Daniel Ventre, Researcher at CESDIP Laboratory (CNRS/University of Versailles/Ministry of Justice/University of Cergy Pontoise).

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• Introduction ixChapter 1. On the Origins of Artificial Intelligence 11.1. The birth of artificial intelligence (AI) 11.1.1. The 1950s–1970s in the United States 11.1.2. AI research in China 71.1.3. AI research in Russia 91.1.4. AI research in Japan 121.1.5. AI research in France 141.2. Characteristics of AI research 161.3. The sequences of AI history 191.4. The robot and robotics 231.5. Example of AI integration: the case of the CIA in the 1980s 271.5.1. The CIA’s instruments and methods for understanding and appropriating AI adapted to its needs 291.5.2. Focus groups, research, coordination 351.5.3. The network of interlocutors outside the intelligence community 361.5.4. What AI applications for what intelligence needs? 42Chapter 2. Concepts and Discourses 452.1. Defining AI 472.1.1. AI 472.1.2. Expert systems 542.1.3. Machine learning and deep learning 562.1.4. The robot, robotics 572.2. Types of AI 602.3. Evolution of the themes over time 622.3.1. Google Trends 622.3.2. The AAAI magazine 632.4. The stories generated by artificial intelligence 672.4.1. The transformative power of AI 672.4.2. The absolute superiority of human intelligence over the machine 752.4.3. The replacement of humans by machines 762.4.4. AI as an existential threat 772.4.5. The place of AI and robotics in fiction: the example of Japan 802.5. Political considerations 822.5.1. National strategies for artificial intelligence 852.5.2. U.S. policy 97Chapter 3. Artificial Intelligence and Defense Issues 1053.1. Military policies and doctrines for AI: the American approach 1053.1.1. American defense AI policy 1053.1.2. AI in American military doctrines 1143.2. Military AI in Russia 1283.3. AI and the art of warfare 1363.3.1. Manuel de Landa: war in the age of intelligent machines 1363.3.2. AI announcing a new RMA? 1393.3.3. Applications of AI in the military field 1433.3.4. Expert systems in military affairs 1463.3.5. Autonomous weapons 1483.3.6. Robotics and AI 1513.4. AI and cyber conflict 1553.4.1. Malware, cybersecurity and AI 1573.4.2. AI and cyberweapons 1623.4.3. Offensive–defensive/security configurations 1633.4.4. Adversarial AI and adversarial Machine Learning 1713.4.5. AI and information warfare 1733.4.6. Example 1: the war in Syria 1793.4.7. Example 2: events in Hong Kong in 2019 1813.4.8. Example 3: malicious AI attacks 1833.4.9. Example 4: swarming attacks 1843.4.10. Example 5: crossing universes with AI and without AI 185Conclusion 187Appendices 195Appendix 1. A Chronology of AI 197Appendix 2. AI in Joint Publications (Department of Defense, United States) 207Appendix 3. AI in the Guidelines and Instructions of the Department of Defense (United States) 209Appendix 4. AI in U.S. Navy Instructions 211Appendix 5. AI in U.S. Marine Corps Documents 213Appendix 6. AI in U.S. Air Force Documents 215References 217Index 235