Rheology, Physical and Mechanical Behavior of Materials 4

Maurice Leroy is a lecturer and professor at the University of Nantes, France, as well as director of the Composite and Metallic Formations research laboratory at the IUT. He was instrumental in the creation of France’s first Materials Science and Engineering department.

• Preface ixList of Symbols xiList of Abbreviations and Definitions xviiIntroduction xxiiiChapter 1 Types of Composites 11.1 Fibers, matrices, fabrics, laminates and cellular arrays 11.1.1 Fibers 11.1.2 Matrices 51.1.3 Fabrics, laminates and sandwiches 81.1.4 Cellular solids: wood and foams 171.2 Stiffness and elastic resistances of composites on the basis of the volume fraction Vf of fibers and Vm of binding agents (matrix) 231.2.1 The case of unidirectional composites 231.2.2 Influence of the stress distribution between fiber and matrix in the law of mixtures 301.3 Measurements of rigidities and resistances 361.3.1 Shear 371.3.2 Measurements of EL, ET and νLT by bending 391.4 Values of the elasticity and resistance moduli 401.4.1 Woods 401.4.2 Glass–polyester composites 451.4.3 Hybrid or mixed composites 481.4.4 Elastic constants of a ply for various fiber composites of carbon, boron, glass and Kevlar 531.5 Critical length and use of short fibers 551.5.1 Use of short fibers: example using reinforced thermoplastic granules (TPR) 571.5.2 Fracturing energy Gc of fibrous composites 591.6 Particulate composites 601.6.1 Example 611.6.2 Fillers 62Chapter 2 Rigidity and Flexibility of Matrices 632.1 Matrices of rigidity [Q] and flexibility [S] in a UD membrane, inside and outside of orthotropy axes L and T 632.1.1. Stiffness and flexibility of a layer on its orthotropic axes l, t (or x, y depending on the notation) 632.1.2 Stiffness and flexibility matrices off of orthotropic axes 652.2 Method for calculating the rigidity and flexibility of an off-axis UD layer 672.2.1 Examples: UD carbon-epoxy and wood 692.2.2 Rigidities of spruce and maple woods 732.2.3 Rigidities and flexibility of an off-axis layer: summary for UD 742.3 Strains due to the forces of membranes: the case of strains occurring due to the forces of the UD 792.4 Rigidity [A] and flexibility [a] matrices in membrane laminates 802.4.1 Calculation of matrices 822.5 Matrices of rigidity [D] and flexibility [d] in during bending of laminates 912.5.1 Bending of laminates 922.5.2 Simplified bending calculation of sandwich beams, sag value δ 952.6 Vibration and acoustic mechanics, vibration modes 992.6.1 Example: case of a musical instrument 1012.6.2 Membrane and bending stiffness of wood and carbon laminates 1032.6.3 Comparison of acoustic responses between wooden violins and carbon-based laminate prototypes 106Chapter 3 Elastic Behavior, Scaling 1133.1 Elastic behavior of tubes – rigidity, strain 1133.1.1 Bending 1133.1.2 Torsion 1163.1.3 Cylindrical tubular laminates 1203.2 General behavior of laminated plates 1233.2.1 Total strain 1233.2.2 Forces and resulting moments 1273.2.3 Equations of the laminates, rigidities: study of thin plates and deformations 1283.2.4 Stresses and strains of the different layers given the loading stresses on the average plane 1353.3 Elastic behavior and design of parts: bending and torsion behavior, the case of buckling and beating of tubes 1383.3.1 Metal shaft 1383.3.2 Composite shaft 1413.4 Elastic limit behavior 1483.4.1 Fracture mechanisms 1483.4.2 Criteria for fracture 1533.5 Design in primary strains 1633.5.1 Principal stresses and strains 1633.5.2 Constants of stresses and strains 1633.5.3 Scaling of isotropes 1643.5.4 Scaling of directional materials 166Appendix 171References 187Index 189