Olivier Cardin is a lecturer in Industrial Engineering at the IUT de Nantes, Nantes University, France.William Derigent is a Professor in Industrial Engineering at the University of Lorraine, France.Damien Trentesaux is a Professor in Industrial Engineering at the Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, France.

• Foreword xiiiAndré THOMASIntroduction xviiOlivier CARDIN, William DERIGENT and Damien TRENTESAUXPart 1 Conceptualizing Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 1Chapter 1 General Concepts 3Olivier CARDIN and Damien TRENTESAUX1.1 Industry at the heart of society 31.2 Industrial world in search of a new model 41.3 Cyber-physical systems 61.4 From cyber-physical systems to industrial cyber-physical systems 81.5 Perspectives on the study of industrial cyber-physical systems 111.6 References 15Chapter 2 Moving Towards a Sustainable Model: Societal, Economic and Environmental 17Patrick MARTIN, Maroua NOUIRI and Ali SIADAT2.1 Industry of the future and sustainable development 172.2 Contribution of ICPS to the social dimension 182.2.1 Background 182.2.2 Cognitive aspects 212.2.3 Health and safety aspects at work 222.3 Contribution of ICPS to the environmental dimension 282.3.1 Objectives and expectations 282.3.2 Example of application 292.4 Contribution of ICPS to the economic dimension 302.5 Conclusion 322.6 References 32Part 2 Sensing and Distributing Information Within Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 37Chapter 3 Information Flow in Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 39Thierry BERGER and Yves SALLEZ3.1 Introduction 393.2 Information and decision loops when using an ICPS 393.3 Decision-making processes within the loops of an ICPS 413.3.1 Nature of decision-making processes 413.3.2 Nature of information 423.3.3 Approach to studying the informational loops of the cyber part of an ICPS 433.4 Elements for the implementation of loops 453.4.1 Generic architecture 453.4.2 Link to decision-making processes and the nature of the information 483.5 Illustrative examples 483.5.1 Example from rail transport 493.5.2 Example from the manufacturing sector 503.6 Conclusion 523.7 References 52Chapter 4 The Intelligent Product Concept 55William DERIGENT4.1 The intelligent product, a leading-edge concept in industrial cyber-physical systems 554.2 Definitions of the intelligent product concept 564.3 Developments in the concept of intelligent products 594.3.1 Group 1: product-driven systems (PDS) 614.3.2 Group 2: product lifecycle information management (PLIM) 634.4 Conclusions and perspectives on the intelligent product 664.5 References 67Part 3 Digitalizing at the Service of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 71Chapter 5 Virtualizing Resources, Products and the Information System 73Theodor BORANGIU, Silviu RĂILEANU and Octavian MORARIU5.1 Virtualization – the technology for industrial cyber-physical systems 735.2 Virtualization in the industrial environment 745.3 Shop floor virtualization of resource and product workloads 785.3.1 Resource and product virtualization through shop floor profiles 785.3.2 Virtualization of collaborative product and resource workloads 835.4 MES virtualization in the cloud (vMES) 895.5 Perspectives offered by virtualization to industry of the future 945.6 References 95Chapter 6 Cybersecurity of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 97Antoine GALLAIS and Youcef IMINE6.1 What are the risks involved? 986.1.1 Unavailability of systems 986.1.2 Loss of confidentiality or integrity 1016.1.3 Bypassing access and authentication controls 1046.2 What means of protection? 1056.2.1 Ensuring availability 1056.2.2 Ensuring confidentiality 1076.2.3 Implementing authentication mechanisms 1086.2.4 Controlling access, permissions and logging 1096.3 Conclusion 1126.4 References 114Part 4 Controlling Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 117Chapter 7 Industrial Agents: From the Holonic Paradigm to Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 119Paulo LEITÃO, Stamatis KARNOUSKOS and Armando Walter COLOMBO7.1 Overview of multi-agent systems and holonics 1207.1.1 Multi-agent systems 1207.1.2 Holonic paradigm 1227.2 Industrial agents 1247.2.1 Definition and characteristics 1247.2.2 Interfacing with physical assets 1267.3 Industrial agents for realizing industrial cyber-physical systems 1277.3.1 Supporting the development of intelligent products, machines and systems within cyber-physical systems 1277.3.2 Implementing an industrial multi-agent system as ICPS 1297.4 Discussion and future directions 1307.5 References 131Chapter 8 Holonic Control Architectures 135Olivier CARDIN, William DERIGENT and Damien TRENTESAUX8.1 Introduction 1358.2 HCA fundamentals 1368.3 HCAs in the physical part of ICPS 1378.4 Dynamic architectures, towards a reconfiguration of the physical part from the cyber part of ICPS 1408.5 HCAs and Big Data 1438.6 HCAs and digital twin: towards the digitization of architectures 1448.7 References 145Part 5 Learning and Interacting with Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 149Chapter 9 Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 151Yasamin ESLAMI, Mario LEZOCHE and Philippe THOMAS9.1 Introduction 1519.2 Data massification in industrial cyber-physical systems 1539.3 Big Data and multi-relational data mining (MRDM) 1549.3.1 Formal concept analysis (FCA) 1549.3.2 Relational concept analysis (RCA) 1579.4 Machine learning 1609.4.1 Basics of machine learning 1609.4.2 Multilayer perceptron (MLP) 1609.5 Illustrative example 1659.6 Conclusion 1679.7 References 167Chapter 10 Human–Industrial Cyber-Physical System Integration: Design and Evaluation Methods 171Marie-Pierre PACAUX-LEMOINE and Frank FLEMISCH10.1 Introduction 17110.2 Design methods 17510.3 Method of integrating HICPS 17610.3.1 Descending phase 17710.3.2 Ascending phase 18010.4 Summary and conclusion 18510.5 References 186Part 6 Transforming Industries with Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 189Chapter 11 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems 191Catherine DA CUNHA and Nathalie KLEMENT11.1 Context 19111.1.1 Developments 19211.1.2 Issues 19311.1.3 Resources 19311.2 Reconfiguration 19411.2.1 Implementation and decision levels 19411.2.2 Information systems 19511.2.3 Adaptation in the context of CPPS/RMS 19611.2.4 Where and when to reconfigure? 19711.3 Modeling 19711.3.1 Data collection 19811.3.2 Simulation platforms 19911.4 Ergonomics/cognitive aspects 20011.5 Operation of the information system 20111.5.1 Operational level: procurement 20111.5.2 Responding to disruptions 20211.5.3 Decision support 20311.6 Illustrative example 20311.7 References 205Chapter 12 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Global and Interconnected Logistics 207Shenle PAN, Mariam LAFKIHI and Eric BALLOT12.1 Logistics and its challenges 20712.2 Contemporary logistics systems and organizations 20812.2.1 Intra-site logistics 20912.2.2 Intra-urban logistics 21012.2.3 Inter-site inter-city logistics 21112.3 The Physical Internet as a modern and promising logistics organization 21212.3.1 Concept and definition 21212.3.2 Topologies of networks of networks 21312.4 Perspectives of ICPS applications in interconnected logistics: the example of the Physical Internet 21512.4.1 Modeling the Physical Internet by ICPS: the example of routing 21612.4.2 Exploiting ICPS: the data-driven approach and the digital twin-driven approach 21912.5 Conclusion 22112.6 References 222Chapter 13 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Transportation 225John MBULI and Damien TRENTESAUX13.1 Introduction 22513.1.1 Pull forces 22613.1.2 Complexity factors of the transportation sector 22713.1.3 Push forces 22813.2 The impact of ICPS on transportation 22913.3 Rail transportation service: an illustrative example 23113.3.1 The physical space of SUPERFLO 23313.3.2 The human fleet supervisor 23513.3.3 The cyber space of SUPERFLO 23613.3.4 Evaluation of the proposed model and industrial expectations 23613.4 Concluding remarks 23813.5 Acknowledgments 23913.6 References 239Chapter 14 Impacts of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on the Building Trades 243William DERIGENT and Laurent JOBLOT14.1 General introduction 24314.2 The place of BIM in Construction 4.0 24514.3 Examples of transformations in the construction sector 24714.3.1 Control: real-time site management 24814.3.2 Learning and interacting: virtual reality and machine learning 24914.3.3 Capturing and distributing: use of wireless technologies (RFID and WSN) 25114.3.4 Digitalizing: digitalizing technologies for BIM 25214.4 Example of ICPS in construction 25414.5 Achieving the digital transformation of businesses 25514.6 References 257Chapter 15 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on the Health System 261Franck FONTANILI and Maria DI MASCOLO15.1 Introduction 26115.1.1 The health system and its specificities 26115.1.2 The digital evolution of healthcare production and health 26315.2 HCPS in the literature 26315.2.1 HCPS for medical monitoring 26615.2.2 HCPS for well-being and prevention 26615.2.3 HCPS for organizational monitoring of patient pathways 26715.2.4 Sensors for monitoring patients and resources 26815.3 The contribution of a digital twin in an HCPS 27015.3.1 General principle of digital twins in health 27015.3.2 A proposal for an HCPS based on a digital twin of patient pathways in the hospital 27115.4 Conclusion 27415.5 References 275Part 7 Envisioning the Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems of the Future 279Chapter 16 Ethics and Responsibility of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 281Sylvie JONAS and Françoise LAMNABHI-LAGARRIGUE16.1 Introduction 28116.2 Ethics and ICPS 28316.2.1 Data management and protection 28416.2.2 Control in the design of algorithms 28516.3 Liability and ICPS 28816.3.1 Existing liability regimes applied to ICPS 28916.3.2 Proposals for changes in liability regimes 29116.4 References 294Chapter 17 Teaching and Learning ICPS: Lessons Learned and Best Practices 297Bilal AHMAD, Freeha AZMAT, Armando Walter COLOMBO and Gerrit JAN VELTINK17.1 Introduction 29717.2 University of Warwick – Bachelor-level curriculum 29917.2.1 ICPS education: Fusion of computer science and engineering 30017.2.2 Key enabling technologies in the ICPS curriculum 30117.2.3 Pedagogical principles: teaching ICPS modules 30117.3 University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer – master’s-level curriculum 30217.3.1 ICPS education: fusion of computer science, electrical and mechatronics engineering 30317.3.2 Key enabling technologies in the ICPS curriculum 30517.3.3 Pedagogical principles: teaching ICPS modules 30717.4 Conclusion 30817.5 References 309Conclusion 313William DERIGENT, Olivier CARDIN and Damien TRENTESAUXList of Authors 317Index 321

Olivier Cardin is a lecturer in Industrial Engineering at the IUT de Nantes, Nantes University, France.William Derigent is a Professor in Industrial Engineering at the University of Lorraine, France.Damien Trentesaux is a Professor in Industrial Engineering at the Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, France.

• Foreword xiiiAndré THOMASIntroduction xviiOlivier CARDIN, William DERIGENT and Damien TRENTESAUXPart 1 Conceptualizing Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 1Chapter 1 General Concepts 3Olivier CARDIN and Damien TRENTESAUX1.1 Industry at the heart of society 31.2 Industrial world in search of a new model 41.3 Cyber-physical systems 61.4 From cyber-physical systems to industrial cyber-physical systems 81.5 Perspectives on the study of industrial cyber-physical systems 111.6 References 15Chapter 2 Moving Towards a Sustainable Model: Societal, Economic and Environmental 17Patrick MARTIN, Maroua NOUIRI and Ali SIADAT2.1 Industry of the future and sustainable development 172.2 Contribution of ICPS to the social dimension 182.2.1 Background 182.2.2 Cognitive aspects 212.2.3 Health and safety aspects at work 222.3 Contribution of ICPS to the environmental dimension 282.3.1 Objectives and expectations 282.3.2 Example of application 292.4 Contribution of ICPS to the economic dimension 302.5 Conclusion 322.6 References 32Part 2 Sensing and Distributing Information Within Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 37Chapter 3 Information Flow in Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 39Thierry BERGER and Yves SALLEZ3.1 Introduction 393.2 Information and decision loops when using an ICPS 393.3 Decision-making processes within the loops of an ICPS 413.3.1 Nature of decision-making processes 413.3.2 Nature of information 423.3.3 Approach to studying the informational loops of the cyber part of an ICPS 433.4 Elements for the implementation of loops 453.4.1 Generic architecture 453.4.2 Link to decision-making processes and the nature of the information 483.5 Illustrative examples 483.5.1 Example from rail transport 493.5.2 Example from the manufacturing sector 503.6 Conclusion 523.7 References 52Chapter 4 The Intelligent Product Concept 55William DERIGENT4.1 The intelligent product, a leading-edge concept in industrial cyber-physical systems 554.2 Definitions of the intelligent product concept 564.3 Developments in the concept of intelligent products 594.3.1 Group 1: product-driven systems (PDS) 614.3.2 Group 2: product lifecycle information management (PLIM) 634.4 Conclusions and perspectives on the intelligent product 664.5 References 67Part 3 Digitalizing at the Service of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 71Chapter 5 Virtualizing Resources, Products and the Information System 73Theodor BORANGIU, Silviu RĂILEANU and Octavian MORARIU5.1 Virtualization – the technology for industrial cyber-physical systems 735.2 Virtualization in the industrial environment 745.3 Shop floor virtualization of resource and product workloads 785.3.1 Resource and product virtualization through shop floor profiles 785.3.2 Virtualization of collaborative product and resource workloads 835.4 MES virtualization in the cloud (vMES) 895.5 Perspectives offered by virtualization to industry of the future 945.6 References 95Chapter 6 Cybersecurity of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 97Antoine GALLAIS and Youcef IMINE6.1 What are the risks involved? 986.1.1 Unavailability of systems 986.1.2 Loss of confidentiality or integrity 1016.1.3 Bypassing access and authentication controls 1046.2 What means of protection? 1056.2.1 Ensuring availability 1056.2.2 Ensuring confidentiality 1076.2.3 Implementing authentication mechanisms 1086.2.4 Controlling access, permissions and logging 1096.3 Conclusion 1126.4 References 114Part 4 Controlling Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 117Chapter 7 Industrial Agents: From the Holonic Paradigm to Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 119Paulo LEITÃO, Stamatis KARNOUSKOS and Armando Walter COLOMBO7.1 Overview of multi-agent systems and holonics 1207.1.1 Multi-agent systems 1207.1.2 Holonic paradigm 1227.2 Industrial agents 1247.2.1 Definition and characteristics 1247.2.2 Interfacing with physical assets 1267.3 Industrial agents for realizing industrial cyber-physical systems 1277.3.1 Supporting the development of intelligent products, machines and systems within cyber-physical systems 1277.3.2 Implementing an industrial multi-agent system as ICPS 1297.4 Discussion and future directions 1307.5 References 131Chapter 8 Holonic Control Architectures 135Olivier CARDIN, William DERIGENT and Damien TRENTESAUX8.1 Introduction 1358.2 HCA fundamentals 1368.3 HCAs in the physical part of ICPS 1378.4 Dynamic architectures, towards a reconfiguration of the physical part from the cyber part of ICPS 1408.5 HCAs and Big Data 1438.6 HCAs and digital twin: towards the digitization of architectures 1448.7 References 145Part 5 Learning and Interacting with Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 149Chapter 9 Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 151Yasamin ESLAMI, Mario LEZOCHE and Philippe THOMAS9.1 Introduction 1519.2 Data massification in industrial cyber-physical systems 1539.3 Big Data and multi-relational data mining (MRDM) 1549.3.1 Formal concept analysis (FCA) 1549.3.2 Relational concept analysis (RCA) 1579.4 Machine learning 1609.4.1 Basics of machine learning 1609.4.2 Multilayer perceptron (MLP) 1609.5 Illustrative example 1659.6 Conclusion 1679.7 References 167Chapter 10 Human–Industrial Cyber-Physical System Integration: Design and Evaluation Methods 171Marie-Pierre PACAUX-LEMOINE and Frank FLEMISCH10.1 Introduction 17110.2 Design methods 17510.3 Method of integrating HICPS 17610.3.1 Descending phase 17710.3.2 Ascending phase 18010.4 Summary and conclusion 18510.5 References 186Part 6 Transforming Industries with Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 189Chapter 11 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems 191Catherine DA CUNHA and Nathalie KLEMENT11.1 Context 19111.1.1 Developments 19211.1.2 Issues 19311.1.3 Resources 19311.2 Reconfiguration 19411.2.1 Implementation and decision levels 19411.2.2 Information systems 19511.2.3 Adaptation in the context of CPPS/RMS 19611.2.4 Where and when to reconfigure? 19711.3 Modeling 19711.3.1 Data collection 19811.3.2 Simulation platforms 19911.4 Ergonomics/cognitive aspects 20011.5 Operation of the information system 20111.5.1 Operational level: procurement 20111.5.2 Responding to disruptions 20211.5.3 Decision support 20311.6 Illustrative example 20311.7 References 205Chapter 12 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Global and Interconnected Logistics 207Shenle PAN, Mariam LAFKIHI and Eric BALLOT12.1 Logistics and its challenges 20712.2 Contemporary logistics systems and organizations 20812.2.1 Intra-site logistics 20912.2.2 Intra-urban logistics 21012.2.3 Inter-site inter-city logistics 21112.3 The Physical Internet as a modern and promising logistics organization 21212.3.1 Concept and definition 21212.3.2 Topologies of networks of networks 21312.4 Perspectives of ICPS applications in interconnected logistics: the example of the Physical Internet 21512.4.1 Modeling the Physical Internet by ICPS: the example of routing 21612.4.2 Exploiting ICPS: the data-driven approach and the digital twin-driven approach 21912.5 Conclusion 22112.6 References 222Chapter 13 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Transportation 225John MBULI and Damien TRENTESAUX13.1 Introduction 22513.1.1 Pull forces 22613.1.2 Complexity factors of the transportation sector 22713.1.3 Push forces 22813.2 The impact of ICPS on transportation 22913.3 Rail transportation service: an illustrative example 23113.3.1 The physical space of SUPERFLO 23313.3.2 The human fleet supervisor 23513.3.3 The cyber space of SUPERFLO 23613.3.4 Evaluation of the proposed model and industrial expectations 23613.4 Concluding remarks 23813.5 Acknowledgments 23913.6 References 239Chapter 14 Impacts of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on the Building Trades 243William DERIGENT and Laurent JOBLOT14.1 General introduction 24314.2 The place of BIM in Construction 4.0 24514.3 Examples of transformations in the construction sector 24714.3.1 Control: real-time site management 24814.3.2 Learning and interacting: virtual reality and machine learning 24914.3.3 Capturing and distributing: use of wireless technologies (RFID and WSN) 25114.3.4 Digitalizing: digitalizing technologies for BIM 25214.4 Example of ICPS in construction 25414.5 Achieving the digital transformation of businesses 25514.6 References 257Chapter 15 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on the Health System 261Franck FONTANILI and Maria DI MASCOLO15.1 Introduction 26115.1.1 The health system and its specificities 26115.1.2 The digital evolution of healthcare production and health 26315.2 HCPS in the literature 26315.2.1 HCPS for medical monitoring 26615.2.2 HCPS for well-being and prevention 26615.2.3 HCPS for organizational monitoring of patient pathways 26715.2.4 Sensors for monitoring patients and resources 26815.3 The contribution of a digital twin in an HCPS 27015.3.1 General principle of digital twins in health 27015.3.2 A proposal for an HCPS based on a digital twin of patient pathways in the hospital 27115.4 Conclusion 27415.5 References 275Part 7 Envisioning the Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems of the Future 279Chapter 16 Ethics and Responsibility of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 281Sylvie JONAS and Françoise LAMNABHI-LAGARRIGUE16.1 Introduction 28116.2 Ethics and ICPS 28316.2.1 Data management and protection 28416.2.2 Control in the design of algorithms 28516.3 Liability and ICPS 28816.3.1 Existing liability regimes applied to ICPS 28916.3.2 Proposals for changes in liability regimes 29116.4 References 294Chapter 17 Teaching and Learning ICPS: Lessons Learned and Best Practices 297Bilal AHMAD, Freeha AZMAT, Armando Walter COLOMBO and Gerrit JAN VELTINK17.1 Introduction 29717.2 University of Warwick – Bachelor-level curriculum 29917.2.1 ICPS education: Fusion of computer science and engineering 30017.2.2 Key enabling technologies in the ICPS curriculum 30117.2.3 Pedagogical principles: teaching ICPS modules 30117.3 University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer – master’s-level curriculum 30217.3.1 ICPS education: fusion of computer science, electrical and mechatronics engineering 30317.3.2 Key enabling technologies in the ICPS curriculum 30517.3.3 Pedagogical principles: teaching ICPS modules 30717.4 Conclusion 30817.5 References 309Conclusion 313William DERIGENT, Olivier CARDIN and Damien TRENTESAUXList of Authors 317Index 321

Olivier Cardin is a lecturer in Industrial Engineering at the IUT de Nantes, Nantes University, France.William Derigent is a Professor in Industrial Engineering at the University of Lorraine, France.Damien Trentesaux is a Professor in Industrial Engineering at the Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, France.

• Foreword xiiiAndré THOMASIntroduction xviiOlivier CARDIN, William DERIGENT and Damien TRENTESAUXPart 1 Conceptualizing Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 1Chapter 1 General Concepts 3Olivier CARDIN and Damien TRENTESAUX1.1 Industry at the heart of society 31.2 Industrial world in search of a new model 41.3 Cyber-physical systems 61.4 From cyber-physical systems to industrial cyber-physical systems 81.5 Perspectives on the study of industrial cyber-physical systems 111.6 References 15Chapter 2 Moving Towards a Sustainable Model: Societal, Economic and Environmental 17Patrick MARTIN, Maroua NOUIRI and Ali SIADAT2.1 Industry of the future and sustainable development 172.2 Contribution of ICPS to the social dimension 182.2.1 Background 182.2.2 Cognitive aspects 212.2.3 Health and safety aspects at work 222.3 Contribution of ICPS to the environmental dimension 282.3.1 Objectives and expectations 282.3.2 Example of application 292.4 Contribution of ICPS to the economic dimension 302.5 Conclusion 322.6 References 32Part 2 Sensing and Distributing Information Within Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 37Chapter 3 Information Flow in Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 39Thierry BERGER and Yves SALLEZ3.1 Introduction 393.2 Information and decision loops when using an ICPS 393.3 Decision-making processes within the loops of an ICPS 413.3.1 Nature of decision-making processes 413.3.2 Nature of information 423.3.3 Approach to studying the informational loops of the cyber part of an ICPS 433.4 Elements for the implementation of loops 453.4.1 Generic architecture 453.4.2 Link to decision-making processes and the nature of the information 483.5 Illustrative examples 483.5.1 Example from rail transport 493.5.2 Example from the manufacturing sector 503.6 Conclusion 523.7 References 52Chapter 4 The Intelligent Product Concept 55William DERIGENT4.1 The intelligent product, a leading-edge concept in industrial cyber-physical systems 554.2 Definitions of the intelligent product concept 564.3 Developments in the concept of intelligent products 594.3.1 Group 1: product-driven systems (PDS) 614.3.2 Group 2: product lifecycle information management (PLIM) 634.4 Conclusions and perspectives on the intelligent product 664.5 References 67Part 3 Digitalizing at the Service of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 71Chapter 5 Virtualizing Resources, Products and the Information System 73Theodor BORANGIU, Silviu RĂILEANU and Octavian MORARIU5.1 Virtualization – the technology for industrial cyber-physical systems 735.2 Virtualization in the industrial environment 745.3 Shop floor virtualization of resource and product workloads 785.3.1 Resource and product virtualization through shop floor profiles 785.3.2 Virtualization of collaborative product and resource workloads 835.4 MES virtualization in the cloud (vMES) 895.5 Perspectives offered by virtualization to industry of the future 945.6 References 95Chapter 6 Cybersecurity of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 97Antoine GALLAIS and Youcef IMINE6.1 What are the risks involved? 986.1.1 Unavailability of systems 986.1.2 Loss of confidentiality or integrity 1016.1.3 Bypassing access and authentication controls 1046.2 What means of protection? 1056.2.1 Ensuring availability 1056.2.2 Ensuring confidentiality 1076.2.3 Implementing authentication mechanisms 1086.2.4 Controlling access, permissions and logging 1096.3 Conclusion 1126.4 References 114Part 4 Controlling Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 117Chapter 7 Industrial Agents: From the Holonic Paradigm to Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 119Paulo LEITÃO, Stamatis KARNOUSKOS and Armando Walter COLOMBO7.1 Overview of multi-agent systems and holonics 1207.1.1 Multi-agent systems 1207.1.2 Holonic paradigm 1227.2 Industrial agents 1247.2.1 Definition and characteristics 1247.2.2 Interfacing with physical assets 1267.3 Industrial agents for realizing industrial cyber-physical systems 1277.3.1 Supporting the development of intelligent products, machines and systems within cyber-physical systems 1277.3.2 Implementing an industrial multi-agent system as ICPS 1297.4 Discussion and future directions 1307.5 References 131Chapter 8 Holonic Control Architectures 135Olivier CARDIN, William DERIGENT and Damien TRENTESAUX8.1 Introduction 1358.2 HCA fundamentals 1368.3 HCAs in the physical part of ICPS 1378.4 Dynamic architectures, towards a reconfiguration of the physical part from the cyber part of ICPS 1408.5 HCAs and Big Data 1438.6 HCAs and digital twin: towards the digitization of architectures 1448.7 References 145Part 5 Learning and Interacting with Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 149Chapter 9 Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 151Yasamin ESLAMI, Mario LEZOCHE and Philippe THOMAS9.1 Introduction 1519.2 Data massification in industrial cyber-physical systems 1539.3 Big Data and multi-relational data mining (MRDM) 1549.3.1 Formal concept analysis (FCA) 1549.3.2 Relational concept analysis (RCA) 1579.4 Machine learning 1609.4.1 Basics of machine learning 1609.4.2 Multilayer perceptron (MLP) 1609.5 Illustrative example 1659.6 Conclusion 1679.7 References 167Chapter 10 Human–Industrial Cyber-Physical System Integration: Design and Evaluation Methods 171Marie-Pierre PACAUX-LEMOINE and Frank FLEMISCH10.1 Introduction 17110.2 Design methods 17510.3 Method of integrating HICPS 17610.3.1 Descending phase 17710.3.2 Ascending phase 18010.4 Summary and conclusion 18510.5 References 186Part 6 Transforming Industries with Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 189Chapter 11 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems 191Catherine DA CUNHA and Nathalie KLEMENT11.1 Context 19111.1.1 Developments 19211.1.2 Issues 19311.1.3 Resources 19311.2 Reconfiguration 19411.2.1 Implementation and decision levels 19411.2.2 Information systems 19511.2.3 Adaptation in the context of CPPS/RMS 19611.2.4 Where and when to reconfigure? 19711.3 Modeling 19711.3.1 Data collection 19811.3.2 Simulation platforms 19911.4 Ergonomics/cognitive aspects 20011.5 Operation of the information system 20111.5.1 Operational level: procurement 20111.5.2 Responding to disruptions 20211.5.3 Decision support 20311.6 Illustrative example 20311.7 References 205Chapter 12 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Global and Interconnected Logistics 207Shenle PAN, Mariam LAFKIHI and Eric BALLOT12.1 Logistics and its challenges 20712.2 Contemporary logistics systems and organizations 20812.2.1 Intra-site logistics 20912.2.2 Intra-urban logistics 21012.2.3 Inter-site inter-city logistics 21112.3 The Physical Internet as a modern and promising logistics organization 21212.3.1 Concept and definition 21212.3.2 Topologies of networks of networks 21312.4 Perspectives of ICPS applications in interconnected logistics: the example of the Physical Internet 21512.4.1 Modeling the Physical Internet by ICPS: the example of routing 21612.4.2 Exploiting ICPS: the data-driven approach and the digital twin-driven approach 21912.5 Conclusion 22112.6 References 222Chapter 13 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Transportation 225John MBULI and Damien TRENTESAUX13.1 Introduction 22513.1.1 Pull forces 22613.1.2 Complexity factors of the transportation sector 22713.1.3 Push forces 22813.2 The impact of ICPS on transportation 22913.3 Rail transportation service: an illustrative example 23113.3.1 The physical space of SUPERFLO 23313.3.2 The human fleet supervisor 23513.3.3 The cyber space of SUPERFLO 23613.3.4 Evaluation of the proposed model and industrial expectations 23613.4 Concluding remarks 23813.5 Acknowledgments 23913.6 References 239Chapter 14 Impacts of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on the Building Trades 243William DERIGENT and Laurent JOBLOT14.1 General introduction 24314.2 The place of BIM in Construction 4.0 24514.3 Examples of transformations in the construction sector 24714.3.1 Control: real-time site management 24814.3.2 Learning and interacting: virtual reality and machine learning 24914.3.3 Capturing and distributing: use of wireless technologies (RFID and WSN) 25114.3.4 Digitalizing: digitalizing technologies for BIM 25214.4 Example of ICPS in construction 25414.5 Achieving the digital transformation of businesses 25514.6 References 257Chapter 15 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on the Health System 261Franck FONTANILI and Maria DI MASCOLO15.1 Introduction 26115.1.1 The health system and its specificities 26115.1.2 The digital evolution of healthcare production and health 26315.2 HCPS in the literature 26315.2.1 HCPS for medical monitoring 26615.2.2 HCPS for well-being and prevention 26615.2.3 HCPS for organizational monitoring of patient pathways 26715.2.4 Sensors for monitoring patients and resources 26815.3 The contribution of a digital twin in an HCPS 27015.3.1 General principle of digital twins in health 27015.3.2 A proposal for an HCPS based on a digital twin of patient pathways in the hospital 27115.4 Conclusion 27415.5 References 275Part 7 Envisioning the Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems of the Future 279Chapter 16 Ethics and Responsibility of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 281Sylvie JONAS and Françoise LAMNABHI-LAGARRIGUE16.1 Introduction 28116.2 Ethics and ICPS 28316.2.1 Data management and protection 28416.2.2 Control in the design of algorithms 28516.3 Liability and ICPS 28816.3.1 Existing liability regimes applied to ICPS 28916.3.2 Proposals for changes in liability regimes 29116.4 References 294Chapter 17 Teaching and Learning ICPS: Lessons Learned and Best Practices 297Bilal AHMAD, Freeha AZMAT, Armando Walter COLOMBO and Gerrit JAN VELTINK17.1 Introduction 29717.2 University of Warwick – Bachelor-level curriculum 29917.2.1 ICPS education: Fusion of computer science and engineering 30017.2.2 Key enabling technologies in the ICPS curriculum 30117.2.3 Pedagogical principles: teaching ICPS modules 30117.3 University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer – master’s-level curriculum 30217.3.1 ICPS education: fusion of computer science, electrical and mechatronics engineering 30317.3.2 Key enabling technologies in the ICPS curriculum 30517.3.3 Pedagogical principles: teaching ICPS modules 30717.4 Conclusion 30817.5 References 309Conclusion 313William DERIGENT, Olivier CARDIN and Damien TRENTESAUXList of Authors 317Index 321