C. Olmos de Koo, MD, MBAQuestion 33 What Systemic Medications Require Periodic Fundus Evaluation? What Am I Looking for and What Tests Do I Do? Michael T. Andreoli, MD and William F. Mieler, MDQuestion 34 Should I Send a Patient With a Large Chronic Macular Hole to a Retina Doctor? Do They Even Operate on Those? Avni P. Finn, MD, MBA and Tamer H. Mahmoud, MD, PhDQuestion 35 Explain All of These New Anticoagulants to Me. Should I Consider Stopping Them Preoperatively? Elizabeth Verner-Cole, MD and Phoebe Lin, MD, PhDQuestion 36 When Should Cataract Surgery Be Performed if a Vitrectomy Is Planned—Before, During, or After? Michael I. Seider, MD and Amar Patel, MDQuestion 37 What Should I Tell a Patient With Retinitis Pigmentosa About Prognosis and Should I Prescribe Vitamin A or Other Supplements? Jackson Abou Chehade, MD and Raymond Iezzi, MD, MSQuestion 38 Why Should I Send My Retinal Degeneration Patients to Specialists if There Is No Cure for Their Condition? Alessandro Iannaccone, MD, MS, FARVOQuestion 39 What Is the Artificial Retinal Prosthesis (Argus II Implant) and Who Would Be a Good Candidate for It? Paul Hahn, MD, PhDQuestion 40 How Do You Differentiate Between Retinoschisis and Retinal Detachment? Scott Ketner, MD and Ron A. Adelman, MD, MPH, MBA, FARVOQuestion 41 What Systemic Conditions Are Associated With an Increased Risk of Retinal Detachment? What Should I Do About It? Joseph N. Martel, MD and Mallika Doss, MDQuestion 42 What Retinal Findings Should Be Treated Before Cataract Surgery, Refractive Surgery, or Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Laser? Franco M. Recchia, MDQuestion 43 Do Chronic Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments Need Surgical Repair? Charles C. Wykoff, MD, PhD; Harry W. Flynn, Jr., MD; and Nidhi Relhan Batra, MDQuestion 44 Should I Use Jetrea or a Gas Bubble or Just Do a Vitrectomy for Vitreomacular Traction? Michael N. Cohen, MD and Caroline R. Baumal, MDQuestion 45 When Should a Patient With Diabetic Retinopathy Be Considered for a Vitrectomy? Ronald C. Gentile, MD, FACS, FASRS and Alexander Barash, MDQuestion 46 How Do I Follow a Patient Who Has Diabetes and Becomes Pregnant? What Tests Can I Do? Judy E. Kim, MD and Alessa Crossan, MDQuestion 47 How Long Should I Wait to Perform Cataract Surgery After Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema or Retinopathy? Linda A. Lam, MD, MBAQuestion 48 I Saw Some Retinal Neovascularization but My Patient Does Not Have Diabetes, so What Else Can It Be? Brian E. Goldhagen, MDQuestion 49 When Should I Consider Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity? Yoshihiro Yonekawa, MD and Kimberly A. Drenser, MD, PhDFinancial Disclosures Index

Sharon Fekrat, MD, FACS is a vitreoretinal surgeon at the Duke University Eye Center, Professor of Ophthalmology and Associate Professor of Surgery at the Duke University School of Medicine, and Associate Chief of Staff at Duke’s Veterans Affairs affiliate, the Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, where she previously held positions as Chief of Ophthalmology and Interim Chief of Surgery. She has co-authored over 120 peer-reviewed articles and over 40 book chapters, holds 2 surgical instrument patents, has received 2 American Society of Retina Specialists Rhett-Buckler Awards for surgical video, is on the editorial board of 6 professional journals, and has served as site principal investigator for numerous multicenter clinical trials. She is co-editor of Duke Eye Center’s All About Your Eyes book for the lay public. Dr. Fekrat has been selected by her peers as one of Best Doctors each year for over a decade, was chosen as one of the top 150 leading retina innovators in the United States by Ocular Surgery News, and is past president of the North Carolina Society of Eye Physicians and Surgeons. She is Director of the Duke Vitreoretinal Surgery Fellowship and of Ophthalmology Faculty Mentoring and Career Development.

“The book covers a set of questions that readers would commonly encounter. It provides a veritable potpourri of information, which always comes in handy. It is an excellent companion read for those who are inquisitive by nature.”- Diana V. Do, MD, Doody's Book Review

• Dedication Acknowledgments About the EditorAbout the Associate Editors Contributing AuthorsPreface Foreword by Jennifer I. Lim, MD, FARVOIntroductionQuestion 1 What Is Hemorrhagic Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis, and Why Do I Need to Know About It? James A. Stefater, MD, PhD and Dean Eliott, MDQuestion 2 How Do I Counsel My Patients With Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration and What About Various Vitamin Supplements? T. Y. Alvin Liu, MD and Catherine B. Meyerle, MDQuestion 3 What Are the Age-Related Macular Degeneration Look-Alikes? Do I Treat Them Any Differently? Kaivon Pakzad-Vaezi, MD and Kathryn L. Pepple, MD, PhDQuestion 4 How Long Are We Going to Have to Keep Doing Frequent Intravitreal Injections—Any Other Options Anytime Soon? What Are We Waiting For? Margaret A. Greven, MD and Diana V. Do, MDQuestion 5 Anything Coming Down the Pike yet for Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration? Jose Mauricio Botto Garcia, MD, MSc and Philip J. Rosenfeld, MD, PhDQuestion 6 Are We Ever Going to Use Stem Cells? For What? What's the Scoop? Steven D. Schwartz, MDQuestion 7 What Is the Easiest Way to Do a Good B-Scan? Cathy DiBernardo, CDOSQuestion 8 When Do I Refer a Patient With a Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion or Central Retinal Artery Occlusion, What Is the Work-Up, and What Are the Treatment Options? Todd R. Klesert, MD, PhDQuestion 9 What Do I Do When I See a Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion? Andrew M. Hendrick, MD and Michael S. Ip, MDQuestion 10 When Do I Refer a Patient With a Central Retinal Vein Occlusion, What Is the Work-Up, and What Are the Treatment Options? Richard F. Spaide, MDQuestion 11 What Visualization Agents Are Used During Vitrectomy Surgery? And Wait, Tell Me About the Intraocular Tamponade Options! Sean M. Platt, MD and Sophie J. Bakri, MDQuestion 12 What Type of Intraocular Lens Should Be Considered in an Eye With Vitreoretinal Disease? Marina Gilca, MD and Kourous A. Rezaei, MDQuestion 13 I Just Can't Keep Up With All of the Clinical Trial Acronyms. Can You Tell Me What Study Each Refers To? A. Yasin Alibhai, MD and Nadia K. Waheed, MD, MPHQuestion 14 How Do I Figure Out Whether or Not My Patient Has a Posterior Vitreous Detachment? Does There Have to Be a Weiss Ring to Make the Diagnosis? Stephen G. Schwartz, MD, MBA; Harry W. Flynn, Jr., MD; and Ingrid U. Scott, MD, MPHQuestion 15 How Soon Should a Patient With Floaters Be Examined and How Should I Manage a Patient With an Acute Posterior Vitreous Detachment? Karen M. Gehrs, MDQuestion 16 How Do I Differentiate All of Those White Dot Syndromes? Arthi Venkat, MD and Sunil K. Srivastava, MDQuestion 17 How Do I Work Up and Manage a Patient With a White-Centered Retinal Hemorrhage? Seema Garg, MD, PhDQuestion 18 How Do I Manage a Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage? Odette Margit Houghton, MD and Nicholas Farber, MDQuestion 19 When Should I Suspect Endophthalmitis in My Postoperative Cataract Patient and What Are the Treatment Options? Bernard H. Doft, MDQuestion 20 How Do I Follow a Patient With a Presumed Choroidal Nevus? Matthew A. Powers, MD, MBA and Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, MD, MHSQuestion 21 How Do I Distinguish One Pigmented Lesion From Another? Amy C. Schefler, MD and Ryan S. Kim, BAQuestion 22 How Do I Work Up and Manage a Patient With a Vitreous Hemorrhage? Pauline T. Merrill, MD and Marina Gilca, MDQuestion 23 What Is Fundus Autofluorescence? Do I Need to Add It to My Imaging Options? Amani A. Fawzi, MD and Philipp Roberts, MD, PhDQuestion 24 What Additional Information Can I Get From Ultra-Widefield Fluorescein Angiography That I Can't Get From a 30-Degree Angiogram? Jeremy A. Lavine, MD, PhD and Justis P. Ehlers, MDQuestion 25 What Imaging Options Are There to Detect an Intraocular Foreign Body? When Do I Get Which One? Daniel G. Cherfan, MD and Sumit Sharma, MDQuestion 26 Why Would I Want to Look at Choroidal Thickness on Optical Coherence Tomography? Glenn Yiu, MD, PhDQuestion 27 When Should I Refer a Patient With an Epiretinal Membrane and What if There Is Associated Cystoid Macular Edema? Gaurav K. Shah, MD and Daniel Connors, MDQuestion 28 How Do I Differentiate a Macular Hole From a Lamellar Hole From an Epiretinal Membrane With a Pseudohole, and Why Do I Care? SriniVas R. Sadda, MDQuestion 29 What Is Micropulse Laser and What Can It Be Used For? Scott D. Walter, MD, MScQuestion 30 What Is The Treatment Paradigm for Postoperative Pseudophakic Macular Edema? Felipe F. Conti, MD; Fabiana Q. Silva, MD; and Rishi P. Singh, MDQuestion 31 What Is Dyeless Angiography (Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography) And What Do I Need To Know About It? Will It Replace Fluorescein Angiography? Thomas Hwang, MD and Yali Jia, PhDQuestion 32 Central Serous? What Now? Management Options for Central Serous Retinopathy Lisa C. Olmos de Koo, MD, MBAQuestion 33 What Systemic Medications Require Periodic Fundus Evaluation? What Am I Looking for and What Tests Do I Do? Michael T. Andreoli, MD and William F. Mieler, MDQuestion 34 Should I Send a Patient With a Large Chronic Macular Hole to a Retina Doctor? Do They Even Operate on Those? Avni P. Finn, MD, MBA and Tamer H. Mahmoud, MD, PhDQuestion 35 Explain All of These New Anticoagulants to Me. Should I Consider Stopping Them Preoperatively? Elizabeth Verner-Cole, MD and Phoebe Lin, MD, PhDQuestion 36 When Should Cataract Surgery Be Performed if a Vitrectomy Is Planned—Before, During, or After? Michael I. Seider, MD and Amar Patel, MDQuestion 37 What Should I Tell a Patient With Retinitis Pigmentosa About Prognosis and Should I Prescribe Vitamin A or Other Supplements? Jackson Abou Chehade, MD and Raymond Iezzi, MD, MSQuestion 38 Why Should I Send My Retinal Degeneration Patients to Specialists if There Is No Cure for Their Condition? Alessandro Iannaccone, MD, MS, FARVOQuestion 39 What Is the Artificial Retinal Prosthesis (Argus II Implant) and Who Would Be a Good Candidate for It? Paul Hahn, MD, PhDQuestion 40 How Do You Differentiate Between Retinoschisis and Retinal Detachment? Scott Ketner, MD and Ron A. Adelman, MD, MPH, MBA, FARVOQuestion 41 What Systemic Conditions Are Associated With an Increased Risk of Retinal Detachment? What Should I Do About It? Joseph N. Martel, MD and Mallika Doss, MDQuestion 42 What Retinal Findings Should Be Treated Before Cataract Surgery, Refractive Surgery, or Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Laser? Franco M. Recchia, MDQuestion 43 Do Chronic Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments Need Surgical Repair? Charles C. Wykoff, MD, PhD; Harry W. Flynn, Jr., MD; and Nidhi Relhan Batra, MDQuestion 44 Should I Use Jetrea or a Gas Bubble or Just Do a Vitrectomy for Vitreomacular Traction? Michael N. Cohen, MD and Caroline R. Baumal, MDQuestion 45 When Should a Patient With Diabetic Retinopathy Be Considered for a Vitrectomy? Ronald C. Gentile, MD, FACS, FASRS and Alexander Barash, MDQuestion 46 How Do I Follow a Patient Who Has Diabetes and Becomes Pregnant? What Tests Can I Do? Judy E. Kim, MD and Alessa Crossan, MDQuestion 47 How Long Should I Wait to Perform Cataract Surgery After Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema or Retinopathy? Linda A. Lam, MD, MBAQuestion 48 I Saw Some Retinal Neovascularization but My Patient Does Not Have Diabetes, so What Else Can It Be? Brian E. Goldhagen, MDQuestion 49 When Should I Consider Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity? Yoshihiro Yonekawa, MD and Kimberly A. Drenser, MD, PhDFinancial Disclosures Index