Demographic Dynamics and Development

Yves Charbit is Emeritus Professor of Demography at the University of Paris, France, and Research Associate at Oxford University, United Kingdom. A specialist in population and development issues in Africa, his research has covered such topics as fertility, the family, international migration, education and inequality.

• Introduction. Demographic Dynamics xiYves CHARBITChapter 1. The Demographic Transition 1Maria Eugenia COSIO ZAVALA1.1. Introduction 11.2. Genesis of the demographic transition 21.3. World population changes and trends (2019–2100) 41.4. The demographic transition in the world 81.4.1. The factors which can explain demographic transitions 91.4.2. Questions 111.5. The demographic transition in Latin America and the Caribbean 131.5.1. The modes of accelerated mortality reduction 141.5.2. The period of strong population growth 181.5.3. New reproductive behavior 181.6. Conclusion 211.7. References 22Chapter 2. Demographic Dividend and Dependency Ratios 27Vincent TURBAT2.1. Introduction 272.2. The dependency ratios, main indicators of the potential of a first demographic dividend 282.2.1. The demographic dividend 282.2.2. The dependency ratios 302.2.3. Data 322.2.4. Policies 352.3. Sub-Saharan Africa in search of a demographic dividend 382.4. Conclusion 432.5. References 44Chapter 3. From the Demographic Dividend to Generational Economics 47Latif DRAMANI3.1. Introduction: transition and demographic dividend, generational economics 473.2. Data and method for calculating the demographic dividend 503.3. Results and discussion 533.3.1. Demographic dividend profiles in Africa per region 553.3.2. Discussion 593.4. Conclusion 603.5. Appendix: country and survey year for consumption and income profiles 623.6. References 63Chapter 4. Fertility and Nuptiality 65Yves CHARBIT4.1. Introduction: the decline of fertility in the world 654.2. The sociodemography of fertility 684.2.1. Insularity 694.2.2. The decline in infant mortality 704.2.3. Religion is not in itself a factor for high fertility 744.2.4. Land tenure: land saturation 774.2.5. The modernization of behavior 794.2.6. The rationality of the large family 814.3. The sociodemography of precocious nuptiality 834.3.1. The vulnerability of young married women 834.3.2. The case of Benin 854.4. Conclusion 864.5. References 88Chapter 5. Contraception and Reproductive Rights 91Aisha DASGUPTA5.1. Introduction: population and the Sustainable Development Goals 915.2. Socially embedded preferences for childbearing 955.3. Trends in contraceptive and unmet need for family planning 995.4. Reproductive rights, fertility intentions, and socially embedded preferences 1075.5. The relationship between fertility, contraception and abortion 1105.6. Conclusion: the role of national policies in Bangladesh and Pakistan 1135.7. References 115Chapter 6. Mortality and Health, the Factors Involved in Population Dynamics 121Maryse GAIMARD6.1. Introduction 1216.2. Mortality around the world: deep inequalities 1236.2.1. The decrease in mortality 1246.2.2. Current disparities 1276.2.3. The health of populations: a double burden of disease in developing countries 1296.3. Children’s and female mortality 1356.3.1. Infant and child mortality and health: a diversified evolution 1356.3.2. Maternal mortality: too high in the developing world 1386.4. Conclusion 1426.5. References 144Chapter 7. Dynamics of Migration History in Western Europe 147Leslie Page MOCH7.1. Introduction 1477.2. Migrations in preindustrial times (1650–1750) 1497.2.1. The character of the age 1497.2.2. Migration in the preindustrial countryside 1507.2.3. Migration to the preindustrial city 1517.3. Migration in the age of early industry (1750–1815) 1527.3.1. Character of the age 1537.3.2. Early industry and migration 1557.3.3. The expansion of circular and chain migration 1557.3.4. Migration to 18th-century towns and cities 1567.4. Migration in an age of urbanization and industrialization (1815–1914) 1577.4.1. The character of the age 1597.4.2. Changing patterns of circular migration 1617.4.3. Migration and urbanization (1815–1915) 1627.4.4. Transoceanic migrations (1815–1914) 1637.5. European migration in the 20th century 1647.5.1. The character of the age 1657.5.2. Wartime and interwar migrations 1667.5.3. Post-war urbanization and international migration 1687.6. References 170Chapter 8. Current International Migrations 175Serge FELD8.1. Introduction 1758.2. Migration flows and migration stocks 1778.2.1. Review of the last 25 years 1778.2.2. Origins and destinations of major migration flows 1808.2.3. The major migratory corridors 1828.2.4. Migration trends and the Covid-19 virus 1838.3. Emigration of HQ workforce from developing countries 1848.3.1. Recent trends 1858.3.2. The main countries of origin 1888.3.3. The emigration rate of the HQ workforce: a relevant indicator for measuring brain drain 1908.4. Theoretical perspectives 1938.4.1. Brain drain or brain gain? 1948.4.2. The new economics of labor migrations and the brain drain 1958.5. Conclusion: HQ emigration, a growth engine for human capital? 1978.6. References 199Chapter 9. Aging 201Frédéric SANDRON9.1. Introduction 2019.2. The aging of the world population: a demographic revolution 2029.2.1. The demographic dynamics of aging 2029.2.2. The causes of aging 2079.2.3. Main consequences and implications 2099.3. A strong heterogeneity in aging and its consequences 2139.3.1. Aging by region 2149.3.2. Diversified social and economic issues depending on the country 2189.4. Responding to population aging: three case studies 2219.4.1. The health system in the face of aging in Cuba 2229.4.2. The “Age-Friendly Cities” program, with a focus on southern countries 2239.4.3. Living conditions of the elderly in rural sub-Saharan Africa 2259.5. Conclusion 2279.6. References 228Conclusion: Complex Relationships Between Demographic Dynamics and Development 235Yves CHARBITList of Authors 243Index 245