Instrumentation for Audiology and Hearing Science

Shlomo Silman, MS, PhD, received his Master of Science from Columbia University and PhD in Audiology from New York University. He is Presidential Professor of Speech Communication Arts and Sciences, Professor of Audiology, Doctor of Audiology Program, and Graduate Center Professor of Hearing Sciences at CUNY and Fellow of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. He has authored and coauthored approximately 100 articles, books, and chapters. His honors and awards include being the first recipient of the American Academy of Audiology Research Achievement Award in 2000 and corecipient of the 2006 National Tibbetts Award (category of Medicine). Silman is also the recipient of a medal in 2001 from the Escola Paulista Medicina of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil, for humanitarian work with persons with hearing impairment in São Paulo, Brazil, and for scientific achievements relating to research on middle ear effusion and auditory deprivation, as well as recipient of the 2002 Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Editor’s Award. He also has served as reviewer, editorial consultant, or assistant editor for various journals. **** Michele B. Emmer, PhD, Professor Emerita and former Chair of Speech and Hearing Sciences at Brooklyn College, City University of New York (CUNY) and former Professor of Audiology, Doctor of Audiology Program, Graduate Center (CUNY), received her Master of Science from Brooklyn College and her PhD in Speech and Hearing Sciences from the Graduate Center of CUNY. Her interests include middle ear effusion, acoustic reflex, adult-onset auditory deprivation, acclimatization, and hearing impairment in the elderly. She published many articles on these topics in medical, audiological, and scientific journals. She was listed in the CUNY Salute to Scholars 2 years running and received the college-wide award for Excellence in Teaching at Brooklyn College. She was coinvestigator and senior research director for several federal grants, principal investigator for two CUNY grants, and a principal investigator for a grant from the New York City Department for the Aging. Dr. Emmer holds two U.S. patents for a medical device with her coauthor Dr. Shlomo Silman. Dr. Emmer taught courses in speech and hearing for over 20 years. **** Carol A. Silverman, PhD, MPH, is Professor, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology at Hunter College, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY; Professor, AuD Program and PhD Program in Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY. Dr. Silverman previously held an appointment as Hearing Scientist and Epidemiologist in the Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Communicative Sciences at New York Eye & Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai in New York City. Silverman has authored and coauthored several books and chapters and many peer-reviewed publications, and she has served as reviewer and editorial consultant for various journals in audiology, hearing sciences, and otolaryngology. Her research focuses on auditory deprivation; on various aspects of diagnostic audiology, including acoustic immittance and otoacoustic emissions; and most recently on binaural interference. She is a graduate of Wellesley College, and her graduate degrees include an MS in Audiology from Teachers College of Columbia University, PhD in Audiology from New York University, and MPH in Quantitative Epidemiology from New York Medical College. **** Alexa Brody, AuD, is a practicing audiologist who specializes in diagnostic evaluations and hearing aid amplification in Albany, NY. She received her AuD degree from the Graduate Center of CUNY. She holds an ASHA certificate of clinical competence-audiology (CCC-A) and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Audiology (F-AAA). Her special interests include deaf studies, tinnitus management, hearing aids, and assistive listening devices.

• IntroductionAcknowledgementsChapter 1. General Physics and Introduction to Sound EnergyMeasurementAreaVelocityAccelerationForcePressureWorkPowerIntensityValues to RememberChapter 2. Electrical Energy- Direct CurrentCoulomb's LawCurrent, Voltage, and ResistanceOhm's LawSeries Resistance and Parallel ResistanceDirect Current CircuitChapter 3. Electrical Energy- Alternating CurrentIntroductionPhasor Representation of ACSquare WaveAnalysis of a Square WavePower TransmissionAC Circuit ComponentsResistive AC CircuitCapacitors and InductorsSeries Capacitance and Parallel CapacitanceSeries Inductance and Parallel Inductance04Chapter 4. Filtering and Electrical ImpedanceImpedance and AdmittanceFiltersLow-Pass FilterHigh-Pass FilterBand-Pass FilterBand-Reject FilterReferencesChapter 5. Building Communication Systems: Evolution from Analog to DigitalIntroductionMicrophonesLoudspeaker/Earphone/Insert ReceiverAmplifiersTransistorsDigital Communication SystemsDigital SignalsQuantizationSound ResolutionSamplingSampling in Audio SystemsCD PlayersDigital Signal ProcessingActive Noise CancellationChapter 6. Acoustic ImmittanceAcoustic ImmittanceMethods for Measurement of Static-Acoustic Middle-Ear ImmittanceCalculation of Acoustic Admittance of the Middle EarReferencesChapter 7. AmplificationIntroductionHearing AidsHearing Aid ComponentsAdditional Features of Some Hearing AidsDirectional MicrophonesTelecoils (t-coil)Wireless ConnectivityRemote ControlsAmbient Noise ControlHearing Aid Styles Hearing Aid EarmoldsGenericCustom EarmoldsEarmold MaterialsEarmold ImpressionsVentingTubingIntroductionANSI StandardHearing Aid CouplersKEMAR (Knowles Electronics Manikin for Acoustic Research)Evaluating Hearing Aid Performance Using ANSI StandardsHA-1HA-2HA-2BHA-3Recommended Measurements, Specifications, and TolerancesCurvesFrequency RangeTolerance Method for Frequency Response CurveTolerancesTolerance TemplateHarmonic DistortionEquivalent Input Noise Level (EIN)Examples of Current Instrumentation for the Measurement of Hearing Aid ParametersHearing Aid Analyzers: Test BoxesCalibration of Hearing Aid Test SystemsAmplification for ChildrenAdvantages of a Bilateral Hearing Aid FittingHead Shadow EffectEnhanced Speech UnderstandingBinaural SquelchBinaural RedundancyImproved Sound Quality Along with Better Spatial BalanceImproved Sound LocalizationPrevention of Auditory DeprivationBinaural InterferenceIdentification of Binaural InterferenceAuditory TrainingReferencesChapter 8. Assistive Listening DevicesIntroductionWhat Are Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs)?ANSI/ASA S3.47-2014Classification of ALDsComponentsTest EquipmentStandard ConditionsEquipment SetupSettings of ControlsRecommended MeasurementsTypes of ALDsFrequency Modulation (FM) SystemsClassroom Audio Distribution Systems (ADS)Hearing Loop SystemsInfrared (IR) SystemsBluetooth TechnologyComparative Analysis of ALDsDiscussionEmerging ThemesFuture ResearchConclusionReferencesChapter 9. Vestibular Assessment: Electronystagmography and VideonystagmographyElectro-OculographyVideo-OculographyNeurophysiologic Mechanisms Underlying ENG and VNGThe Final Common PathwaySaccadic SystemSmooth Pursuit SystemNeural IntegratorVestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) and VOR FixationOptokinetic (OKN) TestingCaloric IrrigationsCalibrationTemperatureTimingDistance and AngleFlowEye MovementsVNG GogglesAdvantages and Disadvantages of ENG and VNGENG/VNG Test BatteryOculomotor TestsStatic Positional Tests and Dynamic Positioning TestingCaloric TestingSample VNG from a Normal PatientSaccadic Test ResultsResults of Smooth Pursuit TestingGaze TestingOKN TestingHead-Shaking Nystagmus TestPositional and Positioning Test ResultsCaloric TestingChapter 10. Test Equipment Used in Audiology and Hearing ScienceAudiometerOscillatorsStandard OscillatorSquare Wave OscillatorDetailed Description of the Stimuli Generated by an AudiometerCritical BandSpeech NoiseInstrumentation for Acoustic ImmittanceComponents of the Immittance DeviceOtoacoustic Emissions - InstrumentationElectrophysiologic InstrumentationAuditory Evoked PotentialsStimulus Used in Auditory Evoked Potentials (ABR)Click StimulusRepetition RatePolarityUniversal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS)ReferencesChapter 11. Instrumentation for Calibration and Calibration of Test StimuliEquipment Used for CalibrationEquipment for Calibration of Air ConductionANSI Requirements for Calibration of Audiometric SignalsCalibrationFrequency AccuracyTotal Harmonic Distortion (THD)Rise and FallLinearitySound-Field TestingBone Conduction CalibrationArtificial MastoidType 4930Larson Davis AMC 493ACalibration of High FrequenciesCalibration of the Acoustic Admittance DeviceCalibration of Admittance Unit of MeasurementCalibration of Probe Signal IntensityCalibration of the Activating StimuliCalibration of the Pneumatic SystemCalibration of the Otoacoustic Emissions Probe SignalCalibration for Auditory Evoked PotentialsCalibration for Masking NoiseNoise Levels in the Test EnvironmentReferencesIndex