Future of Sapiens and Verticality

Anne Dambricourt Malassé is a paleoanthropologist at the CNRS, France, and is a specialist in the evolution of verticality and cognition in hominids. She is a medalist of the Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters of Caen.Djillali Hadjouis is Associate Professor at the University of Algiers, Algeria, and is a paleontologist, paleoanthropologist and paleopathologist. He is a historian of science and also a laureate of the National Academy of Dental Surgery.Sandra Joffroy is Lecturer of Biological and Medical Sciences at the University of Toulouse, France. She is a Knight of the National Order of Merit.Bernard Autet is Former Secretary General of SNESO, France. He is an osteopath, President of FREHOPS, and a bronze medalist for youth, sports, and community involvement.

• Preface xiAnne DAMBRICOURT MALASSÉ, Bernard AUTET, Sandra JOFFROY and Djillali HADJOUISAcknowledgments xixIntroduction xxiAnne DAMBRICOURT MALASSÉ, Bernard AUTET, Sandra JOFFROY and Djillali HADJOUISPart 1. Paleontological Perspectives 1Chapter 1. The Future of Sapiens: A Question of Verticality, Proof by Neanderthal Man 3Anne DAMBRICOURT MALASSÉ, Djillali HADJOUIS, Sandra JOFFROY and Bernard AUTET1.1. At the origins of straightening: the embryo, not locomotion 31.2. Human embryogenesis 61.3. Current non-human primates 141.4. Occluso-postural balance of Homo sapiens: the contribution of dento-facial orthopedics and the examples studied 181.5. The skeleton of Homo neanderthalensis 221.6. Conclusion 341.7. References 37Chapter 2. Middle Meningeal Vascularization in Neanderthals, and Their Cardiovascular System 47Sandra JOFFROY, Anne DAMBRICOURT MALASSÉ and Djillali HADJOUIS2.1. Introduction 472.2. Bone anatomies of the Neanderthal compared to modern anatomy and the extinct taxa of the genus Homo: the skull 482.3. The state of current knowledge versus archaic, and vice versa 552.4. Current data versus postnatal development and aging 572.5. Conclusion 642.6. References 65Chapter 3. Virtual Reconstruction of the Skull Base of Sinanthropus (Homo erectus pekinensis) 71Tan-Nhu NGUYEN, Anne DAMBRICOURT MALASSÉ, Marie-Christine HO BA THO, Fabienne LALLOUET and Tien-Tuan DAO3.1. Introduction 713.2. Materials and methods 743.3. Reconstruction of the three basioccipital fossae of Sinanthropus III 783.4. Validation 803.5. The sphenoid angle: discussion 823.6. Conclusion 833.7. Acknowledgments 833.8. References 83Chapter 4. Characterization and Modeling of Morphological Evolutions in Bones 87Marie-Christine HO BA THO4.1. Introduction 874.2. Methodology 884.3. Clinical applications 894.4. Conclusion 904.5. References 90Part 2. Current Perspectives: From the Fetus to Life in Space 93Chapter 5. Pre- and Postnatal Haptonomy: An Early Humanization 95Catherine DOLTO5.1. Introduction 955.2. Haptonomy 965.3. Haptonomic pre- and postnatal accompaniment, or preparation of verticality during prenatal life 995.4. The endomesoblast: the embryological foundation of verticality 1045.5. Epigenetics and neural plasticity 1085.6. The two axes of humanity 1085.7. Another to stand up straight 1105.8. Verticalization and postnatal work 1105.9. Conclusion 1125.10. References 114Chapter 6. New Paradigm for Human Parturition 115July BOUHALLIER6.1. Introduction 1156.2. The pelvis and obstetric function 1176.3. Human maternal mortality 1236.4. Maternal mortality due to dystocia 1276.5. The dilemma: paradigm of human parturition 1286.6. Evolution and the midwife 1306.7. Recent hypotheses and new perspectives 1316.8. Prolapse and large babies 1326.9. Conclusion 1346.10. References 136Chapter 7. How Upright Posture Endures Despite Deficits in Core Postural Motor Control 145Véronique LEROY-MALHERBE, Élise PINEAU and Virginie PINEAU7.1. Introduction 1457.2. Report of two clinical cases 1467.3. Discussion 1497.4. Integrative factors affecting posture 1597.5. Conclusion 1637.6. Acknowledgments 1647.7. References 164Chapter 8. Contribution to the Study of the Postural Evolution of Patients in a Dental Office 171Michel CLAUZADE and Numa CLAUZADE8.1. Introduction 1718.2. The trigeminal nerve: neuro-matrix axis of the face 1728.3. Oral and clavicular ventilation 1788.4. The skeletal classes 1818.5. Conclusion 1848.6. References 184Chapter 9. Homo sapiens and Verticality: The Contribution of Research in Space Medicine and Posturology 187Denis DUCOMMUN and Loïc TREFFEL9.1. Introduction 1879.2. Control of upright posture in Homo sapiens 1889.3. Effects of microgravity on human physiology: deconditioning 1949.4. Countermeasures to deconditioning 1989.5. Parallel between a stay in space and aging 2009.6. Spaceflight and disruptions of postural inputs. 2019.7. Avenues for reflection and application in current clinical practice 2029.8. Practical consequences 2039.9. Conclusion 2059.10. Acknowledgments 2069.11. References 206Conclusion 215Anne DAMBRICOURT MALASSÉ, Sandra JOFFROY, Djillali HADJOUIS and Bernard AUTETList of Authors 221Index 223