Therese Hardin is Professor Emeritus at the Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), Sorbonne University, France.Mathieu Jaume is a lecturer at the Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), Sorbonne University, France.François Pessaux is Associate Professor in the Computer Science and Systems Engineering Unit (U2IS) of ENSTA Paris, France.Veronique Viguie Donzeau-Gouge is Professor Emeritus at the Centre d'études et de recherche en informatique (CEDRIC) of the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (Cnam Paris), France.

• Foreword ixPreface xiChapter 1. Namespaces: Model and Operations 11.1. Reusing, dividing, confining 21.1.1. Analysis of some developer needs 21.1.2. Meeting developer needs 31.2. Namespaces 51.2.1. Namespaces definition 61.2.2. Extending notions of environment and binding 81.3. kit development 121.3.1. Namespace of a kit 141.3.2. Order of fields introduction 151.3.3. Typing kits 151.3.4. kit values 181.3.5. kit export, confining fields 221.3.6. kits import 281.3.7. Stages of kit development 321.4. Incomplete kits 331.4.1. Type and value of an incomplete kit 341.4.2. Completion of an incomplete kit 341.4.3. Confining an incomplete kit 361.5. Parameterized kits 361.5.1. kits parameterized by a type 361.5.2. kits parameterized by types and values 411.5.3. Confinement, parametrization, incomplete kits and export 451.6. Functors of kits 461.7. kit extension 491.7.1. Presentation of extension 491.7.2. Confinement and extension 551.8. Conclusion 59Chapter 2. Modules 612.1. Modules in Ada 622.1.1. Developing modules 622.1.2. Export and confinement 652.1.3. Nesting modules 662.1.4. Importing a module 662.1.5. Flattening an import 672.1.6. Generic modules 682.1.7. Modules and separate compilation 712.2. Modules in OCaml 712.2.1. Module definition 722.2.2. Export and confinement 732.2.3. Confinement of type definitions 782.2.4. Functors 822.3. Modularity, namespaces and W-kit 852.3.1. Declaration interfaces 852.3.2. W-kits 862.3.3. Modularity and header files in C 86Chapter 3. Class and Object Features 933.1. Object-oriented features 933.1.1. Objects 943.1.2. Classes 953.2. kits and object features 1043.2.1. Modeling classes 1043.2.2. Modeling objects 1073.2.3. Inheritance, redefinition and late binding 1093.2.4. Incomplete C-kits, parameterized C-kits 1133.2.5. Subclassing, subtyping 1153.2.6. Type languages, classes and objects 119Chapter 4. Classes in Selected Languages 1234.1. Classes in Java 1234.1.1. General presentation 1234.1.2. Modules and packages 1244.1.3. Classes 1254.1.4. Marks 1314.1.5. Developing classes 1344.2. Classes in C++ 1444.2.1. Header files, namespaces, confinement 1454.2.2. Classes 1484.2.3. Inheritance and confinement 1554.2.4. Overloading in C++ 1654.2.5. Parameterized classes 1684.3. Classes in OCaml 1744.3.1. Presentation 1744.3.2. An overview of classes 1744.3.3. Marks, incomplete classes, parametrization 1814.3.4. Objects 1864.3.5. Class signatures: confinement and inheritance 1924.3.6. Multiple inheritance 1954.3.7. Other features 1974.4. Presentation of Python 1974.4.1. Getting started 1984.4.2. An overview of classes, modules and types 1994.4.3. Names and assignment 2084.4.4. Assignment and typechecking 2114.4.5. Overloading 2134.4.6. Modules and packages 2174.4.7. Confinement 2184.4.8. Inheritance 2194.4.9. Incomplete C-kits and abstract classes 2214.4.10. Other features 222Appendix: Questions to Guide Learning 225List of Notations 229References 231Index 233

Therese Hardin is Professor Emeritus at the Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), Sorbonne University, France.Mathieu Jaume is a lecturer at the Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), Sorbonne University, France.François Pessaux is Associate Professor in the Computer Science and Systems Engineering Unit (U2IS) of ENSTA Paris, France.Veronique Viguie Donzeau-Gouge is Professor Emeritus at the Centre d'études et de recherche en informatique (CEDRIC) of the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (Cnam Paris), France.

• Foreword ixPreface xiChapter 1. Namespaces: Model and Operations 11.1. Reusing, dividing, confining 21.1.1. Analysis of some developer needs 21.1.2. Meeting developer needs 31.2. Namespaces 51.2.1. Namespaces definition 61.2.2. Extending notions of environment and binding 81.3. kit development 121.3.1. Namespace of a kit 141.3.2. Order of fields introduction 151.3.3. Typing kits 151.3.4. kit values 181.3.5. kit export, confining fields 221.3.6. kits import 281.3.7. Stages of kit development 321.4. Incomplete kits 331.4.1. Type and value of an incomplete kit 341.4.2. Completion of an incomplete kit 341.4.3. Confining an incomplete kit 361.5. Parameterized kits 361.5.1. kits parameterized by a type 361.5.2. kits parameterized by types and values 411.5.3. Confinement, parametrization, incomplete kits and export 451.6. Functors of kits 461.7. kit extension 491.7.1. Presentation of extension 491.7.2. Confinement and extension 551.8. Conclusion 59Chapter 2. Modules 612.1. Modules in Ada 622.1.1. Developing modules 622.1.2. Export and confinement 652.1.3. Nesting modules 662.1.4. Importing a module 662.1.5. Flattening an import 672.1.6. Generic modules 682.1.7. Modules and separate compilation 712.2. Modules in OCaml 712.2.1. Module definition 722.2.2. Export and confinement 732.2.3. Confinement of type definitions 782.2.4. Functors 822.3. Modularity, namespaces and W-kit 852.3.1. Declaration interfaces 852.3.2. W-kits 862.3.3. Modularity and header files in C 86Chapter 3. Class and Object Features 933.1. Object-oriented features 933.1.1. Objects 943.1.2. Classes 953.2. kits and object features 1043.2.1. Modeling classes 1043.2.2. Modeling objects 1073.2.3. Inheritance, redefinition and late binding 1093.2.4. Incomplete C-kits, parameterized C-kits 1133.2.5. Subclassing, subtyping 1153.2.6. Type languages, classes and objects 119Chapter 4. Classes in Selected Languages 1234.1. Classes in Java 1234.1.1. General presentation 1234.1.2. Modules and packages 1244.1.3. Classes 1254.1.4. Marks 1314.1.5. Developing classes 1344.2. Classes in C++ 1444.2.1. Header files, namespaces, confinement 1454.2.2. Classes 1484.2.3. Inheritance and confinement 1554.2.4. Overloading in C++ 1654.2.5. Parameterized classes 1684.3. Classes in OCaml 1744.3.1. Presentation 1744.3.2. An overview of classes 1744.3.3. Marks, incomplete classes, parametrization 1814.3.4. Objects 1864.3.5. Class signatures: confinement and inheritance 1924.3.6. Multiple inheritance 1954.3.7. Other features 1974.4. Presentation of Python 1974.4.1. Getting started 1984.4.2. An overview of classes, modules and types 1994.4.3. Names and assignment 2084.4.4. Assignment and typechecking 2114.4.5. Overloading 2134.4.6. Modules and packages 2174.4.7. Confinement 2184.4.8. Inheritance 2194.4.9. Incomplete C-kits and abstract classes 2214.4.10. Other features 222Appendix: Questions to Guide Learning 225List of Notations 229References 231Index 233