Mass Transfers and Physical Data Estimation

Abdelhanine Benallou has an extensive background in teaching and in business administration. He was also the main founder of the Moroccan Association for Solar Industry, which he chaired from 1987 to 1997.

• Preface ixIntroduction xiChapter 1. Determination of Physical Data 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Estimating critical properties 21.2.1. Estimating critical temperature 21.2.2. Estimating critical pressure 51.2.3. Estimating the critical volume: Benson correlation (Benson, 1948) 81.2.4. Estimating the critical compressibility factor 101.3. Methods for estimating boiling temperature 111.4. Methods for estimating density 141.4.1. Estimating liquid densities 141.5. Methods for estimating viscosity 151.5.1. Estimating viscosities of pure liquids 151.5.2. Correlations for the viscosity of liquid mixtures 171.5.3. Estimating gas viscosities 181.6. Methods for estimating specific heat 191.6.1. Heat capacities of petroleum oils 191.6.2. Heat capacities of petroleum vapors 201.6.3. Estimations for anthracite and bituminous coals 201.6.4. Heat capacities for cement, mortar and sand 211.6.5. Heat capacities of organic liquids 211.7. Estimating latent heat of vaporization 221.7.1. Rapid estimations 221.7.2. Calculating latent heat from critical data 231.7.3. Chen correlation 231.7.4. Calculations at different temperatures 241.8. Estimating expansion coefficients β 241.9. Methods for estimating heat conductivity 251.9.1. Heat conductivity of metals and alloys 251.9.2. Heat conductivity of wood 261.9.3. Conductivity of chains of liquid hydrocarbons 261.9.4. Conductivity of gases and vapors 271.9.5. Conductivity of monatomic gases 281.9.6. Conductivity of non-polar gases with linear molecules 281.10. Physical properties of water 291.10.1. Correlation of density 291.10.2. Heat capacity 291.10.3. Correlation of heat conductivity 291.10.4. Correlation of viscosity 291.10.5. Correlation of thermal diffusivity 301.10.6. Correlation of the Prandtl number 301.10.7. Correlation for calculating the expansion coefficient 301.10.8. Correlation for calculating the saturating pressure 301.10.9. Correlation for calculating latent heat 311.11. Physical properties of air 311.11.1. Correlation of density 321.11.2. Heat capacity 321.11.3. Correlation of heat conductivity 321.11.4. Correlation of viscosity 331.11.5. Correlation of thermal diffusivity 331.11.6. Correlation of the Prandtl number 331.11.7. Correlation for calculating the expansion coefficient 33Chapter 2. Determinants and Parameters of Mass Transfer 352.1. Introduction 352.2. Relative transfer velocities 362.2.1. Velocity relating to average mass velocity 362.2.2. Velocity relative to average molar velocity. 372.3. Amount of matter transferred 382.4. Expressions of flux density 392.4.1. Total flux 392.4.2. Specific fluxes 412.5. Operations on diffusion flux densities 442.5.1. Total density as a function of the specific densities 442.5.2. Sum of mass densities with respect to v 452.5.3. Sum of molar flux densities with respect to v* 462.5.4. Sum of mass flux densities with respect to a mobile reference frame at v* 462.6. Relations between flux densities fi and ji 472.7. Relations between flux densities Fi and Ji* 47Chapter 3. Fick’s First Law: Diffusion Coefficients 493.1. Introduction 493.2. Fick’s first law 503.2.1. Expressing the flux density vector 503.2.2. Similarities to energy and momentum transfer laws 513.2.3. Convective analogy 523.3. Fick’s first law in different forms 523.4. Determining diffusion coefficients from tabulated data 533.4.1. Gaseous binary diffusion coefficients 533.4.2. Illustration: diffusion coefficients of CO2 in air and in water vapor 543.4.3. Diffusion coefficients for liquid binaries 583.5. Estimating diffusion coefficients from correlations 603.5.1. Estimating gaseous binary diffusion coefficients 603.5.2. Estimating diffusion coefficients of liquid binaries 713.6. Diffusion coefficients for multicomponent mixtures 813.6.1. Stefan–Maxwell equation 813.6.2. Effective diffusion coefficient for complex mixtures 82Chapter 4. Fick’s Second Law: Macroscopic Balances 854.1. Introduction 854.2. Overall continuity equation 854.2.1. The accumulation term 864.2.2. The generation term 864.2.3. The term I – O 874.2.4. The balance equation 874.2.5. The balance equation in Cartesian coordinates 884.3. Particular continuity equations 884.3.1. The term Ii – Oi 884.3.2. The accumulation term 894.3.3. The generation term 894.3.4. Continuity equations in molar terms 904.4. Illustration: diffusion with chemical reaction 924.5. Illustration: diffusion of a component in a stagnant mixture 944.6. Reading: background to Fick’s Laws 97Chapter 5. Exercises and Solutions 101Appendices 153Appendix 1 155Appendix 2 187References 191Index 205