Electricity Production from Renewable Energies

Benoit Robyns is Deputy Scientific Director at Junia Graduate School of Engineering, Vice President of Energy and Societal Transition at Lille Catholic University and Head of the Power Systems Team at L2EP.Arnaud Davigny is a lecturer at Junia Graduate School of Engineering and a researcher at L2EP.Bruno Francois is Professor in Electrical Engineering at Centrale Lille Institute and a researcher at L2EP.Antoine Henneton is Head of the Project and Valorisation Hub at Junia Graduate School of Engineering.Jonathan Sprooten is a Power System Planning team manager with the department of Grid Development of Elia, the Belgian transmission system operator.

• Foreword xiBernard MULTONIntroduction xiiiBenoît ROBYNSChapter 1. Electricity Production from Renewable Energy 1Benoît ROBYNS1.1. Decentralized or centralized production? 11.1.1. Decentralized production 11.1.2. Centralized production 21.2. The issue of renewable energies 31.2.1. Observations 31.2.2. The sustainable development context 61.2.3. Commitments and perspectives 71.3. Renewable energy sources 101.3.1. Wind energy 101.3.2. Solar energy 111.3.3. Hydraulics 121.3.4. Geothermal energy 131.3.5. Biomass 131.3.6. Contribution of the various renewable energies 141.4. Production of electricity from renewable energies 151.4.1. Electricity supply chains 151.4.2. Efficiency factor 181.5. Self-production and self-consumption of energy 191.6. References 20Chapter 2. Solar Photovoltaic Power 21Arnaud DAVIGNY2.1. Introduction 212.2. Characteristics of the primary resource 232.3. Photovoltaic conversion 292.3.1. Introduction 292.3.2. Photovoltaic effect 292.3.3. Photovoltaic cells 322.3.4. Cell association 562.4. Maximum electric power extraction 622.5. Power converters 662.5.1. Introduction 662.5.2. Structure of the photovoltaic conversion chains 672.5.3. Choppers 692.5.4. Inverters 732.6. Adjustment of the active and reactive power 782.7. Solar power stations 792.7.1. Introduction 792.7.2. Autonomous power stations 792.7.3. Power stations connected to the network 812.8. Exercises 842.8.1. Characteristics of a photovoltaic panel 842.8.2. Sizing an autonomous photovoltaic installation 862.9. References 89Chapter 3. Wind Power 93Bruno FRANÇOIS and Benoît ROBYNS3.1. Characteristic of the primary resource 933.1.1. Variability 933.1.2. The Weibull distribution 943.1.3. The effect of relief 973.1.4. Loading rate 983.1.5. Compass card 993.2. Kinetic wind energy 1003.3. Wind turbines 1023.3.1. Horizontal axis wind turbines 1023.3.2. Vertical axis wind turbines 1093.3.3. Comparison of the various turbine types 1133.4. Power limitation by varying the power coefficient 1143.4.1. The “pitch” or variable pitch angle system 1143.4.2. The “stall” or aerodynamic stall system 1163.5. Mechanical couplings between the turbine and the electric generator 1173.5.1. Connection between mechanical speed, synchronous speed and electrical network frequency 1173.5.2. “Direct drive” wind turbines (without a multiplier) 1193.5.3. Use of a speed multiplier 1193.6. Generalities on induction and mechanical electric conversion 1203.7. “Fixed speed” wind turbines based on induction machines 1223.7.1. Physical principle 1223.7.2. Constitution of induction machines 1233.7.3. Modeling 1243.7.4. Conversion system 1283.7.5. Operational characteristics 1303.8. Variable speed wind turbine 1313.8.1. Issues 1313.8.2. Classification of the structures according to machine technologies 1323.8.3. Principle of element sizing 1353.8.4. Adjustment of active and reactive powers 1363.8.5. Aerogenerators based on a doubly-fed induction machine 1413.8.6. Aerogenerators based on a synchronous machine 1473.9. Offshore wind turbines 1543.9.1. Advantages of offshore wind 1543.9.2. Types of offshore wind turbines 1563.10. Wind farms 1583.10.1. Architecture 1583.10.2. Abundance 1603.11. Exercises 1613.11.1. Fixed speed wind turbines 1613.11.2. Characterization of a turbine and estimate of the generated power 1633.11.3. High power variable speed wind turbines 1683.12. References 170Chapter 4. Terrestrial and Marine Hydroelectricity 173Benoît ROBYNS and Antoine HENNETON4.1. Run-of-the-river hydraulics 1734.1.1. Hydroelectricity 1734.1.2. Small hydraulics 1764.1.3. Hydraulic turbines 1784.1.4. Electromechanical conversion for small hydroelectricity 1854.1.5. Exercise: small hydroelectric run-of-the-river power station 1874.2. Hydraulic power of the sea 2024.2.1. Wave power 2024.2.2. Energy of the continuous ocean currents 2074.2.3. Tidal energy 2094.2.4. Wave production, wave-power generator 2154.2.5. Production by sea currents 2384.2.6. Tidal production 2514.2.7. Exercise: estimation of the production of a simple effect tidal power 2654.3. References 266Chapter 5. Thermal Power Generation 273Jonathan SPROOTEN5.1. Introduction 2735.2. Geothermal power 2735.2.1. Introduction 2735.2.2. The resource 2745.2.3. Fluid characteristics 2755.2.4. The principle of geothermal power plants 2775.2.5. Thermodynamic conversion 2795.2.6. Steam turbine 2845.2.7. The alternator 2865.3. Thermodynamic solar power generation 2925.3.1. Introduction 2925.3.2. The principle of concentration 2925.3.3. Cylindro-parabolic design 2975.3.4. The solar tower 3005.3.5. Parabolic dish design 3015.3.6. Comparison of solar thermodynamic generations 3035.4. Cogeneration by biomass 3045.4.1. Origin of biomass – energy interests 3045.4.2. Cogeneration principle 3055.5. References 307Chapter 6. Integration of Decentralized Production into the Electrical Network 309Benoît ROBYNS and Jonathan SPROOTEN6.1. From a centralized network to a decentralized network 3096.1.1. The transmission network 3096.1.2. The distribution network 3116.1.3. Services for the electric system 3126.1.4. Actors of a liberalized system 3176.1.5. Roles of decentralized production in network management 3186.2. Connection constraints and usage checks 3186.2.1. Voltage management 3186.2.2. Frequency control 3226.2.3. Quality of the electric wave 3256.2.4. Protection and short-circuiting of the electrical system 3276.2.5. Decoupling protection 3276.2.6. Other limitations 3276.3. The challenges of integrating decentralized power generation 3286.3.1. Defense and infrastructure reconstruction plan for the electricity system 3286.3.2. Production forecasting for extreme weather conditions 3296.3.3. Network hosting capacity and protection 3306.4. Perspectives for better integration into networks 3326.4.1. Actions at the source level 3326.4.2. Actions at the network level 3346.4.3. Actions at the consumer level 3416.5. References 343List of Authors 347Index 349