Hazards and Monitoring of Volcanic Activity 1

Jean-François Lénat is Emeritus Professor at the Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans at the University of Clermont-Ferrand, France, and was the first scientific director of the volcano observatory at Piton de la Fournaise. He has studied many volcanoes, focusing particularly on the volcanism of the island of La Réunion.

• ContentsForeword .Claude JAUPartPreface xiiiJean-François LÉNATList of Abbreviations .Chapter 1 Understanding the Geological History of Volcanoes: An Essential Prerequisite to Their Monitoring 1Patrick BACHÈLERY1.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Historical volcanology at the crossroads of various disciplines: the example of the Samalas eruption in 1257 31.1.2 Hazard characterization, geological analysis and future eruptive scenarios 61.1.3 Mount St Helens, May 18, 1980 61.1.4 Lessons learned from the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens 91.1.5 The diversity of eruptive regimes 121.2 Relative and absolute dating and the importance of timescales: chronology of eruptions 14ixxv1.3 Frequency of eruptions, eruptive cycles and future eruption scenarios 191.4 Historical activity through texts, iconography and archeology 241.5 The work of the pioneers 261.5.1 Alfred Lacroix 261.5.2 Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent 281.5.3 William Hamilton 331.6 The contribution of old maps 341.7 Volcanic archeology 361.8 Eruptive dynamics, types of eruptions, structural evolution: the use of volcanic “archives” through geological field interpretation 381.9 Structural framework and evolution 431.10 The use of distant archives 451.10.1 The record of large eruptions in marine and lake sediments 451.10.2 The recording of large eruptions in ice cores 501.11 From the knowledge of a volcano’s past to the identification of an operational monitoring strategy and the assessment of volcanic risks 531.12 Conclusion 561.13 References 57Chapter 2 Volcanic Hazards 75Raphaël PARIS, Philipson BANI, Oryaëlle CHEVREL, Franck DONNADIEU,Julia EYCHENNE, Pierre-Jean GAUTHIER, Mathieu GOUHIER, David JESSOP,Karim KELFOUN, Séverine MOUNE, Olivier ROCHE and Jean-Claude THOURET2.1 Introduction 752.2 Eruptive hazards 772.2.1 Earthquakes of magmatic and volcano-tectonic origin 772.2.2 Outgassing phenomena 782.2.3 Lava flows 872.2.4 Tephra 982.2.5 Atmospheric pressure waves 1062.2.6 Pyroclastic density currents 1062.3 Indirect volcanic hazards 1142.3.1 Lahars and associated flows 1142.3.2 Prevention of lahars 1232.3.3 Landslides and debris avalanches 125vii2.3.4 Tsunamis 1322.4 References 138Chapter 3 Assessment, Delineation of Hazard Zones and Modeling of Volcanic Hazards 151Jean-Claude THOURET and Sylvain CHARBONNIER3.1 Introduction 1513.2 Terminology 1523.3 Objectives of volcanic hazard assessment and delineation of hazard zones 1533.4 The main volcanic hazards and their effects 1533.4.1 Temporal and spatial scales of hazards 1583.4.2 Existing hazard classifications and their criteria 1583.5 Multi-hazard delineation methods for volcanoes 1593.5.1 Specificity and complexity of volcanic hazard delineation 1603.5.2 Principles of hazard delineation 1613.5.3 The graphic expression of delineation of hazard zones: the hazard maps 1623.5.4 Pioneering tests: Nevado del Ruiz (1985) and Mount Pelée (1985–1995) 1653.5.5 Development of mapping techniques in the 1990s to 2000 1713.6 New approaches to modeling and quantitative analysis 1733.6.1 Evolution of delineation methods: DTM, GIS and digital codes 1733.6.2 The statistical, probabilistic and evolutionary representation of delineation of hazard zones 1763.6.3 Large-scale delineation of hazard zones 1773.7 Conclusion 1793.8 References 180Chapter 4 History of Volcanic Monitoring and Development of Methods 185Jean-François LÉNAT4.1 Qualitative observation 1854.1.1 Maps and charts 1864.1.2 Quantitative data and insights into volcanic mechanisms 1894.2. The development of instrumental surveillance: late 19th–early20th centuries to 1970s 1904.2.1 Volcanic observatories 1904.2.2 The modern period: impact of digital and space 2044.3 Acknowledgments 2164.4 References 216List of Authors 229Index 231