Energy and Environment

Michel André is deputy director of the research department "Planning - Mobility - Environment" (AME), which comprises 7 laboratories of IFSTTAR in France. He also conducts research work at the Transports and Environment Laboratory, on transport and air pollution, pollutant emission measurement, real-world driving cycles, vehicle fleets and traffic conditions, pollution modeling and methodologies for assessing air pollution, and mitigation policies and measures.Zissis Samaras is Full Professor and Director of the Lab of Applied Thermodynamics (LAT), Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece. His research work deals primarily with engine and vehicle emissions testing and modeling, and he has carried out a wide range of projects on modeling emissions from internal combustion engines.Bernard Jacob (Set Coordinator): Chair of the Programme Committee of TRA2014, is deputy scientific director for transport, infrastructures and safety with IFSTTAR. His research works are in bridge and road safety, traffic loads on bridges, heavy vehicles and weigh-in-motion. He is Professor at Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat in France, and President of the International Society for WIM (ISWIM).

• Acknowledgments xxiPreface xxiiiBernard JACOB and Jean-Bernard KOVARIKIntroduction xxviiMichel ANDRÉ and Zissis SAMARASPart 1. Electromobility and its Implementation 1Introduction to Part 1 3Zissis SAMARASChapter 1. Toward a Europe-Wide Interoperable Electromobility System 5Gabriele GIUSTINIANI, Luca PERSIA, Heike BARLAG and Norbert VIERHEILIG1.1. Background 51.2. The Green eMotion project partnership and objectives 71.3. GeM achievements so far 81.4. Next steps 131.5. Conclusions . 161.6. Bibliography . 17Chapter 2. Advanced Services for Electromobility: the Integration of the SmartCEM Project Platform for the Reggio Emilia Pilot Site 19Mauro DELL’AMICO, Guido DI PASQUALE, Leandro GUIDOTTI and Pietro MASCOLO2.1. Introduction 192.2. Reggio Emilia pilot site 212.3. Research hypotheses 232.4. Technical architecture and data exchange 232.5. Experimental design, data and questionnaires 242.6. Conclusions 282.7. Bibliography 29Chapter 3. Cognitive Mapping and Multi-criteria Assessment for the Design of an Electric Car Sharing Service 31Alessandro LUÈ, Alberto COLORNI and Roberto NOCERINO3.1. Introduction 313.2. Decision-aiding methods and causal maps 333.3. Assessment of the configuration options 363.4. Conclusion 423.5. Bibliography 42Chapter 4. Eco-driving for Clean Vehicles – Optimizing Energy Use for Trams and e-buses 47Wolfgang BACKHAUS4.1. Background 474.2. Advanced training and education for safe eco-driving of clean vehicles: ACTUATE 484.3. Evaluation of training programmes for safe eco-driving of clean vehicles 524.4. Conclusions 564.5. Bibliography 57Chapter 5. The Role and Activities of SMEs in EU R&D Transport Programmes: the Case of Electric Vehicles 59David MORRIS5.1. Introduction 595.2. Innovation in the transport market 605.3. Methodology 635.4. SME involvement in EU R&D programmes 645.5. Strategies employed by SMEs to overcome barriers 695.6. Summary 705.7. Acknowledgments 705.8. Bibliography 71Part 2. Vehicle and Engine Technologies Development 73Introduction to Part 2 75Zissis SAMARASChapter 6. HERCULES-1: The Long-Term (2004–2014) R&D Programme on Large Engine Technologies for Ships 77Nikolaos KYRTATOS6.1. Introduction 786.2. Achievements of Hercules-A and Hercules-B 796.3. Objectives of Hercules-C 816.4. Project HERCULES-C results 816.5. Conclusions 906.6. Acknowledgments 916.7. Bibliography 91Chapter 7. Energy Storage System Studies for Heavy Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the EC HCV Project 93Mario CONTE, Francesco VELLUCCI, Massimo CERAOLO, Peter DAEMON, Giorgio MANTOVANI, Christian NIKLAS, Sophie TINTIGNAC and Giancarlo TROTTI7.1. Introduction 937.2. The reference vehicles and the selected energy storage systems (ESS) 957.3. Dedicated testing procedures 967.4. Testing results 1007.5. Conclusions 1057.6. Acknowledgments 1057.7. Bibliography 106Chapter 8. Achievements and Lessons Learnt in the Zero Regio EU Project 109Heinrich LIENKAMP and Ashok RASTOGI8.1. Introduction 1098.2. Hydrogen infrastructure 1108.3. Fuel-cell vehicles 1158.4. Results of demonstration 1158.5. Unexpected events and lessons learnt 1188.6. Post-project activities and future plans 1208.7. Concluding remarks 1218.8. Bibliography 121Chapter 9. FEV HiFORS Injector with Continuous Rate Shaping: Influence on Mixture Formation and Combustion Process 123Paul GRZESCHIK, Hermann-Josef LAUMEN and Udo SCHLEMMER KELLING9.1. Introduction 1239.2. HiFORS injector 1249.3. Optical chamber rate shaping investigations 1269.4. Single cylinder engine investigations 1289.5. Conclusion and outlook 1349.6. Acknowledgments 1349.7. Bibliography 134Chapter 10. Development of Predictive Vehicle and Drivetrain Operating Strategies Based Upon Advanced Information and Communication Technologies 137Stephen JONES, Arno HUSS, Emre KURAL, Alexander MASSONER, Edoardo MORRA, Christa SIMON, Reinhard TATSCHL and Christian VOCK10.1. Introduction 13710.2. Energy potential analysis with offline simulation 13910.3. Analysis of ICT measures for the reduction of CO2 emissions in urban areas 14110.4. Development and implementation of predictive energy management systems for real-life application 14210.5. Conclusions and outlook 14810.6. Acknowledgments 14910.7. Bibliography 149Part 3. Energies and Fuels for Transports 151Introduction to Part 3 153Zissis SAMARASChapter 11. Measures to Promote the Diffusion of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in EU27 155Michael KRAIL and Wolfgang SCHADE11.1. Introduction 15511.2. The integrated assessment model ASTRA 15711.3. Diffusion of alternative fuel cars 16011.4. Policies and scenarios 16511.5. Conclusions 16911.6. Acknowledgments 17011.7. Bibliography 170Chapter 12. Creating Prospective Value Chains for Renewable Road Transport Energy Sources up to 2050 in Nordic Countries 173Anu TUOMINEN, Nina WESSBERG, Anna LEINONEN, Annele EEROLA and Simon BOLWIG12.1. Introduction 17312.2. Theoretical background 17412.3. Method 17812.4. Building future contexts for the prospective value chains 18112.5. Analysis of value network actors: a biodiesel case study 18312.6. Discussion and conclusions 18512.7. Acknowledgments . 18612.8. Bibliography 186Chapter 13. The Consequences of Increasing Fuel Prices on Car Travel and Household Budgets 189Richard GRIMAL13.1. A break in trend in car travel: increasing financial constraints and the proximity of saturation 18913.2. A lagged reaction to rising fuel prices 19413.3. The rise of fuel poverty 20013.4. Bibliography 206Chapter 14. The Development of an Innovative On-board CNG Storage System for Methane-Fuelled Cars Conducted Within the FP7 EU Project ‘InGAS’ 209David Mark STORER, Giorgio MENZATO, Michael KLESCHINSKI, Volker STRUBEL, Bernhard KIENER, Jerzy KALETA, Pawel GASIOR, Wojciech BLAZEJEWSKI, Georg MAIR and Christian GREGOR14.1. Development of innovative, low-cost Type IV CNG vessels 20914.2. Development of advanced components for the on-board CNG storage and supply system 21214.3. Design of CNG storage module 21414.4. Integration of CNG storage module in vehicle 21514.5. Performance validation 21514.6. Considerations regarding production issues 21614.7. Conclusions 21714.8. Acknowledgments 219Chapter 15. Sustainability Assessment of Infrastructure Elements with Integrated Energy Harvesting Technologies 221Bijan ADL-ZARRABI, Mohammad HOSEINI, York OSTERMEYER and Holger WALLBAUM15.1. Background 22115.2. Highway E39 in Norway 22315.3. Identification of environmental and economic lifecycle challenges 22915.4. Pareto optimized concepts balancing economic and environmental aspects 23015.5. Conclusions 23115.6. Bibliography 232Part 4. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation 235Introduction to Part 4 237Michel ANDRÉChapter 16. GHG Mitigation Strategy in the European Transport Sector 241Wolfgang SCHADE and Michael KRAIL16.1. Introduction 24116.2. Analysis of R&D funding and the innovation systems of the transport modes 24416.3. Scoping of GHG reduction measures and technical reduction potentials 24716.4. Techno-economic assessment of cost of GHG reduction measures 24916.5. Stepwise scenario building and model-based assessment of scenarios and their GHG reduction pathways 25016.6. Synthesis on suitable GHG reduction strategy for transport 25316.7. Conclusions 25516.8. Acknowledgments 25616.9. Bibliography 257Chapter 17. Why do CO2 Emissions from Heavy Road Freight Transport Increase in Spite of Higher Fuel Prices? 259Inge VIERTH17.1. Introduction  25917.2. Swedish freight transport market 26017.3. Logistic efficiency of road freight transports 26317.4. Consumed fuel per vehicle-km 26517.5. CO2-intensity of fuel used in the road freight sector 26917.6. Modeling policy impacts 27017.7. Conclusions 27217.8. Acknowledgments 27317.9. Bibliography 273Chapter 18. A Study on Super Credits and their Impact on Fleet-Average Real-World CO2 Emissions 277Petros KATSIS, Thomas PAPAGEORGIOU and Leonidas NTZIACHRISTOS18.1. Introduction 27718.2. Methodology 27918.3. Simulation 28318.4. Results and discussion 28618.5. Conclusion 28918.6. Bibliography 290Chapter 19. A Study on Co-Modality and Eco-Driving Mobility 293Sven MAERIVOET, Lars AKKERMANS, Kristof CARLIER and Muriel DESAEGER19.1. Introduction 29319.2. Analyzing the GPS-based mobility data 29419.3. Assessing modal shift potential 29919.4. Vehicle choice, technology and automotive service 30519.5. Conclusions and recommendations 30619.6. Bibliography 307Chapter 20. Harmonizing Carbon Footprint Calculation for Freight Transport Chains 309Alan LEWIS, Verena EHRLER, Heidi AUVINEN, Hedi MAURER, Igor DAVYDENKO, Antje BURMEISTER, Saskia SEIDEL, Andreas LISCHKE and Jan KIEL20.1. Introduction 30920.2. The basis for standardization 31320.3. Working with real-life supply chains 31820.4. Outlook: requirements toward a future structure for the harmonized approach 32020.5. Conclusions 32220.5. Acknowledgments 32220.6. Bibliography 322Chapter 21. Carbon Intensity of French Shippers 325Christophe RIZET, Cecilia CRUZ, Matthieu DE LAPPARENT and Martine VROMANT21.1. Introduction: context and objective 32521.2. Data: the 2004 French shipper survey 32621.3. Estimating shipper yearly emissions from a typology of shippers 32821.4. Estimating yearly shipper emissions with a model of carbon intensity per tonne shipped 33221.5. Comparison of carbon intensity per shipper estimated by the two methods 33521.6. Carbon intensity, carbon efficiency and the impact of a carbon tax on shipper competitiveness 33521.7. Conclusion 33721.8. Acknowledgments 33821.9. Bibliography 338Part 5. Air Pollution 339Introduction to Part 5 341Michel ANDRÉChapter 22. Impact of FAME Content on the Regeneration Frequency of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) 345Kenneth D. ROSE, Heather HAMJE, Dimitris KATSAOUNIS, Christos SAMARAS, Savas GEIVANIDIS and Zissis SAMARAS22.1. Introduction 34522.2. Experimental setup 34722.3. Test procedure 34822.4. Results 35022.5. Conclusions 35422.6. Acknowledgments 35522.7. Bibliography 355Chapter 23. Exhaust Aftertreatment Potentials of Advanced Coupled NSC-SCR System 357Thomas WITTKA, Bastian HOLDERBAUM and Thomas KÖRFER23.1. Introduction 35723.2. Description of investigated exhaust system and fuel reformer performance 35923.3. Discussion of results and aftertreatment potentials of investigated exhaust system 36323.4. Summary 36923.5. Acknowledgments 37023.6. Bibliography 370Chapter 24. Power Controlled Microwave Reactor for the Removal of NOx and SOx from the Exhaust of Marine Diesel Engines 373Maysam ABBOD, Radu BELECA, David PEIRCE, Lionel GANIPPA, Nadarajah MANIVANNAN and Wamadeva BALACHANDRAN24.1. Introduction 37324.2. Non-thermal plasma experimental set-up using diesel car engine 37524.3. MW power control 37824.4. Non-thermal plasma experimental set-up using 40 kW marine engine 38024.5. Practical implementation 38324.6. Conclusions 38324.7. Bibliography 384Chapter 25. Quantification of Non-Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions from Road Transport 385Ilias VOUITSIS, Leonidas NTZIACHRISTOS, Christos SAMARAS and Zissis SAMARAS25.1. Introduction 38525.2. Methodology 38625.3. Database of road non-exhaust EFs 38825.4. Conclusions 39525.5. Acknowledgments 39625.6. Bibliography 396Chapter 26. COPERT Micro: a Tool to Calculate Vehicle Emissions in Urban Areas 401Christos SAMARAS, Leonidas NTZIACHRISTOS and Zissis SAMARAS26.1. Introduction 40126.2. Methodology 40226.3. Software application 40826.4. Results and applications 41026.5. Conclusions 41326.6. Bibliography 414Chapter 27. Traffic and Vehicle Fleet Statistics for the Calculation of Air Pollutant Emissions from Road Transport in France 417Michel ANDRÉ, Marion CARTERET and Anaïs PASQUIER27.1. Introduction 41727.2. Data needed for estimating pollutant emissions from road transports 41927.3. A typical approach for determining fleet composition 41927.4. Detailed assumptions and data for France 42027.5. Comparing different estimations for France 42527.6. The French vehicle fleet composition: some highlights 42727.7. Local observations and vehicle fleet variability 42927.8. Other data required for emission calculation 43127.9. Discussion and conclusions 43227.10. Acknowledgments 43227.11. Bibliography 433Part 6. Noise and Vibration 435Introduction to Part 6 437Michel ANDRÉChapter 28. AQUO European Collaborative Project – Development of Methods and Indicators for the Assessment of Shipping Noise Footprint on Underwater Environment and Impact on Marine Life 439Christian AUDOLY, Céline ROUSSET, Thomas FOLEGOT, Michel ANDRÉ, Lanfranco BENEDETTI and Eric BAUDIN28.1. Introduction 43928.2. Overview of AQUO project 44028.3. Needs and policies 44228.4. Noise footprint characterization 44528.5. Methodology for the derivation of noise mitigation guidelines 45028.6. Conclusions and ongoing actions 45228.7. Acknowledgments 45328.8. Bibliography 453Chapter 29. Reduction of the Underwater Radiated Noise by Ships: New Shipbuilding Challenge. The Vessels “Ramón Margalef” and “Ángeles Alvariño” as Technological References of How to Build Silent Vessels 455Publio BELTRÁN PALOMO, Raul SALINAS MULLOR and Alfonso MORENO RODRÍGUEZ29.1. Introduction 45629.2. Case study: “Ramón Margalef” and “Ángeles Alvariño”  46129.3. Conclusions 47029.4. Acknowledgments 47229.5. Bibliography 472Chapter 30. Mitigation of Ground Vibrations from Freight Trains 475Patrick VANHONACKER and Hamid MASOUMI30.1. Introduction 47530.2. Vibrations from freight trains 47630.3. Decomposing the vibration problem 47730.4. Numerical modeling 47830.5. Mitigation measure at the source 47930.6. Mitigation measure in propagation path 48530.7. Conclusions 48930.8. Acknowledgements 48930.9. Bibliography 489Chapter 31. ACOUTRAIN: Virtual Certification of Acoustic Performance for Freight and Passenger Trains 491Nicolas FURIO, Maria STARNBERG, Estelle BONGINI, David THOMPSON, Ulf ORRENIUS and Nathalie CUNY31.1. Introduction 49131.2. Acoutrain: a European research project 49331.3. Conclusion 49931.4. Acknowledgments 50031.5. Bibliography 500Chapter 32. Additional Efficient Warning Sounds for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 501Etienne PARIZET, Ryan ROBART, Perceval PONDROM, Jean-Christophe CHAMARD, Guillaume BAUDET, David QUINN, Karl JANSSENS and Manfred HAIDER32.1. Introduction 50132.2. Detectability 50232.3. Sound meaning 50532.4. Unpleasantness 50832.5. Conclusion 50932.6. Acknowledgments 51032.7. Bibliography 510List of Authors 511Index 519