Ruth Hull is an integrative health consultant and author who has been working in natural health since 1999 as a therapist, lecturer, and writer. Born and educated in Zimbabwe, Hull holds a degree in philosophy and literature as well as a master’s degree in health and homeopathy. She studied and practiced complementary therapies in London and worked as a homeopathic doctor and lecturer in South Africa.

• IntroductionA Note on American and British SpellingsChapter 1. Before You BeginAnatomical PositionDirectional TermsQuadrantsAnatomical RegionsBody CavitiesPlanesChapter 2. Organization of the BodyLevels of Structural Organization of the BodyChemical Organization of the BodyCellular Organization of the BodyTransport across the Plasma MembraneLife Cycle of a CellTissue Level of Organization of the BodySystem Level of Organization of the BodyTheory in PracticeChapter 3. The Skin, Hair, and NailsSkinTypes of SkinHairLife Cycle of a HairNailsCutaneous GlandsTheory in PracticeChapter 4. The Skeletal SystemBonesBone TissueCompact (Dense) Bone TissueSpongy (Cancellous) Bone TissueBone Formation and RemodelingTypes of BonesStructure of a Long BoneOrganization of the SkeletonAxial SkeletonBones of the SkullBones of the Neck and SpineBones of the ThoraxAppendicular SkeletonBones of the Upper Limb and Shoulder GirdleBones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Lower LimbThe Arches of the FootJointsSynovial JointsTheory in PracticeChapter 5. The Muscular SystemMuscle TissueSkeletal MuscleMuscle Contraction and RelaxationTypes of Muscular ContractionSkeletal Muscles and MovementMuscles of the BodyMuscles of the Face and ScalpMuscles of the NeckMuscles of the Trunk and ShoulderMuscles of the BackMuscles of the Arm and ForearmMuscles of the HandMuscles of the Hip and ThighMuscles of the LegMuscles of the FootPrincipal Skeletal MusclesTheory in PracticeChapter 6. The Nervous SystemOrganization of the Nervous SystemNervous TissueStructure of a Motor NeuronTransmission of a Nerve ImpulseNervesBrainProtection of the BrainCranial NervesSpinal CordSpinal NervesSpecial Sense OrgansThe EyeThe EarThe MouthThe NoseTheory in PracticeChapter 7. The Endocrine SystemEndocrine Glands and Their HormonesHormones Controlled by the Pituitary GlandHormones Not Controlled by the Pituitary GlandThe Stress ResponseTheory in PracticeChapter 8. The Respiratory SystemOrganization of the Respiratory SystemThe NoseParanasal SinusesPharynx (Throat)Larynx (Voice Box)Trachea (Windpipe)BronchiLungsAlveoli (Air Sacs)Physiology of RespirationPulmonary VentilationExternal Respiration (Pulmonary Respiration)Internal Respiration (Tissue Respiration)Theory in PracticeChapter 9. The Cardiovascular SystemBloodHeartWalls, Chambers, and Valves of the HeartBlood Flow to the Heart TissueBlood Flow Through the HeartPhysiology of the HeartBlood VesselsBlood PressurePrimary Blood Vessels of Systemic CirculationPrimary Arteries of the Head, Face, and NeckPrimary Veins of the Head, Face, and NeckGuide to Flowcharts of the Blood Vessels of the BodyPrimary Arteries of the Upper LimbsPrimary Veins of the Upper LimbsPrimary Arteries of the ThoraxPrimary Veins of the ThoraxPrimary Arteries of the AbdomenPrimary Veins of the AbdomenPrimary Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower LimbsPrimary Veins of the Pelvis and Lower LimbsTheory in PracticeChapter 10. The Lymphatic and Immune SystemThe Relationship between the Lymphatic and Cardiovascular SystemsOrganization of the Lymphatic and Immune SystemLymph NodesResistance to Disease and ImmunityNon-Specific Resistance to DiseaseImmunity (the Immune Response)Theory in PracticeChapter 11. The Digestive SystemOrganization of the Digestive SystemPeritoneumWalls of the GI TractGastrointestinal Tract and Its Accessory OrgansMouth (Oral or Buccal Cavity)EsophagusStomachLiverGall BladderSmall IntestinePancreasLarge IntestineDigestion of CarbohydratesDigestion of ProteinsDigestion of LipidsTheory in PracticeChapter 12. The Urinary SystemKidneysNephronUretersUrinary BladderUrethraTheory in PracticeChapter 13. The Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive SystemMammary GlandsFemale Reproductive CycleAging and the Reproductive SystemTheory in Practice

Ruth Hull is an integrative health consultant and author who has been working in natural health since 1999 as a therapist, lecturer, and writer. Born and educated in Zimbabwe, Hull holds a degree in philosophy and literature as well as a master’s degree in health and homeopathy. She studied and practiced complementary therapies in London and worked as a homeopathic doctor and lecturer in South Africa.

• IntroductionA Note on American and British SpellingsChapter 1. Before You BeginAnatomical PositionDirectional TermsQuadrantsAnatomical RegionsBody CavitiesPlanesChapter 2. Organization of the BodyLevels of Structural Organization of the BodyChemical Organization of the BodyCellular Organization of the BodyTransport across the Plasma MembraneLife Cycle of a CellTissue Level of Organization of the BodySystem Level of Organization of the BodyTheory in PracticeChapter 3. The Skin, Hair, and NailsSkinTypes of SkinHairLife Cycle of a HairNailsCutaneous GlandsTheory in PracticeChapter 4. The Skeletal SystemBonesBone TissueCompact (Dense) Bone TissueSpongy (Cancellous) Bone TissueBone Formation and RemodelingTypes of BonesStructure of a Long BoneOrganization of the SkeletonAxial SkeletonBones of the SkullBones of the Neck and SpineBones of the ThoraxAppendicular SkeletonBones of the Upper Limb and Shoulder GirdleBones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Lower LimbThe Arches of the FootJointsSynovial JointsTheory in PracticeChapter 5. The Muscular SystemMuscle TissueSkeletal MuscleMuscle Contraction and RelaxationTypes of Muscular ContractionSkeletal Muscles and MovementMuscles of the BodyMuscles of the Face and ScalpMuscles of the NeckMuscles of the Trunk and ShoulderMuscles of the BackMuscles of the Arm and ForearmMuscles of the HandMuscles of the Hip and ThighMuscles of the LegMuscles of the FootPrincipal Skeletal MusclesTheory in PracticeChapter 6. The Nervous SystemOrganization of the Nervous SystemNervous TissueStructure of a Motor NeuronTransmission of a Nerve ImpulseNervesBrainProtection of the BrainCranial NervesSpinal CordSpinal NervesSpecial Sense OrgansThe EyeThe EarThe MouthThe NoseTheory in PracticeChapter 7. The Endocrine SystemEndocrine Glands and Their HormonesHormones Controlled by the Pituitary GlandHormones Not Controlled by the Pituitary GlandThe Stress ResponseTheory in PracticeChapter 8. The Respiratory SystemOrganization of the Respiratory SystemThe NoseParanasal SinusesPharynx (Throat)Larynx (Voice Box)Trachea (Windpipe)BronchiLungsAlveoli (Air Sacs)Physiology of RespirationPulmonary VentilationExternal Respiration (Pulmonary Respiration)Internal Respiration (Tissue Respiration)Theory in PracticeChapter 9. The Cardiovascular SystemBloodHeartWalls, Chambers, and Valves of the HeartBlood Flow to the Heart TissueBlood Flow Through the HeartPhysiology of the HeartBlood VesselsBlood PressurePrimary Blood Vessels of Systemic CirculationPrimary Arteries of the Head, Face, and NeckPrimary Veins of the Head, Face, and NeckGuide to Flowcharts of the Blood Vessels of the BodyPrimary Arteries of the Upper LimbsPrimary Veins of the Upper LimbsPrimary Arteries of the ThoraxPrimary Veins of the ThoraxPrimary Arteries of the AbdomenPrimary Veins of the AbdomenPrimary Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower LimbsPrimary Veins of the Pelvis and Lower LimbsTheory in PracticeChapter 10. The Lymphatic and Immune SystemThe Relationship between the Lymphatic and Cardiovascular SystemsOrganization of the Lymphatic and Immune SystemLymph NodesResistance to Disease and ImmunityNon-Specific Resistance to DiseaseImmunity (the Immune Response)Theory in PracticeChapter 11. The Digestive SystemOrganization of the Digestive SystemPeritoneumWalls of the GI TractGastrointestinal Tract and Its Accessory OrgansMouth (Oral or Buccal Cavity)EsophagusStomachLiverGall BladderSmall IntestinePancreasLarge IntestineDigestion of CarbohydratesDigestion of ProteinsDigestion of LipidsTheory in PracticeChapter 12. The Urinary SystemKidneysNephronUretersUrinary BladderUrethraTheory in PracticeChapter 13. The Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive SystemMammary GlandsFemale Reproductive CycleAging and the Reproductive SystemTheory in Practice

Ruth Hull is an integrative health consultant and author who has been working in natural health since 1999 as a therapist, lecturer, and writer. Born and educated in Zimbabwe, Hull holds a degree in philosophy and literature as well as a master’s degree in health and homeopathy. She studied and practiced complementary therapies in London and worked as a homeopathic doctor and lecturer in South Africa.

• IntroductionA Note on American and British SpellingsChapter 1. Before You BeginAnatomical PositionDirectional TermsQuadrantsAnatomical RegionsBody CavitiesPlanesChapter 2. Organization of the BodyLevels of Structural Organization of the BodyChemical Organization of the BodyCellular Organization of the BodyTransport across the Plasma MembraneLife Cycle of a CellTissue Level of Organization of the BodySystem Level of Organization of the BodyTheory in PracticeChapter 3. The Skin, Hair, and NailsSkinTypes of SkinHairLife Cycle of a HairNailsCutaneous GlandsTheory in PracticeChapter 4. The Skeletal SystemBonesBone TissueCompact (Dense) Bone TissueSpongy (Cancellous) Bone TissueBone Formation and RemodelingTypes of BonesStructure of a Long BoneOrganization of the SkeletonAxial SkeletonBones of the SkullBones of the Neck and SpineBones of the ThoraxAppendicular SkeletonBones of the Upper Limb and Shoulder GirdleBones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Lower LimbThe Arches of the FootJointsSynovial JointsTheory in PracticeChapter 5. The Muscular SystemMuscle TissueSkeletal MuscleMuscle Contraction and RelaxationTypes of Muscular ContractionSkeletal Muscles and MovementMuscles of the BodyMuscles of the Face and ScalpMuscles of the NeckMuscles of the Trunk and ShoulderMuscles of the BackMuscles of the Arm and ForearmMuscles of the HandMuscles of the Hip and ThighMuscles of the LegMuscles of the FootPrincipal Skeletal MusclesTheory in PracticeChapter 6. The Nervous SystemOrganization of the Nervous SystemNervous TissueStructure of a Motor NeuronTransmission of a Nerve ImpulseNervesBrainProtection of the BrainCranial NervesSpinal CordSpinal NervesSpecial Sense OrgansThe EyeThe EarThe MouthThe NoseTheory in PracticeChapter 7. The Endocrine SystemEndocrine Glands and Their HormonesHormones Controlled by the Pituitary GlandHormones Not Controlled by the Pituitary GlandThe Stress ResponseTheory in PracticeChapter 8. The Respiratory SystemOrganization of the Respiratory SystemThe NoseParanasal SinusesPharynx (Throat)Larynx (Voice Box)Trachea (Windpipe)BronchiLungsAlveoli (Air Sacs)Physiology of RespirationPulmonary VentilationExternal Respiration (Pulmonary Respiration)Internal Respiration (Tissue Respiration)Theory in PracticeChapter 9. The Cardiovascular SystemBloodHeartWalls, Chambers, and Valves of the HeartBlood Flow to the Heart TissueBlood Flow Through the HeartPhysiology of the HeartBlood VesselsBlood PressurePrimary Blood Vessels of Systemic CirculationPrimary Arteries of the Head, Face, and NeckPrimary Veins of the Head, Face, and NeckGuide to Flowcharts of the Blood Vessels of the BodyPrimary Arteries of the Upper LimbsPrimary Veins of the Upper LimbsPrimary Arteries of the ThoraxPrimary Veins of the ThoraxPrimary Arteries of the AbdomenPrimary Veins of the AbdomenPrimary Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower LimbsPrimary Veins of the Pelvis and Lower LimbsTheory in PracticeChapter 10. The Lymphatic and Immune SystemThe Relationship between the Lymphatic and Cardiovascular SystemsOrganization of the Lymphatic and Immune SystemLymph NodesResistance to Disease and ImmunityNon-Specific Resistance to DiseaseImmunity (the Immune Response)Theory in PracticeChapter 11. The Digestive SystemOrganization of the Digestive SystemPeritoneumWalls of the GI TractGastrointestinal Tract and Its Accessory OrgansMouth (Oral or Buccal Cavity)EsophagusStomachLiverGall BladderSmall IntestinePancreasLarge IntestineDigestion of CarbohydratesDigestion of ProteinsDigestion of LipidsTheory in PracticeChapter 12. The Urinary SystemKidneysNephronUretersUrinary BladderUrethraTheory in PracticeChapter 13. The Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive SystemMammary GlandsFemale Reproductive CycleAging and the Reproductive SystemTheory in Practice