3D Printing of Concrete

Arnaud Perrot has been Research Professor at Université Bretagne Sud, France, since 2007. He is the author of over 50 scientific articles in the field of the implementation and rheology of cement-based materials.

• Introduction ixArnaud PERROTChapter 1. 3D Printing in Concrete: General Considerations and Technologies 1Arnaud PERROT and Sofiane AMZIANE1.1. Introduction 11.2. General considerations for 3D printing and additive fabrication 21.2.1. What is 3D printing? 21.2.2. Towards the 3D printing of cement-based materials 71.3. The digital and additive fabrication of cement materials 71.3.1. Introduction 71.3.2. Printed methods using extrusion and deposition 91.3.3. Methods of printing by injection into a particle bed 221.3.4. Alternative printing methods 251.4. A classification of 3D printing methods for concrete 291.4.1. Philosophy 291.4.2. Classification parameters 301.4.3. Example of classification 331.5. References 35Chapter 2. 3D Printing in Concrete: Techniques for Extrusion/Casting 41Arnaud PERROT and Damien RANGEARD2.1. Introduction 412.2. Breakdown of the process into stages 432.3. Behavior during the fresh state and the printing stage 462.3.1. Rheology of cement-based materials 462.3.2. Pumping 522.3.3. Extrusion 542.3.4. Stability of an elemental layer during deposition 562.3.5. Overall stability of the printed structure in a wet state 582.4. Other problems occurring during concrete extrusion printing 622.4.1. Elastic deformation and accuracy of the deposition 622.4.2. Shrinkage and cracking during drying 632.4.3. Bonding between layers – weakness at the interface between layers 652.4.4. Concept of time windows 662.5. Conclusion 672.6. References 68Chapter 3. 3D Printing by Selective Binding in a Particle Bed: Principles and Challenges 73Alexandre PIERRE and Arnaud PERROT3.1. Introduction 733.2. Classification of selective printing processes and strategies 753.2.1. Selective cement activation 773.2.2. Selective paste intrusion 803.2.3. Injection of the binder 823.3. State of the art of selective printing and major achievements 823.4. Scientific challenges 843.4.1. Selective cement activation and the effect of water penetration 843.4.2. Selective intrusion and penetration by cement paste 893.4.3. Towards modeling in 3D 943.5. Conclusion 963.6. References 96Chapter 4. Mechanical Behavior of 3D Printed Cement Materials 101Mohammed SONEBI, Sofiane AMZIANE and Arnaud PERROT4.1. Introduction 1014.2. Mechanical performance of the cement materials printed using the extrusion/deposition method 1024.2.1. Effect of extrusion on the mechanical characteristics of cement-based composites 1034.2.2. Mechanical behavior of 3D printed cement materials 1054.3 Effects of the additive fabrication method on the mechanical behavior of cement-based materials 1164.3.1. Printed concrete = anisotropic stratified materials: possible causes 1164.3.2. Effects of the printing process parameters on the mechanical properties 1164.4. Mechanical behavior obtained with other methods of 3D printing of cement-based materials 1194.4.1. Production using robotic sliding castings (“Smart Dynamic Casting”) 1194.4.2. Printing using the method of injection into a particle bed 1194.5. Conclusion 1204.6. References 121Chapter 5. 3D Printing with Concrete: Impact and Designs of Structures 125Arnaud PERROT and Damien RANGEARD5.1. Introduction 1255.2. Freedom of forms: architectural liberation and topological optimization 1265.2.1. 3D printing with concrete: a boon for architects? 1265.2.2. Towards the creation of structures with optimized shapes? 1285.2.3. Could 3D concrete printers go through a transition similar to the transition from black and white to color? 1305.3. Design of structures: reinforcement strategies and design codes 1315.3.1. The use of fibers 1325.3.2. External reinforcements 1335.3.3. Steel wire placed within the extruded material 1335.3.4. Dedicated spaces acting as lost formworks 1345.3.5. Wrapping of reinforcement elements set in place beforehand 1355.3.6. Towards a specific design code? 1365.4. Impacts of 3D printing 1365.4.1. Environmental impact 1365.4.2. Societal impact 1385.4.3. Economic impact 1395.5. Conclusion 1405.6. References 141List of Authors 145Index 147