Satellites for Atmospheric Sciences 2

Thierry Phulpin is a senior expert in space missions for atmospheric sciences. He has been a researcher at Météo-France, Lannion, then program scientist on missions for meteorology (IASI, IASI-NG) and air quality (TRAQ, 3MI) at the CNES, Toulouse.Didier Renaut is a meteorological engineer, now retired. He made his career at Météo-France, Paris, then at the CNES, Paris, where he was in charge of meteorological and climate programs. He has also worked in the field of scientific publishing.Hervé Roquet is a meteorological engineer at Météo-France. After several years at the Space Meteorology Center of Météo-France in Lannion, he joined the Higher Education and Research Department of Météo-France in Saint-Mandé in 2017, where he is the deputy director.Claude Camy-Peyret is currently emeritus scientist at Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris. He is also a retired research director at the CNRS, Paris. From 1996 to 2008 he was the head of LPMAA at Sorbonne Université, Paris.

• Acknowledgments xiiiList of Acronyms xvIntroduction xxxiiiThierry PHULPINPart 1 Meteorology 1Introduction to Part 1 3Hervé ROQUETChapter 1 Operational Sounding of Thermodynamic Variables in the Atmosphere 9Thomas AUGUST1.1 Introduction 91.2 Operational use of TIR and MW sounders 111.2.1 Satisfying ever-more demanding users 111.2.2 Clouds: an obstacle to sounding and a very useful geophysical product 171.2.3 Demonstrating and maintaining product quality 191.2.4 Different operational algorithmic strategies 221.2.5 Application perspectives 251.3 Acknowledgments 261.4 References 27Chapter 2 Wind Observations 31Régis BORDE and Jean PAILLEUX2.1 Introduction 312.2 AMVs 342.2.1 Extraction of AMVs 342.2.2 Current production and outlook 352.3 3D winds derived from hyperspectral sounders 372.4 Measuring wind from space using Doppler lidar 392.4.1 Introduction 392.4.2 Measurements from ALADIN lidar onboard Aeolus 402.4.3 Culmination of a long process 412.4.4 Situation in 2022 and outlook 422.5 References 43Chapter 3 Surface Variables 47Jean-François MAHFOUF3.1 Observation of the Earth’s surface from space 473.2 Energy balances at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere 493.3 Ocean surfaces 503.3.1 Surface temperature 503.3.2 Surface wind 523.3.3 Sea ice 543.4 Continental surfaces 563.4.1 Surface temperature 563.4.2 Water content of soil 573.4.3 Surface albedo 613.4.4 Vegetation properties 623.5 Snow-covered surfaces 643.5.1 Spatial coverage and albedo 643.5.2 Equivalent water content 653.6 Expected changes 653.7 References 66Chapter 4 The Assimilation of Satellite Data in Numerical Weather Prediction Systems 69Bill BELL, Jean-Noël THÉPAUT and John EYRE4.1 Introduction 694.2 Early meteorological satellites 714.3 Assimilation of satellite soundings 1970–2000 714.3.1 Early sounding instruments 714.3.2 Assimilation experience: 1970s 734.3.3 Assimilation experience: early 1980s 734.3.4 Problems arising in the late 1980s 744.4 Relevant aspects of data assimilation theory 754.5 The modern era (2000 to present) 774.5.1 Assimilation strategies 774.5.2 Advanced infrared sounders 794.5.3 Microwave sounders and imagers 814.5.4 Radiative transfer modeling 834.5.5 Observation uncertainties 834.5.6 Atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) 844.5.7 Scatterometers 864.5.8 Radio occultation observations 874.5.9 Impacts 894.5.10 Reanalyses 914.6 Summary and conclusion 914.7 References 92Chapter 5 Nowcasting 97Thibaut MONTMERLE5.1 Introduction 975.2 Satellite data for nowcasting 995.2.1 Polar-orbiting satellites 995.2.2 Geostationary satellites 1005.3 Observed phenomena 1045.3.1 Air mass instability 1045.3.2 Convective systems 1045.3.3 Characteristics of clouds 1085.3.4 Hydrometeors 1095.3.5 Wind 1105.4 Nowcasting of detected phenomena 1115.4.1 Method based on the tracking of structures 1115.4.2 Method based on image extrapolation 1125.4.3 Method based on artificial intelligence 1125.4.4 Use of numerical forecasting 1145.4.5 OBS-NWP fusion 1155.4.6 Probabilistic forecast 1155.5 Perspectives 1165.6 References 116Chapter 6 Observation and Monitoring of Tropical Cyclones from Space 119Frank ROUX6.1 Introduction 1196.2 Visible and infrared imagery 1206.3 Microwave imaging 1226.4 Microwave sounding 1256.5 Surface wind measurements 126viii Satellites for Atmospheric Sciences 26.6 Ocean parameters 1306.7 Climatology of cyclones 1316.8 Conclusion 1326.9 References 133Part 2 Atmospheric Composition 137Introduction to Part 2 Air Composition and the Contribution from Satellite Observations 139Thierry PHULPIN and Claude CAMY-PEYRETChapter 7 Reactive Tropospheric Chemistry 143Sarah SAFIEDDINE and Camille VIATTE7.1 Introduction 1437.2 Methane 1447.3 Reactive organic species 1447.3.1 Isoprene 1467.3.2 Other non-methane volatile organic compounds 1467.4 Reactive inorganic species 1487.5 Conclusion 1507.6 Acknowledgment 1507.7 References 150Chapter 8 Major Pollutants: Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter 153Juan CUESTA and Gaëlle DUFOUR8.1 Introduction 1538.2 Tropospheric ozone 1548.2.1 Beginnings of satellite-based tropospheric ozone observations 1548.2.2 Current capabilities for tropospheric ozone monitoring 1558.2.3 Multi-wavelength synergy for ozone pollution monitoring 1578.3 Pollution aerosols 1588.3.1 Optical thickness of pollution aerosols 1598.3.2 Altitude of pollution aerosols 1618.4 References 163Chapter 9 Desert Dust 167Juan CUESTA9.1 Introduction 1679.2 Qualitative satellite detection of desert dust 1689.3 Satellite observation of the optical depth of desert dust 1709.4 Vertical profiles of desert dust by spaceborne lidar 1719.5 3D distribution of desert dust by infrared spectrometer 1739.6 Conclusion 1759.7 References 176Chapter 10 Species Emitted by Fires 179Camille VIATTE and Pasquale SELLITTO10.1 Introduction 17910.2 Biomass burning gases 18110.2.1 Greenhouses gases 18110.2.2 Carbon monoxide (CO) 18110.2.3 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 18210.2.4 Ammonia (NH3) 18310.2.5 Nitrous acid (HONO) 18310.3 Biomass burning aerosols 18310.3.1 AOD observations with nadir-viewing instruments 18310.3.2 Extinction observations with limb-viewing instruments 18410.3.3 Lidar profiles observations 18410.4 Fire detection systems from space 18410.5 Conclusion 18510.6 Acknowledgments 18510.7 References 185Chapter 11 Stratospheric Chemistry 189Claude CAMY-PEYRET and Sarah SAFIEDDINE11.1 Introduction 18911.2 Stratospheric ozone chemistry 18911.2.1 Polar ozone depletion 19011.2.2 Antarctic ozone distribution 19211.2.3 Arctic ozone distribution 19311.3 Stratospheric chemistry of other species 19311.3.1 Chemistry of the stratosphere and models 19411.3.2 Radical processes and cycles for the major families 19611.3.3 The example of methane in the stratosphere 19711.4 Satellite measurements of trace species in the stratosphere 19811.5 Conclusion 20011.6 Acknowledgments 20011.7 References 200Part 3 Atmosphere and climate 203Introduction to Part 3 Atmosphere and Climate and the Contribution of Space 205Paul POLIChapter 12 Climate Monitoring 209Paul POLI and Jörg SCHULZ12.1 General concepts about the climate 20912.1.1 What is climate? 20912.1.2 Is climate limited to atmospheric phenomena? 21112.1.3 A question for Nobel Prize laureates: is the climate stable? 21312.2 From space-based measurements to climate products 21512.2.1 Sensing the environment 21512.2.2 The role of space-based observations 21712.2.3 The concept of essential climate variables 21812.2.4 Observation-based products 22012.2.5 Model-assisted climate products 22112.3 Climate data records and uncertainty estimates 22312.3.1 Why reprocessing? 22312.3.2 Calibration 22412.3.3 Uncertainty 22612.4 The usage of climate data records in science and services 22812.5 Looking ahead 23012.6 References 23112.7 References of the data sources cited in Figure 12.1 232Chapter 13 Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases: CO2 and CH4 235Cyril CREVOISIER13.1 Monitoring anthropogenic greenhouse gases 23613.1.1 Biogeochemical cycles 23613.1.2 Determination of gas sources and sinks 23613.1.3 The global observation network 23713.2 Contribution of spatial observation of greenhouse gases 23813.2.1 Specificities of greenhouse gas observation 23813.2.2 Particularly rich spatial programming 24113.3 Measurement techniques 24213.3.1 Passive observations in the infrared range 24313.3.2 Passive observations by solar reflection 24513.3.3 Passive observations by solar occultation 24713.3.4 Active observations using lidar 24713.4 From radiation measurement to gas flux at the surface 24813.4.1 From radiation measurement to gas concentrations 24813.4.2 From concentration to fluxes 25013.4.3 Main limitations 25113.5 Challenges for the future 25213.5.1 Towards the observation of anthropogenic emissions by spatial imagery 25313.5.2 Reducing spatio-temporal sampling biases 25313.5.3 Towards an operational greenhouse gas monitoring service 25413.6 References 255Chapter 14 Clouds and Water Vapor 259Hélène BROGNIEZ, Laurence PICON and Dominique BOUNIOL14.1 Atmospheric water cycle and climate 25914.2 Observations of water vapor 26014.2.1 Passive sensors 26314.2.2 Active sensors 26514.2.3 Homogenization and intercomparison 26614.3 Observation of cloud properties 26714.3.1 Observations using passive instruments 27014.3.2 Observations using active instruments 27314.3.3 Multi-instrument synergy for the establishment of cloud climatologies 27714.4 References 282Chapter 15 Precipitation 287Vincenzo LEVIZZANI and Christopher KIDD15.1 Need for global precipitation measurements 28715.2 Satellite observation of rainfall 28915.2.1 Visible/Infrared 29015.2.2 Passive microwave 29115.2.3 Radar 29415.2.4 Merged products 29515.3 Observation of solid precipitation 29815.4 Precipitation and the Earth water cycle 30015.5 References 303Appendices 307Appendix 1 309Claude CAMY-PEYRETAppendix 2 317Claude CAMY-PEYRETAppendix 3 327Appendix 4 341Glossary 347List of Authors 361Index 365Summary of Volume 1 369