Steven Kramer, PhD, is Professor Emeritus in the School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences at San Diego State University, where he has been a faculty member and administrator since 1985. He served as the department chair from 1990 to 2001 and as the Co-director of the Audiology Doctoral (AuD) Program, offered jointly by San Diego State University (SDSU) and the University of Califor­nia San Diego (UCSD), from 2003 to 2016. He obtained his master’s and doctoral degrees in audiology and hearing science from the University of Florida. He was a clinical faculty member at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas. He has taught a wide array of courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels, including hearing science, diagnostics, medical audiology, evoked poten­tials, and psychoacoustics.David K. Brown, PhD, CCC-A, has been Professor in the School of Audiol­ogy at Pacific University since it enrolled its first students in 2012. He is also the Director of the Audiology Simulation Lab (AUD SIMLab) at Pacific. Previously, he was Director of Audiological Research for Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Assistant Professor in the Departments of Otolaryngology and Com­munication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Cincinnati. For the past 40 years, he has been a licensed and certified audiologist specializing in pediatrics. He teaches courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels in the areas of acoustics, anatomy and physiology, audiometry, evoked potentials, otoacoustic emissions, pediatrics and research fundamentals.Laura Dreisbach, PhD, CCC-A, is a Professor in the School of Speech, Lan­guage, and Hearing Sciences at San Diego State University (SDSU), where she has been a faculty member since 2000. She currently serves as the Co-director of the Audiology Doctoral (AuD) Program, offered jointly by SDSU and the University of California San Diego (UCSD). She is the director of the Auditory Physiology and Psychoacoustics Lab. She obtained her master’s degree in audiology from The Pennsylvania State University and her doctoral degree in audiology and hearing science from Northwestern University. She has been a licensed and certified au­diologist for 35 years. She teaches graduate-level courses in the areas of diagnos­tics, evoked potentials, instrumentation, otoacoustic emissions, and pediatrics. She finds fulfillment in mentoring both undergraduate and graduate students.

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• ContentsPrefaceAbout the EditorsContributorsPART I. Perspectives on the Profession of AudiologyChapter 1. The Discipline of AudiologyProfessional Organizations in the United StatesDevelopment of the Profession of AudiologyReferencesChapter 2. Audiology as a CareerEducation and Professional Credentials in the United StatesWhat Do Audiologists Do?Membership Demographics in the United States and Work SettingsReferencesPART II. Fundamentals of Hearing and Balance ScienceChapter 3. Properties of Sound and Speech AcousticsSimple Vibrations and Sound TransmissionFrequencyWavelengthOther Factors That Affect Sound PropagationPhaseAmplitudeIntensity and PressureDecibelsInverse Square LawAudibility by FrequencyComplex SoundsSignal-to-Noise RatioResonanceDistortionAcoustics of SpeechFilteringPsychoacousticsReferencesChapter 4. Anatomy of the Auditory and Vestibular SystemsOverview and General OrientationOuter EarMiddle EarInner EarNeural PathwaysReferencesChapter 5. Functions of the Auditory and Vestibular SystemsAir-to-Fluid Impedance MismatchOuter EarMiddle EarInner Ear (Cochlea)Cochlear NerveSummary of the Auditory Transduction ProcessTuning CurvesFrequency CodingIntensity CodingVestibular SystemReferencesPART III. Evaluation of the Auditory and Vestibular SystemsChapter 6. Preparation for Testing and Pure-Tone AudiometryPreparation for TestingCase HistoryOtoscopyPure-Tone AudiometryTest EnvironmentAudiometersTransducersAir Conduction Versus Bone Conduction TestingObtaining Pure-Tone ThresholdsVariables Influencing ThresholdsVariations With Young Children or Difficult-to-Test PopulationsReferencesChapter 7. Audiogram InterpretationAudiogramDescribing AudiogramsOther Audiogram Situations to ConsiderPure-Tone AverageDecibel Sensation LevelReferencesChapter 8. Speech AudiometrySpeech Testing Equipment and CalibrationSpeech Threshold MeasuresWord Recognition ScoreInterpreting Word Recognition ScoresSpeech-in-Noise TestsVariations With Young Children or Difficult-to-Test PopulationsReferencesChapter 9. Masking for Pure-Tone and Speech AudiometryInteraural AttenuationMaskersMaking Decisions on When to MaskHow to Mask for Air Conduction Pure-Tone Thresholds (Plateau Method)How to Mask for Bone Conduction Pure-Tone Thresholds (Plateau Method)Summary of Pure-Tone Masking Steps Masking Examples for Pure-Tone ThresholdsMasking for Speech AudiometryReferencesChapter 10. ImmittanceImmittance ConceptsTympanometryWideband Acoustic ImmittanceAcoustic Reflex ThresholdAcoustic Reflex DecayReferencesChapter 11. Auditory Evoked Physiologic ResponsesOtoacoustic EmissionsAuditory Brainstem ResponsesAuditory Steady-State ResponsesReferencesChapter 12. Screening for Hearing LossHistorical and Current Practice GuidelinesHearing Identification ProgramsScreening the Hearing of NewbornsSchool-Age ChildrenAdultsScreening Outcomes and EfficacyReferencesChapter 13. Vestibular EvaluationNystagmusBasic Test BatteryOffice/Bedside ScreeningReferencesChapter 14. Disorders of Hearing and BalanceDescribing Hearing DisordersOuter EarMiddle EarInner Ear (Cochlear) AcquiredAuditory Nerve and Central Nervous SystemFalse and Exaggerated Hearing LossTinnitusVestibular SystemReferencesPART IV. Treatment/Management of Hearing and Balance ProblemsChapter 15. Hearing AidsH. Gustav MuellerHearing Aid DispensingWorkflow for the Selection and Fitting of Hearing AidsAssessment of Hearing Aid Candidacy—Step 1Treatment Planning—Step 2Selection and Fitting of Hearing Aids—Step 3Basic Hearing Aid StylesHearing Aid ProgrammingVerification—Step 4Orientation—Step 5Validation—Step 6Hearing Assistive Technology SystemsReferencesChapter 16. Implantable DevicesBone-Anchored ImplantMiddle Ear ImplantCochlear ImplantAuditory Brainstem ImplantReferencesChapter 17. Other Treatments and (Re)habilitation of Hearing and Balance DisordersCerumen ManagementTinnitusAural HabilitationAural RehabilitationVestibular RehabilitationReferencesChapter 18. Role of the Speech-Language PathologistCollaborationCounselingPrevention and WellnessScreeningAssessmentTreatmentModalities, Technology, and InstrumentationPopulation and SystemsReferencesGlossaryIndex

Steven Kramer, PhD, is Professor Emeritus in the School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences at San Diego State University, where he has been a faculty member and administrator since 1985. He served as the department chair from 1990 to 2001 and as the Co-director of the Audiology Doctoral (AuD) Program, offered jointly by San Diego State University (SDSU) and the University of Califor­nia San Diego (UCSD), from 2003 to 2016. He obtained his master’s and doctoral degrees in audiology and hearing science from the University of Florida. He was a clinical faculty member at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas. He has taught a wide array of courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels, including hearing science, diagnostics, medical audiology, evoked poten­tials, and psychoacoustics.David K. Brown, PhD, CCC-A, has been Professor in the School of Audiol­ogy at Pacific University since it enrolled its first students in 2012. He is also the Director of the Audiology Simulation Lab (AUD SIMLab) at Pacific. Previously, he was Director of Audiological Research for Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Assistant Professor in the Departments of Otolaryngology and Com­munication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Cincinnati. For the past 40 years, he has been a licensed and certified audiologist specializing in pediatrics. He teaches courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels in the areas of acoustics, anatomy and physiology, audiometry, evoked potentials, otoacoustic emissions, pediatrics and research fundamentals.Laura Dreisbach, PhD, CCC-A, is a Professor in the School of Speech, Lan­guage, and Hearing Sciences at San Diego State University (SDSU), where she has been a faculty member since 2000. She currently serves as the Co-director of the Audiology Doctoral (AuD) Program, offered jointly by SDSU and the University of California San Diego (UCSD). She is the director of the Auditory Physiology and Psychoacoustics Lab. She obtained her master’s degree in audiology from The Pennsylvania State University and her doctoral degree in audiology and hearing science from Northwestern University. She has been a licensed and certified au­diologist for 35 years. She teaches graduate-level courses in the areas of diagnos­tics, evoked potentials, instrumentation, otoacoustic emissions, and pediatrics. She finds fulfillment in mentoring both undergraduate and graduate students.

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• ContentsPrefaceAbout the EditorsContributorsPART I. Perspectives on the Profession of AudiologyChapter 1. The Discipline of AudiologyProfessional Organizations in the United StatesDevelopment of the Profession of AudiologyReferencesChapter 2. Audiology as a CareerEducation and Professional Credentials in the United StatesWhat Do Audiologists Do?Membership Demographics in the United States and Work SettingsReferencesPART II. Fundamentals of Hearing and Balance ScienceChapter 3. Properties of Sound and Speech AcousticsSimple Vibrations and Sound TransmissionFrequencyWavelengthOther Factors That Affect Sound PropagationPhaseAmplitudeIntensity and PressureDecibelsInverse Square LawAudibility by FrequencyComplex SoundsSignal-to-Noise RatioResonanceDistortionAcoustics of SpeechFilteringPsychoacousticsReferencesChapter 4. Anatomy of the Auditory and Vestibular SystemsOverview and General OrientationOuter EarMiddle EarInner EarNeural PathwaysReferencesChapter 5. Functions of the Auditory and Vestibular SystemsAir-to-Fluid Impedance MismatchOuter EarMiddle EarInner Ear (Cochlea)Cochlear NerveSummary of the Auditory Transduction ProcessTuning CurvesFrequency CodingIntensity CodingVestibular SystemReferencesPART III. Evaluation of the Auditory and Vestibular SystemsChapter 6. Preparation for Testing and Pure-Tone AudiometryPreparation for TestingCase HistoryOtoscopyPure-Tone AudiometryTest EnvironmentAudiometersTransducersAir Conduction Versus Bone Conduction TestingObtaining Pure-Tone ThresholdsVariables Influencing ThresholdsVariations With Young Children or Difficult-to-Test PopulationsReferencesChapter 7. Audiogram InterpretationAudiogramDescribing AudiogramsOther Audiogram Situations to ConsiderPure-Tone AverageDecibel Sensation LevelReferencesChapter 8. Speech AudiometrySpeech Testing Equipment and CalibrationSpeech Threshold MeasuresWord Recognition ScoreInterpreting Word Recognition ScoresSpeech-in-Noise TestsVariations With Young Children or Difficult-to-Test PopulationsReferencesChapter 9. Masking for Pure-Tone and Speech AudiometryInteraural AttenuationMaskersMaking Decisions on When to MaskHow to Mask for Air Conduction Pure-Tone Thresholds (Plateau Method)How to Mask for Bone Conduction Pure-Tone Thresholds (Plateau Method)Summary of Pure-Tone Masking Steps Masking Examples for Pure-Tone ThresholdsMasking for Speech AudiometryReferencesChapter 10. ImmittanceImmittance ConceptsTympanometryWideband Acoustic ImmittanceAcoustic Reflex ThresholdAcoustic Reflex DecayReferencesChapter 11. Auditory Evoked Physiologic ResponsesOtoacoustic EmissionsAuditory Brainstem ResponsesAuditory Steady-State ResponsesReferencesChapter 12. Screening for Hearing LossHistorical and Current Practice GuidelinesHearing Identification ProgramsScreening the Hearing of NewbornsSchool-Age ChildrenAdultsScreening Outcomes and EfficacyReferencesChapter 13. Vestibular EvaluationNystagmusBasic Test BatteryOffice/Bedside ScreeningReferencesChapter 14. Disorders of Hearing and BalanceDescribing Hearing DisordersOuter EarMiddle EarInner Ear (Cochlear) AcquiredAuditory Nerve and Central Nervous SystemFalse and Exaggerated Hearing LossTinnitusVestibular SystemReferencesPART IV. Treatment/Management of Hearing and Balance ProblemsChapter 15. Hearing AidsH. Gustav MuellerHearing Aid DispensingWorkflow for the Selection and Fitting of Hearing AidsAssessment of Hearing Aid Candidacy—Step 1Treatment Planning—Step 2Selection and Fitting of Hearing Aids—Step 3Basic Hearing Aid StylesHearing Aid ProgrammingVerification—Step 4Orientation—Step 5Validation—Step 6Hearing Assistive Technology SystemsReferencesChapter 16. Implantable DevicesBone-Anchored ImplantMiddle Ear ImplantCochlear ImplantAuditory Brainstem ImplantReferencesChapter 17. Other Treatments and (Re)habilitation of Hearing and Balance DisordersCerumen ManagementTinnitusAural HabilitationAural RehabilitationVestibular RehabilitationReferencesChapter 18. Role of the Speech-Language PathologistCollaborationCounselingPrevention and WellnessScreeningAssessmentTreatmentModalities, Technology, and InstrumentationPopulation and SystemsReferencesGlossaryIndex

Steven Kramer, PhD, is Professor Emeritus in the School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences at San Diego State University, where he has been a faculty member and administrator since 1985. He served as the department chair from 1990 to 2001 and as the Co-director of the Audiology Doctoral (AuD) Program, offered jointly by San Diego State University (SDSU) and the University of Califor­nia San Diego (UCSD), from 2003 to 2016. He obtained his master’s and doctoral degrees in audiology and hearing science from the University of Florida. He was a clinical faculty member at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas. He has taught a wide array of courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels, including hearing science, diagnostics, medical audiology, evoked poten­tials, and psychoacoustics.David K. Brown, PhD, CCC-A, has been Professor in the School of Audiol­ogy at Pacific University since it enrolled its first students in 2012. He is also the Director of the Audiology Simulation Lab (AUD SIMLab) at Pacific. Previously, he was Director of Audiological Research for Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Assistant Professor in the Departments of Otolaryngology and Com­munication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Cincinnati. For the past 40 years, he has been a licensed and certified audiologist specializing in pediatrics. He teaches courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels in the areas of acoustics, anatomy and physiology, audiometry, evoked potentials, otoacoustic emissions, pediatrics and research fundamentals.Laura Dreisbach, PhD, CCC-A, is a Professor in the School of Speech, Lan­guage, and Hearing Sciences at San Diego State University (SDSU), where she has been a faculty member since 2000. She currently serves as the Co-director of the Audiology Doctoral (AuD) Program, offered jointly by SDSU and the University of California San Diego (UCSD). She is the director of the Auditory Physiology and Psychoacoustics Lab. She obtained her master’s degree in audiology from The Pennsylvania State University and her doctoral degree in audiology and hearing science from Northwestern University. She has been a licensed and certified au­diologist for 35 years. She teaches graduate-level courses in the areas of diagnos­tics, evoked potentials, instrumentation, otoacoustic emissions, and pediatrics. She finds fulfillment in mentoring both undergraduate and graduate students.

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• ContentsPrefaceAbout the EditorsContributorsPART I. Perspectives on the Profession of AudiologyChapter 1. The Discipline of AudiologyProfessional Organizations in the United StatesDevelopment of the Profession of AudiologyReferencesChapter 2. Audiology as a CareerEducation and Professional Credentials in the United StatesWhat Do Audiologists Do?Membership Demographics in the United States and Work SettingsReferencesPART II. Fundamentals of Hearing and Balance ScienceChapter 3. Properties of Sound and Speech AcousticsSimple Vibrations and Sound TransmissionFrequencyWavelengthOther Factors That Affect Sound PropagationPhaseAmplitudeIntensity and PressureDecibelsInverse Square LawAudibility by FrequencyComplex SoundsSignal-to-Noise RatioResonanceDistortionAcoustics of SpeechFilteringPsychoacousticsReferencesChapter 4. Anatomy of the Auditory and Vestibular SystemsOverview and General OrientationOuter EarMiddle EarInner EarNeural PathwaysReferencesChapter 5. Functions of the Auditory and Vestibular SystemsAir-to-Fluid Impedance MismatchOuter EarMiddle EarInner Ear (Cochlea)Cochlear NerveSummary of the Auditory Transduction ProcessTuning CurvesFrequency CodingIntensity CodingVestibular SystemReferencesPART III. Evaluation of the Auditory and Vestibular SystemsChapter 6. Preparation for Testing and Pure-Tone AudiometryPreparation for TestingCase HistoryOtoscopyPure-Tone AudiometryTest EnvironmentAudiometersTransducersAir Conduction Versus Bone Conduction TestingObtaining Pure-Tone ThresholdsVariables Influencing ThresholdsVariations With Young Children or Difficult-to-Test PopulationsReferencesChapter 7. Audiogram InterpretationAudiogramDescribing AudiogramsOther Audiogram Situations to ConsiderPure-Tone AverageDecibel Sensation LevelReferencesChapter 8. Speech AudiometrySpeech Testing Equipment and CalibrationSpeech Threshold MeasuresWord Recognition ScoreInterpreting Word Recognition ScoresSpeech-in-Noise TestsVariations With Young Children or Difficult-to-Test PopulationsReferencesChapter 9. Masking for Pure-Tone and Speech AudiometryInteraural AttenuationMaskersMaking Decisions on When to MaskHow to Mask for Air Conduction Pure-Tone Thresholds (Plateau Method)How to Mask for Bone Conduction Pure-Tone Thresholds (Plateau Method)Summary of Pure-Tone Masking Steps Masking Examples for Pure-Tone ThresholdsMasking for Speech AudiometryReferencesChapter 10. ImmittanceImmittance ConceptsTympanometryWideband Acoustic ImmittanceAcoustic Reflex ThresholdAcoustic Reflex DecayReferencesChapter 11. Auditory Evoked Physiologic ResponsesOtoacoustic EmissionsAuditory Brainstem ResponsesAuditory Steady-State ResponsesReferencesChapter 12. Screening for Hearing LossHistorical and Current Practice GuidelinesHearing Identification ProgramsScreening the Hearing of NewbornsSchool-Age ChildrenAdultsScreening Outcomes and EfficacyReferencesChapter 13. Vestibular EvaluationNystagmusBasic Test BatteryOffice/Bedside ScreeningReferencesChapter 14. Disorders of Hearing and BalanceDescribing Hearing DisordersOuter EarMiddle EarInner Ear (Cochlear) AcquiredAuditory Nerve and Central Nervous SystemFalse and Exaggerated Hearing LossTinnitusVestibular SystemReferencesPART IV. Treatment/Management of Hearing and Balance ProblemsChapter 15. Hearing AidsH. Gustav MuellerHearing Aid DispensingWorkflow for the Selection and Fitting of Hearing AidsAssessment of Hearing Aid Candidacy—Step 1Treatment Planning—Step 2Selection and Fitting of Hearing Aids—Step 3Basic Hearing Aid StylesHearing Aid ProgrammingVerification—Step 4Orientation—Step 5Validation—Step 6Hearing Assistive Technology SystemsReferencesChapter 16. Implantable DevicesBone-Anchored ImplantMiddle Ear ImplantCochlear ImplantAuditory Brainstem ImplantReferencesChapter 17. Other Treatments and (Re)habilitation of Hearing and Balance DisordersCerumen ManagementTinnitusAural HabilitationAural RehabilitationVestibular RehabilitationReferencesChapter 18. Role of the Speech-Language PathologistCollaborationCounselingPrevention and WellnessScreeningAssessmentTreatmentModalities, Technology, and InstrumentationPopulation and SystemsReferencesGlossaryIndex