Hiroyuki Akinaga is the Principal Research Manager at the Device Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan.Atsuko Kosuga is an associate professor at Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan.Takao Mori is a Deputy Director of WPI-MANA at the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) and is also a professor at the Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.Gustavo Ardila is an associate professor at Grenoble Alpes University and a researcher at IMEP – LaHC, France.

• Preface ixHiroyuki AKINAGA, Atsuko KOSUGA and Takao MORIIntroduction xiiiHiroyuki AKINAGA, Atsuko KOSUGA and Takao MORIPart 1 Material Challenges and Novel Effects 1Chapter 1 Reliability and Durability of Thermoelectric Materials and Devices: Present Status and Strategies for Improvement 3Congcong XU, Hongjing SHANG, Zhongxin LIANG, Fazhu DING and Zhifeng REN1.1 Introduction 31.2 Thermoelectric material stability 51.3 Mg3(Sb, Bi)2 51.4 Zn4Sb3 71.5 Skutterudites 81.6 Cu2-xX (X = S, Se, Te) 91.7 GeTe 111.8 Outlook on thermoelectric materials stability 121.9 Thermoelectric device design analysis 131.9.1 Thermal stress analysis 131.9.2 Interface analysis, design and fabrication 211.10 Advanced thermoelectric module case studies 331.10.1 Bi2Te3 331.10.2 Mg3(Sb, Bi)2 351.10.3 GeTe 371.10.4 Skutterudites 391.11 Summary and outlook 401.12 References 41Chapter 2 Effect of Microstructure in Understanding the Electronic Properties of Complex Materials 53Chenguang FU, Chaoliang HU, Qi ZHANG, Airan LI and Tiejun ZHU2.1 Introduction 532.2 Basic principles of electronic transport parameters 542.2.1 Solid solutions 592.2.2 Intrinsic defects 602.2.3 Grain boundary 622.2.4 Texture 652.3 Summary 672.4 References 67Chapter 3 Thermoelectric Nanowires 73Olga CABALLERO-CALERO and Marisol MARTÍN-GONZÁLEZ3.1 Introduction 733.2 Nanowires: a way to enhance thermoelectric efficiency 743.3 Fabrication of thermoelectric nanowires 773.4 Measurement of thermoelectric properties in nanowires 793.5 Nanowire-based thermoelectric devices 863.6 Interconnected 3D nanowire networks 873.7 Summary and outlook 893.8 References 89Chapter 4 Impact of Chemical Doping or Magnetism in Model Thermoelectric Sulfides 99Sylvie HÉBERT, Ramzy DAOU and Antoine MAIGNAN4.1 Introduction 1004.2 TiS2: intercalation chemistry to combine power factor optimization and lattice thermal conductivity degradation 1014.3 Magnetism and thermoelectricity in sulfides 1044.4 Conclusion 1104.5 References 110Chapter 5 Thermoelectric Generation Using the Anomalous Nernst Effect 117Akito SAKAI and Satoru NAKATSUJI5.1 Thermoelectric conversion – Seebeck effect and anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) 1175.2 Physics of topological magnets 1205.2.1 Transverse electrical and thermal conductivity driven by Berry curvature 1205.2.2 Magnetic Weyl semimetals, Weyl magnets 1215.2.3 Type-II Weyl semimetals 1225.2.4 Nodal line magnets 1235.3 Experimental realization of the giant anomalous Nernst effect 1245.3.1 Weyl antiferromagnets Mn3X (X = Sn, Ge) 1245.3.2 Weyl ferromagnet Co2MnGa 1245.3.3 Nodal-web ferromagnets Fe3X (X = Ga, Al) 1255.4 Summary and prospects 1275.5 Acknowledgment 1275.6 References 127Chapter 6 A Comprehensive Review of Phonon Engineering 131Bin XU, Harsh CHANDRA, and Junichiro SHIOMI6.1 Introduction 1316.1.1 Thermal conductivity 1336.1.2 Phonons in thermal transport 1336.2 Methodology of phonon engineering 1426.2.1 Computational method for thermal conduction and phonon properties 1426.2.2 Experimental method for nano-/micro-scale heat conduction characterization 1446.2.3 Direct measurement of phonon properties through phonon scattering 1496.2.4 Phonon engineering for low thermal conductivity 1526.2.5 Intrinsic low thermal conductivity in complex lattice structure 1536.2.6 Low thermal conductivity by nanostructures 1556.2.7 Coherent phonon engineering in superlattice 1586.3 Summary and future prospects 1626.4 References 164Part 2 Toward Device Applications 171Chapter 7 The Current State of Thermoelectric Technologies and Applications with Prospects 173Slavko BERNIK7.1 Introduction 1737.2 Thermoelectric materials 1807.3 Thermoelectric devices – structure, materials, fabrication technology 1897.4 Summary 1987.5 References 199Chapter 8 Processing of Thermoelectric Transition Metal Silicides Towards Module Development 213Sylvain LE TONQUESSE, Mathieu PASTUREL, Franck GASCOIN and David BERTHEBAUD8.1 Introduction 2138.2 Recent progress on the process of thermoelectric transition metals silicide 2148.2.1 Synthesis of mesostructured silicides through magnesiothermic reduction 2148.2.2 Synthesis of higher manganese silicide through wet ball milling 2188.2.3 Issues of MnSi striations and thermal stability on thermoelectric performance of doped higher manganese silicide 2198.2.4 Upscaling processes, the examples of additive manufacturing and RGS process 2238.3 Towards contacts and device developments 2258.4 References 226Chapter 9 Application of the Thermoelectrics; Past, Present and Future 229Hirokuni HACHIUMA9.1 Introduction 2299.2 Thermoelectric module 2309.3 TEC application for refrigerator and cooler 2319.4 TEC for electronic components 2349.4.1 TEC for optical communication 2349.4.2 Multi-stage TEC for optical sensors 2369.5 TEC for semiconductor manufacturing 2399.6 TEG application 2419.6.1 TEG for energy harvesting (EH) 2429.6.2 TEG for stand-alone power source 2449.6.3 TEG for waste heat recovery 2459.7 Conclusion 2479.8 References 247List of Authors 249Index 253Summary of Volume 1 255

Hiroyuki Akinaga is the Principal Research Manager at the Device Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan.Atsuko Kosuga is an associate professor at Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan.Takao Mori is a Deputy Director of WPI-MANA at the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) and is also a professor at the Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.Gustavo Ardila is an associate professor at Grenoble Alpes University and a researcher at IMEP – LaHC, France.

• Preface ixHiroyuki AKINAGA, Atsuko KOSUGA and Takao MORIIntroduction xiiiHiroyuki AKINAGA, Atsuko KOSUGA and Takao MORIPart 1 Material Challenges and Novel Effects 1Chapter 1 Reliability and Durability of Thermoelectric Materials and Devices: Present Status and Strategies for Improvement 3Congcong XU, Hongjing SHANG, Zhongxin LIANG, Fazhu DING and Zhifeng REN1.1 Introduction 31.2 Thermoelectric material stability 51.3 Mg3(Sb, Bi)2 51.4 Zn4Sb3 71.5 Skutterudites 81.6 Cu2-xX (X = S, Se, Te) 91.7 GeTe 111.8 Outlook on thermoelectric materials stability 121.9 Thermoelectric device design analysis 131.9.1 Thermal stress analysis 131.9.2 Interface analysis, design and fabrication 211.10 Advanced thermoelectric module case studies 331.10.1 Bi2Te3 331.10.2 Mg3(Sb, Bi)2 351.10.3 GeTe 371.10.4 Skutterudites 391.11 Summary and outlook 401.12 References 41Chapter 2 Effect of Microstructure in Understanding the Electronic Properties of Complex Materials 53Chenguang FU, Chaoliang HU, Qi ZHANG, Airan LI and Tiejun ZHU2.1 Introduction 532.2 Basic principles of electronic transport parameters 542.2.1 Solid solutions 592.2.2 Intrinsic defects 602.2.3 Grain boundary 622.2.4 Texture 652.3 Summary 672.4 References 67Chapter 3 Thermoelectric Nanowires 73Olga CABALLERO-CALERO and Marisol MARTÍN-GONZÁLEZ3.1 Introduction 733.2 Nanowires: a way to enhance thermoelectric efficiency 743.3 Fabrication of thermoelectric nanowires 773.4 Measurement of thermoelectric properties in nanowires 793.5 Nanowire-based thermoelectric devices 863.6 Interconnected 3D nanowire networks 873.7 Summary and outlook 893.8 References 89Chapter 4 Impact of Chemical Doping or Magnetism in Model Thermoelectric Sulfides 99Sylvie HÉBERT, Ramzy DAOU and Antoine MAIGNAN4.1 Introduction 1004.2 TiS2: intercalation chemistry to combine power factor optimization and lattice thermal conductivity degradation 1014.3 Magnetism and thermoelectricity in sulfides 1044.4 Conclusion 1104.5 References 110Chapter 5 Thermoelectric Generation Using the Anomalous Nernst Effect 117Akito SAKAI and Satoru NAKATSUJI5.1 Thermoelectric conversion – Seebeck effect and anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) 1175.2 Physics of topological magnets 1205.2.1 Transverse electrical and thermal conductivity driven by Berry curvature 1205.2.2 Magnetic Weyl semimetals, Weyl magnets 1215.2.3 Type-II Weyl semimetals 1225.2.4 Nodal line magnets 1235.3 Experimental realization of the giant anomalous Nernst effect 1245.3.1 Weyl antiferromagnets Mn3X (X = Sn, Ge) 1245.3.2 Weyl ferromagnet Co2MnGa 1245.3.3 Nodal-web ferromagnets Fe3X (X = Ga, Al) 1255.4 Summary and prospects 1275.5 Acknowledgment 1275.6 References 127Chapter 6 A Comprehensive Review of Phonon Engineering 131Bin XU, Harsh CHANDRA, and Junichiro SHIOMI6.1 Introduction 1316.1.1 Thermal conductivity 1336.1.2 Phonons in thermal transport 1336.2 Methodology of phonon engineering 1426.2.1 Computational method for thermal conduction and phonon properties 1426.2.2 Experimental method for nano-/micro-scale heat conduction characterization 1446.2.3 Direct measurement of phonon properties through phonon scattering 1496.2.4 Phonon engineering for low thermal conductivity 1526.2.5 Intrinsic low thermal conductivity in complex lattice structure 1536.2.6 Low thermal conductivity by nanostructures 1556.2.7 Coherent phonon engineering in superlattice 1586.3 Summary and future prospects 1626.4 References 164Part 2 Toward Device Applications 171Chapter 7 The Current State of Thermoelectric Technologies and Applications with Prospects 173Slavko BERNIK7.1 Introduction 1737.2 Thermoelectric materials 1807.3 Thermoelectric devices – structure, materials, fabrication technology 1897.4 Summary 1987.5 References 199Chapter 8 Processing of Thermoelectric Transition Metal Silicides Towards Module Development 213Sylvain LE TONQUESSE, Mathieu PASTUREL, Franck GASCOIN and David BERTHEBAUD8.1 Introduction 2138.2 Recent progress on the process of thermoelectric transition metals silicide 2148.2.1 Synthesis of mesostructured silicides through magnesiothermic reduction 2148.2.2 Synthesis of higher manganese silicide through wet ball milling 2188.2.3 Issues of MnSi striations and thermal stability on thermoelectric performance of doped higher manganese silicide 2198.2.4 Upscaling processes, the examples of additive manufacturing and RGS process 2238.3 Towards contacts and device developments 2258.4 References 226Chapter 9 Application of the Thermoelectrics; Past, Present and Future 229Hirokuni HACHIUMA9.1 Introduction 2299.2 Thermoelectric module 2309.3 TEC application for refrigerator and cooler 2319.4 TEC for electronic components 2349.4.1 TEC for optical communication 2349.4.2 Multi-stage TEC for optical sensors 2369.5 TEC for semiconductor manufacturing 2399.6 TEG application 2419.6.1 TEG for energy harvesting (EH) 2429.6.2 TEG for stand-alone power source 2449.6.3 TEG for waste heat recovery 2459.7 Conclusion 2479.8 References 247List of Authors 249Index 253Summary of Volume 1 255

Hiroyuki Akinaga is the Principal Research Manager at the Device Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan.Atsuko Kosuga is an associate professor at Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan.Takao Mori is a Deputy Director of WPI-MANA at the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) and is also a professor at the Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.Gustavo Ardila is an associate professor at Grenoble Alpes University and a researcher at IMEP – LaHC, France.

• Preface ixHiroyuki AKINAGA, Atsuko KOSUGA and Takao MORIIntroduction xiiiHiroyuki AKINAGA, Atsuko KOSUGA and Takao MORIPart 1 Material Challenges and Novel Effects 1Chapter 1 Reliability and Durability of Thermoelectric Materials and Devices: Present Status and Strategies for Improvement 3Congcong XU, Hongjing SHANG, Zhongxin LIANG, Fazhu DING and Zhifeng REN1.1 Introduction 31.2 Thermoelectric material stability 51.3 Mg3(Sb, Bi)2 51.4 Zn4Sb3 71.5 Skutterudites 81.6 Cu2-xX (X = S, Se, Te) 91.7 GeTe 111.8 Outlook on thermoelectric materials stability 121.9 Thermoelectric device design analysis 131.9.1 Thermal stress analysis 131.9.2 Interface analysis, design and fabrication 211.10 Advanced thermoelectric module case studies 331.10.1 Bi2Te3 331.10.2 Mg3(Sb, Bi)2 351.10.3 GeTe 371.10.4 Skutterudites 391.11 Summary and outlook 401.12 References 41Chapter 2 Effect of Microstructure in Understanding the Electronic Properties of Complex Materials 53Chenguang FU, Chaoliang HU, Qi ZHANG, Airan LI and Tiejun ZHU2.1 Introduction 532.2 Basic principles of electronic transport parameters 542.2.1 Solid solutions 592.2.2 Intrinsic defects 602.2.3 Grain boundary 622.2.4 Texture 652.3 Summary 672.4 References 67Chapter 3 Thermoelectric Nanowires 73Olga CABALLERO-CALERO and Marisol MARTÍN-GONZÁLEZ3.1 Introduction 733.2 Nanowires: a way to enhance thermoelectric efficiency 743.3 Fabrication of thermoelectric nanowires 773.4 Measurement of thermoelectric properties in nanowires 793.5 Nanowire-based thermoelectric devices 863.6 Interconnected 3D nanowire networks 873.7 Summary and outlook 893.8 References 89Chapter 4 Impact of Chemical Doping or Magnetism in Model Thermoelectric Sulfides 99Sylvie HÉBERT, Ramzy DAOU and Antoine MAIGNAN4.1 Introduction 1004.2 TiS2: intercalation chemistry to combine power factor optimization and lattice thermal conductivity degradation 1014.3 Magnetism and thermoelectricity in sulfides 1044.4 Conclusion 1104.5 References 110Chapter 5 Thermoelectric Generation Using the Anomalous Nernst Effect 117Akito SAKAI and Satoru NAKATSUJI5.1 Thermoelectric conversion – Seebeck effect and anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) 1175.2 Physics of topological magnets 1205.2.1 Transverse electrical and thermal conductivity driven by Berry curvature 1205.2.2 Magnetic Weyl semimetals, Weyl magnets 1215.2.3 Type-II Weyl semimetals 1225.2.4 Nodal line magnets 1235.3 Experimental realization of the giant anomalous Nernst effect 1245.3.1 Weyl antiferromagnets Mn3X (X = Sn, Ge) 1245.3.2 Weyl ferromagnet Co2MnGa 1245.3.3 Nodal-web ferromagnets Fe3X (X = Ga, Al) 1255.4 Summary and prospects 1275.5 Acknowledgment 1275.6 References 127Chapter 6 A Comprehensive Review of Phonon Engineering 131Bin XU, Harsh CHANDRA, and Junichiro SHIOMI6.1 Introduction 1316.1.1 Thermal conductivity 1336.1.2 Phonons in thermal transport 1336.2 Methodology of phonon engineering 1426.2.1 Computational method for thermal conduction and phonon properties 1426.2.2 Experimental method for nano-/micro-scale heat conduction characterization 1446.2.3 Direct measurement of phonon properties through phonon scattering 1496.2.4 Phonon engineering for low thermal conductivity 1526.2.5 Intrinsic low thermal conductivity in complex lattice structure 1536.2.6 Low thermal conductivity by nanostructures 1556.2.7 Coherent phonon engineering in superlattice 1586.3 Summary and future prospects 1626.4 References 164Part 2 Toward Device Applications 171Chapter 7 The Current State of Thermoelectric Technologies and Applications with Prospects 173Slavko BERNIK7.1 Introduction 1737.2 Thermoelectric materials 1807.3 Thermoelectric devices – structure, materials, fabrication technology 1897.4 Summary 1987.5 References 199Chapter 8 Processing of Thermoelectric Transition Metal Silicides Towards Module Development 213Sylvain LE TONQUESSE, Mathieu PASTUREL, Franck GASCOIN and David BERTHEBAUD8.1 Introduction 2138.2 Recent progress on the process of thermoelectric transition metals silicide 2148.2.1 Synthesis of mesostructured silicides through magnesiothermic reduction 2148.2.2 Synthesis of higher manganese silicide through wet ball milling 2188.2.3 Issues of MnSi striations and thermal stability on thermoelectric performance of doped higher manganese silicide 2198.2.4 Upscaling processes, the examples of additive manufacturing and RGS process 2238.3 Towards contacts and device developments 2258.4 References 226Chapter 9 Application of the Thermoelectrics; Past, Present and Future 229Hirokuni HACHIUMA9.1 Introduction 2299.2 Thermoelectric module 2309.3 TEC application for refrigerator and cooler 2319.4 TEC for electronic components 2349.4.1 TEC for optical communication 2349.4.2 Multi-stage TEC for optical sensors 2369.5 TEC for semiconductor manufacturing 2399.6 TEG application 2419.6.1 TEG for energy harvesting (EH) 2429.6.2 TEG for stand-alone power source 2449.6.3 TEG for waste heat recovery 2459.7 Conclusion 2479.8 References 247List of Authors 249Index 253Summary of Volume 1 255