Pierre Odru is an engineer at the Ecole Centrale de Lyon, France, and has retired from IFPEN. He worked in research and development in deep-sea oil production, gas transport with IFPEN and energy storage for the French National Research Agency.Elena Palomo Del Barrio is a professor at the University of Bordeaux, France, and Scientific Director of the Thermal Energy Storage Department at CIC energiGUNE in Spain. She is a world-renowned specialist in phase-change materials and has published over 100 articles in international journals.

• Foreword ixPhilippe MARTYChapter 1. Sensible Heat Storage: Overview 1Régis OLIVÈS1.1. Introduction 11.2. General principles 21.3. Storage configurations 21.4. Modeling of thermocline storage 41.5. References 11Chapter 2. Low-Temperature Sensible Heat Storage 13Pierre ODRU2.1. Sensible heat storage associated with buildings 132.1.1. Short duration storage 142.1.2. Long duration (seasonal) solar heat storage 162.1.3. The stratification problem 162.2. Underground thermal energy storage 172.2.1. Principle of the aquifer thermal energy storage 192.2.2. Borehole thermal energy storage 212.2.3. Other types of underground storage 232.3. References 23Chapter 3. High-Temperature Heat Storage for Electricity 25Lionel NADAU, Philippe MUGUERRA and Pierre ODRU3.1. Heat storage associated with compressed air electricity storage 283.1.1. Adiabatic CAES 293.1.2. Thermal energy storage 313.1.3. Search project 313.1.4. SACRE project 353.2. Electricity storage by Carnot batteries 373.2.1. Modified Brayton cycle: operating principle 373.2.2. Modified Brayton cycle: energy balance 393.2.3. Feasibility 413.2.4. Potential characteristics of a thermal pumping system 433.2.5. Brayton cycle variant 443.2.6. Phase change cycle 453.3. References 46Chapter 4. Latent Heat Storage: Fundamentals and Most Widely Used Phase Change Materials 49Ana LAZARO and Erwin FRANQUET4.1. Fundamentals of latent heat storage 494.2. Phase change materials classification and criteria for selection 524.3. Commonly used PCMs 584.4. Tecno-economic evaluation 614.5. Emerging alternative materials 634.6. References 65Chapter 5. Engineering Phase Change Materials to Improve Their Properties and Broaden Applications 69Stefania DOPPIU and Elena PALOMO DEL BARRIO5.1. Introduction 695.2. Micro-/nanoencapsulated PCMs 735.2.1. Shell materials and encapsulation methods 745.2.2. Micro-/nanoencapsulated PCMs 775.2.3. Innovative designs for versatile applications 805.3. Shape-stabilized PCMs 835.3.1. Overview of porous supports and preparation methods 855.3.2. Porous carbon-based SS-PCMs 885.3.3. Porous oxide-based SS-PCMs 945.3.4. Summary of porous supports and perspectives 995.4. Conclusion 1025.5. References 103Chapter 6. Latent Heat Storage Systems: Concepts and Applications 109Marie DUQUESNE and Wahbi JOMAA6.1. Introduction 1096.2. Types of systems and main components 1116.2.1. LH-TESS classification 1116.2.2. Materials 1126.3. Cold storage 1156.3.1. "Ice-on-tube" cold storage systems 1206.3.2. Cold storage systems with encapsulated PCM 1206.3.3. Cold storage systems with ice slurry 1216.3.4. Cold storage systems with ice recovery 1216.4. Applications in the building sector 1226.4.1. Passive systems 1226.4.2. Active use of PCM in buildings 1256.5. Applications in industry 1276.6. Concentrated solar power plants 1296.7. Other domains 1346.8. Conclusion 1356.9. References 139Chapter 7. Use of Hydrates for Cold Storage and Distribution in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Applications 151Anthony DELAHAYE and Laurence FOURNAISON7.1. Introduction 1517.2. Hydrate definition and properties 1537.2.1. Definition of gas hydrates 1537.2.2. Clathrate hydrate structures 1547.2.3. Semiclathrate structures 1567.2.4. Hydration number 1567.2.5. Phase diagram of water-CO2 mixtures including CO2 hydrates 1577.3. Hydrate systems for cold storage and distribution 1587.3.1. Refrigerant gas hydrate applied to cold storage 1597.3.2. CO2 hydrates applied to cold storage and distribution 1597.3.3. Quaternary salt hydrates for cold storage and distribution 1607.3.4. Other hydrates applied to cold storage and distribution. 1617.3.5. Mixed gas-salt/THF hydrates for cold storage and distribution 1627.4. Criteria for use of hydrates in refrigeration 1637.4.1. Thermodynamic criterion 1637.4.2. Flow criterion 1677.4.3. Thermal criterion 1717.4.4. Kinetic criterion 1737.4.5. Energy and environment criterion 1757.5. Hydrate applications in refrigeration and air-conditioning 1767.5.1. Slurry generation methods 1767.5.2. Examples of hydrate-based refrigeration systems 1777.6. Conclusion 1817.7. References 182Chapter 8. Concentrated Solar Power Plants and Storage 201Régis OLIVÈS8.1. Introduction 2018.2. Concentrated solar power plants and storage 2028.2.1. General principles 2028.2.2. Objectives and strategy 2058.2.3. Global performances and efficiency 2068.3. Storage types 2118.3.1. Sensible heat storage 2128.3.2. Latent heat storage 2158.3.3. Thermochemical storage 2198.3.4. Materials and fluids 2238.3.5. Other components 2348.4. Analysis of systems 2368.4.1. Active systems 2378.4.2. Passive systems 2478.4.3. Technical-economic analysis 2618.4.4. Life cycle analysis, efficiency, concentration and eco-design 2638.5. References 266List of Authors 271Index 273Summary of Volume 2 279

Pierre Odru is an engineer at the Ecole Centrale de Lyon, France, and has retired from IFPEN. He worked in research and development in deep-sea oil production, gas transport with IFPEN and energy storage for the French National Research Agency.Elena Palomo Del Barrio is a professor at the University of Bordeaux, France, and Scientific Director of the Thermal Energy Storage Department at CIC energiGUNE in Spain. She is a world-renowned specialist in phase-change materials and has published over 100 articles in international journals.

• Foreword ixPhilippe MARTYChapter 1. Sensible Heat Storage: Overview 1Régis OLIVÈS1.1. Introduction 11.2. General principles 21.3. Storage configurations 21.4. Modeling of thermocline storage 41.5. References 11Chapter 2. Low-Temperature Sensible Heat Storage 13Pierre ODRU2.1. Sensible heat storage associated with buildings 132.1.1. Short duration storage 142.1.2. Long duration (seasonal) solar heat storage 162.1.3. The stratification problem 162.2. Underground thermal energy storage 172.2.1. Principle of the aquifer thermal energy storage 192.2.2. Borehole thermal energy storage 212.2.3. Other types of underground storage 232.3. References 23Chapter 3. High-Temperature Heat Storage for Electricity 25Lionel NADAU, Philippe MUGUERRA and Pierre ODRU3.1. Heat storage associated with compressed air electricity storage 283.1.1. Adiabatic CAES 293.1.2. Thermal energy storage 313.1.3. Search project 313.1.4. SACRE project 353.2. Electricity storage by Carnot batteries 373.2.1. Modified Brayton cycle: operating principle 373.2.2. Modified Brayton cycle: energy balance 393.2.3. Feasibility 413.2.4. Potential characteristics of a thermal pumping system 433.2.5. Brayton cycle variant 443.2.6. Phase change cycle 453.3. References 46Chapter 4. Latent Heat Storage: Fundamentals and Most Widely Used Phase Change Materials 49Ana LAZARO and Erwin FRANQUET4.1. Fundamentals of latent heat storage 494.2. Phase change materials classification and criteria for selection 524.3. Commonly used PCMs 584.4. Tecno-economic evaluation 614.5. Emerging alternative materials 634.6. References 65Chapter 5. Engineering Phase Change Materials to Improve Their Properties and Broaden Applications 69Stefania DOPPIU and Elena PALOMO DEL BARRIO5.1. Introduction 695.2. Micro-/nanoencapsulated PCMs 735.2.1. Shell materials and encapsulation methods 745.2.2. Micro-/nanoencapsulated PCMs 775.2.3. Innovative designs for versatile applications 805.3. Shape-stabilized PCMs 835.3.1. Overview of porous supports and preparation methods 855.3.2. Porous carbon-based SS-PCMs 885.3.3. Porous oxide-based SS-PCMs 945.3.4. Summary of porous supports and perspectives 995.4. Conclusion 1025.5. References 103Chapter 6. Latent Heat Storage Systems: Concepts and Applications 109Marie DUQUESNE and Wahbi JOMAA6.1. Introduction 1096.2. Types of systems and main components 1116.2.1. LH-TESS classification 1116.2.2. Materials 1126.3. Cold storage 1156.3.1. "Ice-on-tube" cold storage systems 1206.3.2. Cold storage systems with encapsulated PCM 1206.3.3. Cold storage systems with ice slurry 1216.3.4. Cold storage systems with ice recovery 1216.4. Applications in the building sector 1226.4.1. Passive systems 1226.4.2. Active use of PCM in buildings 1256.5. Applications in industry 1276.6. Concentrated solar power plants 1296.7. Other domains 1346.8. Conclusion 1356.9. References 139Chapter 7. Use of Hydrates for Cold Storage and Distribution in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Applications 151Anthony DELAHAYE and Laurence FOURNAISON7.1. Introduction 1517.2. Hydrate definition and properties 1537.2.1. Definition of gas hydrates 1537.2.2. Clathrate hydrate structures 1547.2.3. Semiclathrate structures 1567.2.4. Hydration number 1567.2.5. Phase diagram of water-CO2 mixtures including CO2 hydrates 1577.3. Hydrate systems for cold storage and distribution 1587.3.1. Refrigerant gas hydrate applied to cold storage 1597.3.2. CO2 hydrates applied to cold storage and distribution 1597.3.3. Quaternary salt hydrates for cold storage and distribution 1607.3.4. Other hydrates applied to cold storage and distribution. 1617.3.5. Mixed gas-salt/THF hydrates for cold storage and distribution 1627.4. Criteria for use of hydrates in refrigeration 1637.4.1. Thermodynamic criterion 1637.4.2. Flow criterion 1677.4.3. Thermal criterion 1717.4.4. Kinetic criterion 1737.4.5. Energy and environment criterion 1757.5. Hydrate applications in refrigeration and air-conditioning 1767.5.1. Slurry generation methods 1767.5.2. Examples of hydrate-based refrigeration systems 1777.6. Conclusion 1817.7. References 182Chapter 8. Concentrated Solar Power Plants and Storage 201Régis OLIVÈS8.1. Introduction 2018.2. Concentrated solar power plants and storage 2028.2.1. General principles 2028.2.2. Objectives and strategy 2058.2.3. Global performances and efficiency 2068.3. Storage types 2118.3.1. Sensible heat storage 2128.3.2. Latent heat storage 2158.3.3. Thermochemical storage 2198.3.4. Materials and fluids 2238.3.5. Other components 2348.4. Analysis of systems 2368.4.1. Active systems 2378.4.2. Passive systems 2478.4.3. Technical-economic analysis 2618.4.4. Life cycle analysis, efficiency, concentration and eco-design 2638.5. References 266List of Authors 271Index 273Summary of Volume 2 279

Pierre Odru is an engineer at the Ecole Centrale de Lyon, France, and has retired from IFPEN. He worked in research and development in deep-sea oil production, gas transport with IFPEN and energy storage for the French National Research Agency.Elena Palomo Del Barrio is a professor at the University of Bordeaux, France, and Scientific Director of the Thermal Energy Storage Department at CIC energiGUNE in Spain. She is a world-renowned specialist in phase-change materials and has published over 100 articles in international journals.

• Foreword ixPhilippe MARTYChapter 1. Sensible Heat Storage: Overview 1Régis OLIVÈS1.1. Introduction 11.2. General principles 21.3. Storage configurations 21.4. Modeling of thermocline storage 41.5. References 11Chapter 2. Low-Temperature Sensible Heat Storage 13Pierre ODRU2.1. Sensible heat storage associated with buildings 132.1.1. Short duration storage 142.1.2. Long duration (seasonal) solar heat storage 162.1.3. The stratification problem 162.2. Underground thermal energy storage 172.2.1. Principle of the aquifer thermal energy storage 192.2.2. Borehole thermal energy storage 212.2.3. Other types of underground storage 232.3. References 23Chapter 3. High-Temperature Heat Storage for Electricity 25Lionel NADAU, Philippe MUGUERRA and Pierre ODRU3.1. Heat storage associated with compressed air electricity storage 283.1.1. Adiabatic CAES 293.1.2. Thermal energy storage 313.1.3. Search project 313.1.4. SACRE project 353.2. Electricity storage by Carnot batteries 373.2.1. Modified Brayton cycle: operating principle 373.2.2. Modified Brayton cycle: energy balance 393.2.3. Feasibility 413.2.4. Potential characteristics of a thermal pumping system 433.2.5. Brayton cycle variant 443.2.6. Phase change cycle 453.3. References 46Chapter 4. Latent Heat Storage: Fundamentals and Most Widely Used Phase Change Materials 49Ana LAZARO and Erwin FRANQUET4.1. Fundamentals of latent heat storage 494.2. Phase change materials classification and criteria for selection 524.3. Commonly used PCMs 584.4. Tecno-economic evaluation 614.5. Emerging alternative materials 634.6. References 65Chapter 5. Engineering Phase Change Materials to Improve Their Properties and Broaden Applications 69Stefania DOPPIU and Elena PALOMO DEL BARRIO5.1. Introduction 695.2. Micro-/nanoencapsulated PCMs 735.2.1. Shell materials and encapsulation methods 745.2.2. Micro-/nanoencapsulated PCMs 775.2.3. Innovative designs for versatile applications 805.3. Shape-stabilized PCMs 835.3.1. Overview of porous supports and preparation methods 855.3.2. Porous carbon-based SS-PCMs 885.3.3. Porous oxide-based SS-PCMs 945.3.4. Summary of porous supports and perspectives 995.4. Conclusion 1025.5. References 103Chapter 6. Latent Heat Storage Systems: Concepts and Applications 109Marie DUQUESNE and Wahbi JOMAA6.1. Introduction 1096.2. Types of systems and main components 1116.2.1. LH-TESS classification 1116.2.2. Materials 1126.3. Cold storage 1156.3.1. "Ice-on-tube" cold storage systems 1206.3.2. Cold storage systems with encapsulated PCM 1206.3.3. Cold storage systems with ice slurry 1216.3.4. Cold storage systems with ice recovery 1216.4. Applications in the building sector 1226.4.1. Passive systems 1226.4.2. Active use of PCM in buildings 1256.5. Applications in industry 1276.6. Concentrated solar power plants 1296.7. Other domains 1346.8. Conclusion 1356.9. References 139Chapter 7. Use of Hydrates for Cold Storage and Distribution in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Applications 151Anthony DELAHAYE and Laurence FOURNAISON7.1. Introduction 1517.2. Hydrate definition and properties 1537.2.1. Definition of gas hydrates 1537.2.2. Clathrate hydrate structures 1547.2.3. Semiclathrate structures 1567.2.4. Hydration number 1567.2.5. Phase diagram of water-CO2 mixtures including CO2 hydrates 1577.3. Hydrate systems for cold storage and distribution 1587.3.1. Refrigerant gas hydrate applied to cold storage 1597.3.2. CO2 hydrates applied to cold storage and distribution 1597.3.3. Quaternary salt hydrates for cold storage and distribution 1607.3.4. Other hydrates applied to cold storage and distribution. 1617.3.5. Mixed gas-salt/THF hydrates for cold storage and distribution 1627.4. Criteria for use of hydrates in refrigeration 1637.4.1. Thermodynamic criterion 1637.4.2. Flow criterion 1677.4.3. Thermal criterion 1717.4.4. Kinetic criterion 1737.4.5. Energy and environment criterion 1757.5. Hydrate applications in refrigeration and air-conditioning 1767.5.1. Slurry generation methods 1767.5.2. Examples of hydrate-based refrigeration systems 1777.6. Conclusion 1817.7. References 182Chapter 8. Concentrated Solar Power Plants and Storage 201Régis OLIVÈS8.1. Introduction 2018.2. Concentrated solar power plants and storage 2028.2.1. General principles 2028.2.2. Objectives and strategy 2058.2.3. Global performances and efficiency 2068.3. Storage types 2118.3.1. Sensible heat storage 2128.3.2. Latent heat storage 2158.3.3. Thermochemical storage 2198.3.4. Materials and fluids 2238.3.5. Other components 2348.4. Analysis of systems 2368.4.1. Active systems 2378.4.2. Passive systems 2478.4.3. Technical-economic analysis 2618.4.4. Life cycle analysis, efficiency, concentration and eco-design 2638.5. References 266List of Authors 271Index 273Summary of Volume 2 279