Christian Gontrand is Professor at the INL/INSA Lyon Institute in France and at INSA Fes, Euro-Mediterranean University, in Morocco, as well as responsible for 3D integration there. He is also the former head of the "Smart System Integration" team at INSA Lyon’s AMPERE lab. His research interests include microwave devices, heterogenic 2D or 3D circuits and systems, and telecom firmware.

• Acknowledgements ixPreface xiIntroduction xiiiHistory Pages xxxvList of Acronyms xxxixChapter 1. Modulation 11.1. Modulation? 11.1.1. Main reasons for modulation 11.1.2. Main modulation schemas 11.1.3. Criteria for modulation via electronics 21.1.4. Digital modulation: why do it? 21.2. Main technical constraints 21.3. Transmission of information (analog or digital) 61.3.1. Characteristics of the signal that can be modified 71.3.2. Amplitude and phase representation in the complex plane 71.4. Probabilities of error 101.4.1. Bit error ratio versus signal to noise ratio 111.4.2. Demodulator: intended recipient decoder 121.5. Vocabulary of digital modulation 141.6. Principles of digital modulations 171.6.1. Polar display 191.6.2. Variations of parameters: amplitude, phase, frequency 191.6.3. Representation in a complex plane 201.6.4. Eye diagram 211.7. Multiplexing 231.7.1. Frequency multiplexing 241.7.2. Multiplexing – time 251.7.3. Multiplexing – code 261.7.4. Geographical (spatial) multiplexing 261.8. Main formats for digital modulations 261.8.1. Phase-shift keying 281.8.2. BPSK 311.8.3. The QPSK 371.9. Error vector module and phase noise 631.9.1. Plot QPSK reference constellation 691.9.2. Effects of phase noise on 16-QAM 751.9.3. Phase noise: effects of the signal spectrum 761.9.4. Algorithms 781.9.5. Spectrum analyzer 791.9.6. Measures of the error vector module of a signal modulated by a noisy 16-QAM 811.10. Gaussian noise (AWGN) 811.10.1. AWGN channel 831.10.2. Ratio between EsNo and SNR 841.10.3. Behavior for real and complex input signals 851.11. QAM modulation in an AWGN channel 851.11.1. QAM demodulation 891.11.2. Detecting phase error 901.12. Frequency-shift keying 931.12.1. Binary FSK 941.13. Minimum-shift keying 951.13.1. Bit error ratio (BER)/Gaussian channel 971.13.2. Typical analytical expressions used in “berawgn” 981.14. Amplitude-shift keying 991.14.1. On–off keying 991.14.2. Modulation at “M states” 1011.15. Quadrature amplitude modulation 1041.15.1. Limits on theoretical spectral efficiency 1051.15.2. I/Q imbalance 1061.15.3. QAM-M constellations 1091.16. Digital communications transmitters 1171.16.1. A digital communications receiver 1181.16.2. Measures of power 1201.16.3. Power of the adjacent channel 1211.16.4. Frequency measures 1211.16.5. Synchronization measures 1231.17. Applications 1291.17.1. Domains 1291.17.2. Digressions or precisions, around modulations 131Chapter 2. Some Developments in Modulation Techniques 1372.1. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 1372.1.1. Introduction 1372.1.2. Multicarrier modulations 1382.1.3. General principles 1432.1.4. How to choose N? 1452.1.5. Practical aspects 1452.1.6. COFDM 1472.1.7. Equalization and decoding 1492.1.8. The multiuser context 1502.1.9. Code division multiple access 1502.1.10. Schematic ordinogram 1522.1.11. Data in OFDM 1552.1.12. OFDM: advantages and disadvantages 1562.1.13. Intermediate conclusion 1572.1.14. QPSK and OFDM with MATLAB system objects 1592.1.15. FDM versus OFDM: difference between FDM and OFDM 1622.2. A note on orthogonality 1702.3. Global System for Mobile Communications 1742.3.1. Introduction 1742.3.2. Forming a GSM 1752.4. MIMO 1782.4.1. Introduction 1782.4.2. Principles 1782.4.3. Uses 182Chapter 3. Signal Processing: Sampling 1833.1. Z-transforms 1833.1.1. Transforms 1833.1.2. Inverse z-transform 1843.2. Basics of signal processing 1873.3. Real discretezation processing 1903.3.1. Real discretization comb 1903.3.2. Real sampled signal 1913.3.3. Blocked, sampled signal 1913.3.4. Model of real sampled signals 1923.3.5. Uniform quantifying 1923.3.6. Signal quantification step: rounding 1923.3.7. Signal quantification step: troncature 1933.3.8. Quantification solution 1933.3.9. Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN): a simple but effective model 1933.3.10. Quantification error and quantification noise 1933.3.11. In practice, sample and hold and CAN 1943.3.12. Spectra of periodic signals 1953.3.13. Non-periodic signal spectrums 1953.3.14. PSD versus delay 1973.3.15. FT of a product: the Plancherel theorem 1973.3.16. Periodic signal before sampling 1983.3.17. Spectrum of sampled signals 1983.3.18. Conditions for sampling frequency 1993.4. Coding techniques (summary) 200Chapter 4. A Little on Associated Hardware 2034.1. Voltage-controlled oscillator 2034.2. Impulse sensitivity function 2094.3. Phase noise 2104.3.1. At passage to zero 2124.3.2. At the peaks 2124.4. Phase-locked loop 2194.4.1. Study of a fundamental tool: the PLL 2194.4.2. Schematic structure of the PLL 2204.4.3. Operation of the loop: acquisition and locking 2224.4.4. Charge pump 229Conclusion 231Appendices 233Appendix 1 235Appendix 2 243Appendix 3 263References 291Index 293

Christian Gontrand is Professor at the INL/INSA Lyon Institute in France and at INSA Fes, Euro-Mediterranean University, in Morocco, as well as responsible for 3D integration there. He is also the former head of the "Smart System Integration" team at INSA Lyon’s AMPERE lab. His research interests include microwave devices, heterogenic 2D or 3D circuits and systems, and telecom firmware.

• Acknowledgements ixPreface xiIntroduction xiiiHistory Pages xxxvList of Acronyms xxxixChapter 1. Modulation 11.1. Modulation? 11.1.1. Main reasons for modulation 11.1.2. Main modulation schemas 11.1.3. Criteria for modulation via electronics 21.1.4. Digital modulation: why do it? 21.2. Main technical constraints 21.3. Transmission of information (analog or digital) 61.3.1. Characteristics of the signal that can be modified 71.3.2. Amplitude and phase representation in the complex plane 71.4. Probabilities of error 101.4.1. Bit error ratio versus signal to noise ratio 111.4.2. Demodulator: intended recipient decoder 121.5. Vocabulary of digital modulation 141.6. Principles of digital modulations 171.6.1. Polar display 191.6.2. Variations of parameters: amplitude, phase, frequency 191.6.3. Representation in a complex plane 201.6.4. Eye diagram 211.7. Multiplexing 231.7.1. Frequency multiplexing 241.7.2. Multiplexing – time 251.7.3. Multiplexing – code 261.7.4. Geographical (spatial) multiplexing 261.8. Main formats for digital modulations 261.8.1. Phase-shift keying 281.8.2. BPSK 311.8.3. The QPSK 371.9. Error vector module and phase noise 631.9.1. Plot QPSK reference constellation 691.9.2. Effects of phase noise on 16-QAM 751.9.3. Phase noise: effects of the signal spectrum 761.9.4. Algorithms 781.9.5. Spectrum analyzer 791.9.6. Measures of the error vector module of a signal modulated by a noisy 16-QAM 811.10. Gaussian noise (AWGN) 811.10.1. AWGN channel 831.10.2. Ratio between EsNo and SNR 841.10.3. Behavior for real and complex input signals 851.11. QAM modulation in an AWGN channel 851.11.1. QAM demodulation 891.11.2. Detecting phase error 901.12. Frequency-shift keying 931.12.1. Binary FSK 941.13. Minimum-shift keying 951.13.1. Bit error ratio (BER)/Gaussian channel 971.13.2. Typical analytical expressions used in “berawgn” 981.14. Amplitude-shift keying 991.14.1. On–off keying 991.14.2. Modulation at “M states” 1011.15. Quadrature amplitude modulation 1041.15.1. Limits on theoretical spectral efficiency 1051.15.2. I/Q imbalance 1061.15.3. QAM-M constellations 1091.16. Digital communications transmitters 1171.16.1. A digital communications receiver 1181.16.2. Measures of power 1201.16.3. Power of the adjacent channel 1211.16.4. Frequency measures 1211.16.5. Synchronization measures 1231.17. Applications 1291.17.1. Domains 1291.17.2. Digressions or precisions, around modulations 131Chapter 2. Some Developments in Modulation Techniques 1372.1. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 1372.1.1. Introduction 1372.1.2. Multicarrier modulations 1382.1.3. General principles 1432.1.4. How to choose N? 1452.1.5. Practical aspects 1452.1.6. COFDM 1472.1.7. Equalization and decoding 1492.1.8. The multiuser context 1502.1.9. Code division multiple access 1502.1.10. Schematic ordinogram 1522.1.11. Data in OFDM 1552.1.12. OFDM: advantages and disadvantages 1562.1.13. Intermediate conclusion 1572.1.14. QPSK and OFDM with MATLAB system objects 1592.1.15. FDM versus OFDM: difference between FDM and OFDM 1622.2. A note on orthogonality 1702.3. Global System for Mobile Communications 1742.3.1. Introduction 1742.3.2. Forming a GSM 1752.4. MIMO 1782.4.1. Introduction 1782.4.2. Principles 1782.4.3. Uses 182Chapter 3. Signal Processing: Sampling 1833.1. Z-transforms 1833.1.1. Transforms 1833.1.2. Inverse z-transform 1843.2. Basics of signal processing 1873.3. Real discretezation processing 1903.3.1. Real discretization comb 1903.3.2. Real sampled signal 1913.3.3. Blocked, sampled signal 1913.3.4. Model of real sampled signals 1923.3.5. Uniform quantifying 1923.3.6. Signal quantification step: rounding 1923.3.7. Signal quantification step: troncature 1933.3.8. Quantification solution 1933.3.9. Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN): a simple but effective model 1933.3.10. Quantification error and quantification noise 1933.3.11. In practice, sample and hold and CAN 1943.3.12. Spectra of periodic signals 1953.3.13. Non-periodic signal spectrums 1953.3.14. PSD versus delay 1973.3.15. FT of a product: the Plancherel theorem 1973.3.16. Periodic signal before sampling 1983.3.17. Spectrum of sampled signals 1983.3.18. Conditions for sampling frequency 1993.4. Coding techniques (summary) 200Chapter 4. A Little on Associated Hardware 2034.1. Voltage-controlled oscillator 2034.2. Impulse sensitivity function 2094.3. Phase noise 2104.3.1. At passage to zero 2124.3.2. At the peaks 2124.4. Phase-locked loop 2194.4.1. Study of a fundamental tool: the PLL 2194.4.2. Schematic structure of the PLL 2204.4.3. Operation of the loop: acquisition and locking 2224.4.4. Charge pump 229Conclusion 231Appendices 233Appendix 1 235Appendix 2 243Appendix 3 263References 291Index 293

Christian Gontrand is Professor at the INL/INSA Lyon Institute in France and at INSA Fes, Euro-Mediterranean University, in Morocco, as well as responsible for 3D integration there. He is also the former head of the "Smart System Integration" team at INSA Lyon’s AMPERE lab. His research interests include microwave devices, heterogenic 2D or 3D circuits and systems, and telecom firmware.

• Acknowledgements ixPreface xiIntroduction xiiiHistory Pages xxxvList of Acronyms xxxixChapter 1. Modulation 11.1. Modulation? 11.1.1. Main reasons for modulation 11.1.2. Main modulation schemas 11.1.3. Criteria for modulation via electronics 21.1.4. Digital modulation: why do it? 21.2. Main technical constraints 21.3. Transmission of information (analog or digital) 61.3.1. Characteristics of the signal that can be modified 71.3.2. Amplitude and phase representation in the complex plane 71.4. Probabilities of error 101.4.1. Bit error ratio versus signal to noise ratio 111.4.2. Demodulator: intended recipient decoder 121.5. Vocabulary of digital modulation 141.6. Principles of digital modulations 171.6.1. Polar display 191.6.2. Variations of parameters: amplitude, phase, frequency 191.6.3. Representation in a complex plane 201.6.4. Eye diagram 211.7. Multiplexing 231.7.1. Frequency multiplexing 241.7.2. Multiplexing – time 251.7.3. Multiplexing – code 261.7.4. Geographical (spatial) multiplexing 261.8. Main formats for digital modulations 261.8.1. Phase-shift keying 281.8.2. BPSK 311.8.3. The QPSK 371.9. Error vector module and phase noise 631.9.1. Plot QPSK reference constellation 691.9.2. Effects of phase noise on 16-QAM 751.9.3. Phase noise: effects of the signal spectrum 761.9.4. Algorithms 781.9.5. Spectrum analyzer 791.9.6. Measures of the error vector module of a signal modulated by a noisy 16-QAM 811.10. Gaussian noise (AWGN) 811.10.1. AWGN channel 831.10.2. Ratio between EsNo and SNR 841.10.3. Behavior for real and complex input signals 851.11. QAM modulation in an AWGN channel 851.11.1. QAM demodulation 891.11.2. Detecting phase error 901.12. Frequency-shift keying 931.12.1. Binary FSK 941.13. Minimum-shift keying 951.13.1. Bit error ratio (BER)/Gaussian channel 971.13.2. Typical analytical expressions used in “berawgn” 981.14. Amplitude-shift keying 991.14.1. On–off keying 991.14.2. Modulation at “M states” 1011.15. Quadrature amplitude modulation 1041.15.1. Limits on theoretical spectral efficiency 1051.15.2. I/Q imbalance 1061.15.3. QAM-M constellations 1091.16. Digital communications transmitters 1171.16.1. A digital communications receiver 1181.16.2. Measures of power 1201.16.3. Power of the adjacent channel 1211.16.4. Frequency measures 1211.16.5. Synchronization measures 1231.17. Applications 1291.17.1. Domains 1291.17.2. Digressions or precisions, around modulations 131Chapter 2. Some Developments in Modulation Techniques 1372.1. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 1372.1.1. Introduction 1372.1.2. Multicarrier modulations 1382.1.3. General principles 1432.1.4. How to choose N? 1452.1.5. Practical aspects 1452.1.6. COFDM 1472.1.7. Equalization and decoding 1492.1.8. The multiuser context 1502.1.9. Code division multiple access 1502.1.10. Schematic ordinogram 1522.1.11. Data in OFDM 1552.1.12. OFDM: advantages and disadvantages 1562.1.13. Intermediate conclusion 1572.1.14. QPSK and OFDM with MATLAB system objects 1592.1.15. FDM versus OFDM: difference between FDM and OFDM 1622.2. A note on orthogonality 1702.3. Global System for Mobile Communications 1742.3.1. Introduction 1742.3.2. Forming a GSM 1752.4. MIMO 1782.4.1. Introduction 1782.4.2. Principles 1782.4.3. Uses 182Chapter 3. Signal Processing: Sampling 1833.1. Z-transforms 1833.1.1. Transforms 1833.1.2. Inverse z-transform 1843.2. Basics of signal processing 1873.3. Real discretezation processing 1903.3.1. Real discretization comb 1903.3.2. Real sampled signal 1913.3.3. Blocked, sampled signal 1913.3.4. Model of real sampled signals 1923.3.5. Uniform quantifying 1923.3.6. Signal quantification step: rounding 1923.3.7. Signal quantification step: troncature 1933.3.8. Quantification solution 1933.3.9. Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN): a simple but effective model 1933.3.10. Quantification error and quantification noise 1933.3.11. In practice, sample and hold and CAN 1943.3.12. Spectra of periodic signals 1953.3.13. Non-periodic signal spectrums 1953.3.14. PSD versus delay 1973.3.15. FT of a product: the Plancherel theorem 1973.3.16. Periodic signal before sampling 1983.3.17. Spectrum of sampled signals 1983.3.18. Conditions for sampling frequency 1993.4. Coding techniques (summary) 200Chapter 4. A Little on Associated Hardware 2034.1. Voltage-controlled oscillator 2034.2. Impulse sensitivity function 2094.3. Phase noise 2104.3.1. At passage to zero 2124.3.2. At the peaks 2124.4. Phase-locked loop 2194.4.1. Study of a fundamental tool: the PLL 2194.4.2. Schematic structure of the PLL 2204.4.3. Operation of the loop: acquisition and locking 2224.4.4. Charge pump 229Conclusion 231Appendices 233Appendix 1 235Appendix 2 243Appendix 3 263References 291Index 293