Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing

J. Anthony (Tony) Seikel, PhD, is emeritus faculty at Idaho State University, where he taught graduate and undergraduate coursework in neuroanatomy and neuropathology over the course of his career in Communication Sciences and Disorders. He is co-author of numerous chapters, books and research publications in the fields of speech-language pathology and audiology. His current research is examining the relationship between orofacial myofunctional disorders and oropharyngeal dysphagia. **** David G. Drumright, BS, grew up in Oklahoma and Kansas, taught electronics at DeVry for several years, then spent 20 years as a technician in acoustics and speech research. He developed many programs and devices for analysis and instruction in acoustics and speech/hearing. He has been semi-retired since 2002, working on graphics and programming for courseware. **** Daniel J. Hudock, PhD, CCC-SLP, is an Associate Professor of Communication Sciences and Disorders in the College of Rehabilitation and Communication Sciences at Idaho State University. He is currently serving as the Speech Language Pathology Graduate Program Co-Director and Founding PhD in Rehabilitation and Communication Sciences Program Co-Coordinator. He has published over 30 articles and given over 100 presentations with several recent ones being invited half-day and full-day podium talks. In his TEDx Talk entitled, "Please Don't Finish My Sentence", he presents about his experience living with a stutter. Dr. Hudock has successfully completed several grants and is an avid volunteer within the profession and associations focused on fluency disorders, including serving in leadership positions, including the coordinating committee of ASHA's SIG 4 on Fluency Disorders. His two primary tracts of research focus on 1) better understanding, assessing, and treating fluency disorders through holistic interprofessional partnerships with mental health professionals and 2) the neuroscience of speech perception and production in people who stutter using high-density EEG and time-frequency analysis. He is the founding director of the Northwest Center for Fluency Disorders that offers an intensive interprofessional stuttering clinic with speech-language pathologists collaborating with counselors and clinical psychologists through an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) informed framework in the treatment of adolescent and adult stuttering. Lastly, he has taught courses on Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanisms and Speech and Hearing Science for over a decade, starting as a graduate teaching assistant at East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina.

• PrefaceAbout the AuthorsIntroduction to the LearnerAcknowledgementsIntroduction to the LearnerUsing This Textbook and Online ResourcesChapter 1. Basic Elements of AnatomyAnatomy and PhysiologyTerminology of AnatomyTerms of OrientationTerms of MovementParts of the BodyBuilding Blocks of Anatomy: Tissues and SystemsTissuesBody SystemsPrenatal DevelopmentGenetic TerminologyStages of Prenatal DevelopmentDevelopment of Individual SystemsChapter SummaryBibliographyChapter 2. Anatomy of RespirationThe Support Structure of RespirationOverviewVertebral ColumnPelvic and Pectoral GirdlesRibs and Rib CageSoft Tissue of the Thorax and Respiratory PassagewayDivisions of the Bronchial TreeMovement of Air Through the Respiratory SystemMuscles of InspirationMuscles of Forced ExpirationRespiratory Muscle of the Upper Limb: Latissimus DorsiChapter SummaryBibliographyChapter 3. Physiology of RespirationThe Flow of RespirationInstruments in RespirationRespiration for LifeEffects of Turbulence on RespirationRespiratory CycleLung Volumes and CapacitiesLung VolumesLung CapacitiesPressures of the Respiratory SystemPressures Generated by the TissueEffects of Posture on SpeechPressures and Volumes of SpeechPrenatal Development of the Respiratory SystemAxial skeleton Development: Vertebral Column and Rib CageRespiratory System DevelopmentPostnatal Development and Aging in RespirationEffect of Age on Volumes and CapacitiesEffect of Age on Respiratory RateMuscle Development and ControlPhysical Bases of Changes in AdulthoodRespiratory Pathologies Affecting CommunicationAcute ConditionsChronic ConditionsChapter SummaryBibliographyChapter 4. Anatomy of PhonationA Tour of the Phonatory MechanismFramework of the LarynxCavities of the LarynxCartilaginous Structure of the LarynxMovement of the CartilagesLaryngeal MusculatureIntrinsic Laryngeal MusclesLaryngeal Elevators and DepressorsChapter SummaryBibliographyChapter 5. Physiology of PhonationNonspeech Laryngeal FunctionLaryngeal Function for SpeechA Brief Discussion of AcousticsInstruments for VoicingThe Bernoulli EffectVocal AttackTerminationSustained PhonationVocal RegisterFrequency, Pitch, and Pitch ChangePitch-Changing MechanismIntensity and Intensity ChangeClinical ConsiderationsLinguistic Aspects of Pitch and IntensityTheories of PhonationPrenatal DevelopmentPostnatal Development and Aging of the Phonatory MechanismVocal Fold ChangesVocal Fold Tissue ChangesCartilage ChangesHyoid and Laryngeal DescentFundamental Frequency Changes During DevelopmentThe Effects of AgingSupportive TissueMuscleCartilagesNerves and SensationFundamental Frequency Changes With AgingChanges in Other Acoustic ParametersPathologies That May Affect PhonationStructural EtiologiesDegenerative Neurological DiseasesChapter SummaryDecibel Practice ActivityI. Exponents and LogarithmsII. dB SPL ProblemsIII. SPL: More Complex ExamplesIV. Decibel Increase and DecreaseBibliographyChapter 6. Anatomy of Articulation and ResonationSource-Filter Theory of Vowel ProductionThe ArticulatorsBones of the Face and Cranial SkeletonBones of the FaceBones of the Cranial SkeletonDentitionDental DevelopmentDental OcclusionCavities of the Articulatory SystemMuscles of the Face and MouthMuscles of the FaceMuscles of the MouthMuscles of Mastication: Mandibular Elevators and DepressorsMuscles of the PharynxChapter SummaryBibliographyChapter 7. Physiology of Articulation and ResonationInstrumentation in ArticulationSpeech FunctionLipsMandibleTongueVelumCoordinated ArticulationCentral Control TheoryDynamic or Action Theory ModelsThe DIVA Model of Speech ProductionPrenatal Articulatory/Resonatory System Development: Pharynx, Face, and NeckDevelopment of the SkullOral Cavity and Pharynx DevelopmentFacial DevelopmentPostnatal Development and Aging in Articulation and ResonationGeneral Craniofacial GrowthDevelopment of Articulatory AbilityEffects of Aging on Structure and FunctionPathologies That May Affect ArticulationProblems Affecting DentitionProblems Affecting the TongueMandibular and Maxillary ProblemsProblems Affecting Lips and PalateNeurogenic Conditions Affecting SpeechChapter SummaryBibliographyChapter 8. Physiology of Mastication and DeglutitionMastication and DeglutitionInstrumentation in Swallowing FunctionOrganizational Patterns of Mastication and DeglutitionOral Stage: Oral PreparationOral Stage: TransportPharyngeal StageEsophageal StageProcess Model of Mastication and DeglutitionNeurophysiological Underpinnings of Mastication and DeglutitionSensation Associated with Mastication and DeglutitionSalivation ResponseAnatomical and Physiological Changes in Development and AgingDevelopmentChanges in Swallowing With AgingReflexive Circuits of Mastication and DeglutitionChewing ReflexOrienting, Rooting, and Suckling/Sucking ReflexesUvular (Palatal) ReflexGag (Pharyngeal) ReflexRetch and Vomit ReflexCough ReflexPain Withdrawal ReflexApneic ReflexRespiration ReflexesSwallowing ReflexReexamination of the Patterns for Mastication and Deglutition: A Complex Integration of Reflexes and Voluntary ActionPathologies Affecting Swallowing FunctionChapter SummaryBibliographyChapter 9. Anatomy of HearingThe Structures of HearingOuter EarMiddle EarLandmarks of the Middle EarInner EarOsseous VestibuleOsseous Semicircular CanalsOsseous Cochlear LabyrinthMembranous LabyrinthInnervation Pattern of the Organ of CortiChapter SummaryBibliographyChapter 10. Auditory PhysiologyInstrumentation in Hearing ResearchOuter EarMiddle Ear FunctionInner Ear FunctionVestibular MechanismAuditory Mechanism: Mechanical EventsElectrical EventsNeural ResponsesPoststimulus Time HistogramsInterspike Interval and Period HistogramsFrequency SelectivityAuditory Pathway ResponsesAuditory Development and Auditory AgingPrenatal DevelopmentPostnatal Development of the Peripheral Auditory SystemAging and the Auditory MechanismPathologies That May Affect AuditionInflammatory ConditionsCongenital ProblemsTraumatic LesionsNeoplastic ChangesBone ChangesChapter SummaryBibliographyChapter 11. NeuroanatomyOverviewSense, Sensor, and Stimulation Divisions of the Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous SystemAutonomic and Somatic Nervous SystemsDevelopment DivisionsAnatomy of the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous SystemNeuronsAnatomy of the CerebrumMedial Surface of Cerebral CortexInferior Surface of Cerebral CortexMyelinated FibersAnatomy of the SubcortexCerebrovascular SystemCerebellumAnatomy of the BrainstemCranial NervesSpecific Cranial NervesAnatomy of the Spinal CordPathways of the Spinal CordChapter SummaryBibliographyChapter 12. NeurophysiologyInstrumentation in NeurophysiologyThe NeuronNeuron FunctionMuscle FunctionHigher FunctioningMotor System LesionsAfferent InputsAssociation RegionsHemispheric SpecializationLesion StudiesMotor Control for SpeechDevelopment and Aging of the BrainPrenatal Development of the Nervous SystemPostnatal Development of the BrainThe Aging BrainNeurogenic Conditions That May Affect CommunicationAcquired ConditionsChapter SummaryBibliographyGlossaryIndex