Jacques Betbeder-Matibet was formerly a research engineer at EDF. His research interests are mainly the prevention of earthquakes risks.

• Foreword xiiiPreface xvPart 1. Earthquakes and Induced Phenomena 1Chapter 1. Causes of Earthquakes 51.1. Tectonic earthquakes 51.1.1. First attempts at explanation 51.1.2. From continental drift to plate tectonics 91.1.3. Seismicity of tectonic origin 201.2. Faults 261.2.1. Relationship between earthquakes and faults 271.2.2. Classification of faults 291.2.3. Focal mechanisms 381.2.4. Different aspects of rupture 451.3. Non-tectonic earthquakes 471.3.1. Non-tectonic quakes with natural causes 481.3.2. Artificial earthquakes 491.3.3. Induced earthquakes 50Chapter 2. Parameters Used to Define Earthquakes 552.1. Elementary theory of elastic rebound 562.1.1. Description of the elementary model 562.1.2. Energy balance 612.1.3. Law of scale 652.2. Geometry of the faults 702.2.1. Length of fault and length of rupture 702.2.2. Well documented examples of fault ruptures 782.2.3. Correlations of geometric characteristics of ruptures with moment magnitude 822.3. Parametric description of earthquakes 932.3.1. Source parameters and effect parameters 932.3.2. Different magnitudes 99Chapter 3. Manifestations of the Seismic Phenomena on the Surface 1073.1. Deformation of superficial terrains 1073.1.1. Deformations linked to tectonics 1073.1.2. Deformations linked to vibratory motions 1103.2. Seismic waves 1143.2.1. Different types of seismic waves 1143.2.2. Ideas on the theory of rays 1213.2.3. Attenuation of seismic waves 1353.3. Induced phenomena 1433.3.1. Soil liquefaction 1433.3.2. Landslides 1483.3.3. Tsunamis and seiches 1543.3.4. Other seismic manifestations 159Part 2. Strong Ground Motions 161Chapter 4. Strong Vibratory Motions 1654.1. Recordings 1654.1.1. Examples of accelerograms recorded in the near zone 1654.1.2. Parametric description of the accelerograms 1684.1.3. The three components of vibratory motion 1784.2. Attenuation laws of peak values 1864.2.1. General considerations as regards attenuation laws 1864.2.2. Examples of attenuation laws for peak values 1884.2.3. Recommendations for the use of attenuation laws 1974.3. Directivity effects and site effects 2014.3.1. Inadequacy of a description based on magnitude and distance 2014.3.2. Directivity effects 2024.3.3. Presentation of site effects 2104.3.4. Causes of site effects 212Chapter 5. Calculation Models for Strong Vibratory Motions 2235.1. Orders of magnitude deduced from the basic theory of elastic rebound 2235.1.1. Limits of the basic theory of elastic rebound for the calculation of motions 2235.1.2. Model of elastic rebound with multiple ruptures 2275.1.3. Calculation of the theoretical attenuation laws associated with the model of rebound elasticity with multiple ruptures 2295.2. Digital source models 2325.2.1. General considerations pertaining to models of digital simulation of the seismic source 2325.2.2. Examples of digital simulation of real earthquakes 2345.3. Practical calculations of the site effects 2405.3.1. Models of soil behavior 2405.3.2. Seismic responses of columns of soil 2485.3.3. Review of the assessment of site effects 267Part 3. Seismic Hazards 275Chapter 6. The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Seismicity 2816.1. Data available on the spatial and temporal distribution of seismicity 2816.1.1. Geological data 2816.1.2. Historical seismicity 2836.1.3. Archeoseismicity and paleoseismicity 2886.1.4. Instrumental seismicity 2946.2. Models of temporal distribution of seismicity 2966.2.1. Return periods 2966.2.2. Gutenberg-Richter law 3006.2.3. Model of a characteristic earthquake 3056.3. Prediction of earthquakes 3076.3.1. Seismic precursors 3086.3.2. Current questions on forecast 309Chapter 7. Assessment of Seismic Hazard 3157.1. Methods of assessment of seismic hazard 3157.1.1. General notes pertaining to different approaches 3157.1.2. An example of the deterministic method 3177.1.3. Probabilistic methods 3217.2. Practices for the evaluation of seismic hazard 3267.2.1. Normative evaluation and specific evaluation 3267.2.2. Zoning for the anti-seismic codes 3277.2.3. Seismic microzoning 3307.2.4. Orders of magnitude for hazards due to a fault (vibratory motion and surface rupture) 3337.2.5. Orders of magnitude of vibratory hazard in diffuse seismicity zones 3447.2.6. Effect of the size of the site on the vibratory hazard in a zone of diffuse seismicity 353Part 4. Seismic Action 359Chapter 8. The Seismic Coefficient 3658.1. The seismic coefficient in past earthquake-resistant codes 3658.1.1. Notion of seismic coefficient 3658.1.2. Development of the seismic coefficient 3668.2. The seismic coefficient in current earthquake-resistant codes 3708.2.1. The structure of current earthquake-resistant codes 3708.2.2. The definition of seismic action and the rules of calculation in current earthquake-resistant codes 371Chapter 9. The Response Spectrum 3759.1. The response spectrum of elastic oscillators 3759.1.1. Response spectrum of elastic oscillators associated with a natural accelerogram 3759.1.2. Response spectrum of elastic oscillators that can be used for designing 3869.2. Introduction to spectral modal analysis of elastic structures 3949.2.1. Presentation of a simple example to introduce spectral modal analysis 3949.2.2. Calculation model for the chosen example 3989.2.3. Non-damped eigenmodes 4019.2.4. Calculation of the response for the chosen example 4079.2.5. Calculation of displacements, accelerations and forces for the chosen example 4109.3. Structural design spectra 4189.3.1. Reasons for the general consideration of nonlinearities: the behavior coefficient 4189.3.2. Elastic and inelastic design spectrum 427Chapter 10. Other Representations of Seismic Action 43310.1. Natural or synthetic accelerograms 43310.1.1. Types of analyses for which accelerogram representation is necessary 43310.1.2. Choice of accelerograms for linear analysis 43510.1.3. Choice of accelerograms for nonlinear analysis 43710.2. Random processes 44510.2.1. Unfiltered white noise 44610.2.2. Filtered white noise 45210.2.3. Theorem of general Brownian motion 456Part 5. The Effects of Earthquakes on Buildings 467Chapter 11. Deformation Effects Sustained by Superficial Ground 47311.1. Effects of irreversible deformations 47311.1.1. Damage directly due to movements on fault surfaces 47311.1.2. Damage due to irreversible deformations of the ground in a horizontal direction (other than fault movements) 48111.1.3. Damage due to irreversible deformation of the ground in a vertical direction (other than fault movements) 48711.2. Effects of reversible deformation 49011.2.1. Details of effects due to reversible deformation with respect to those due to irreversible deformations 49011.2.2. Static or dynamic character of effects due to reversible deformations 492Chapter 12. Effects of Vibratory Motions 49712.1. Effects at the structure/subsoil contact 49812.1.1. Slipping and tilting 49812.1.2. Rupture of the ground or foundation system 50712.2. Inertial effects in structures 51212.2.1. General observations on the inertial effects 51212.2.2. Damage and destruction patterns due to horizontal inertial effects for concrete structures 51312.2.3. Damage and destruction patterns due to horizontal inertial effects for steel structures 53512.2.4. Damage and destruction patterns due to horizontal inertial effects for structures made of masonry or wood 54612.2.5. Damage patterns due to vertical inertial effect 55312.2.6. Effects of shocks 55612.3. Effects on non-structural elements and supported equipment 56412.3.1. Deformations imposed on non-structural elements 56412.3.2. Accelerations transmitted to supported equipment 567Chapter 13. Effects of Induced Phenomena 57313.1. Effects of naturally induced phenomena 57313.1.1. Effects of liquefaction 57313.1.2. Other naturally induced phenomena 57513.2. Phenomena induced in networks and industrial setups 57513.2.1. Disruption of the functioning of networks 57513.2.2. Fires 57813.2.3. Accidents in industrial facilities 580Chapter 14. Scales of Macroseismic Intensity 58114.1. Characterization of the force of earthquakes through assessment of their effects 58114.1.1. A summary of the history of scales of intensity 58114.1.2. Description of some scales of intensity 58314.1.3. Benefits and limitations of the notion of intensity 58814.2. Numerical correlations using intensities 59414.2.1. Correlations of intensities with parameters of vibratory motion 59414.2.2. Magnitude-intensity relations and attenuation laws of intensity 598Part 6. Seismic Calculations 603Chapter 15. Linear Seismic Calculation 60715.1. General observations on linear calculation 60715.1.1. General formulation with relation to absolute axes 60715.1.2. Formulations for block movement of supports 61215.1.3. Representation of damping 61915.1.4. Notes on modeling 62715.2. Modal spectral analysis for block translation of supports 63715.2.1. Eigenmodes and quantities attached to modes 63815.2.2. Number of modes to be retained and combination of modal responses 65315.2.3. Combination of effects with three components 66715.2.4. Some properties of stick models working in shear 67315.2.5. Continuous models. Example of a uniform cantilever beam 685Chapter 16. Notions on Soil/Structure Interaction 70316.1. General observations on soil/structure interaction 70316.1.1. Presentation of the soil/structure interaction phenomena 70316.1.2. Kinematic and inertial interaction 70916.1.3. Radiative (or geometric) damping 71316.2. Practical consideration of the soil/structure interaction 72116.2.1. General case 72116.2.2. Shallow foundations 72416.2.3. Cases of deep foundations and linear embedded structures 73916.2.4. Winkler type models 746Chapter 17. Overview of Nonlinear Calculations 76717.1. General observations on nonlinear calculations 76717.1.1. The problem of hypothesis and criteria 76717.1.2. Methods of giving recognition to nonlinearities 77217.2. Some examples of nonlinear calculations 78117.2.1. Tilting of the rigid blocks 78117.2.2. Basemat uplifts 79317.2.3. Slipping of massive blocks 80017.2.4. Plasticization of building structures 80817.2.5. Nonlinear shock absorbers for bridges 82217.2.6. Pipelines going through a fault 827Part 7. Seismic Prevention Tools 833Chapter 18. Technical Aspects of Prevention 83918.1. Tools for learning 83918.1.1. The analysis of past experience 83918.1.2. Test methods 84418.1.3. Calculation methods 85618.2. Earthquake engineering codes for normal risks 85818.2.1. Area of application and technical objectives of the codes 85818.2.2. Current and future earthquake engineering codes 86318.3. Special earthquake resistant devices 86618.3.1. Earthquake resistant supports made of sandwiched elastomer layers 86618.3.2. Other special earthquake resistant devices 88718.3.3. Active control 89818.4. Earthquake engineering practices for special risk 89918.4.1. Nuclear power plants and facilities 90018.4.2. Chemical, oil and gas plants 90718.4.3. Dams 90918.5. Seismic diagnosis and reinforcement of the existing framework 91318.5.1. The different aspects of seismic diagnosis 91418.5.2. Rehabilitation and reinforcement 928Bibliography 933Index 953

Jacques Betbeder-Matibet was formerly a research engineer at EDF. His research interests are mainly the prevention of earthquakes risks.

• Foreword xiiiPreface xvPart 1. Earthquakes and Induced Phenomena 1Chapter 1. Causes of Earthquakes 51.1. Tectonic earthquakes 51.1.1. First attempts at explanation 51.1.2. From continental drift to plate tectonics 91.1.3. Seismicity of tectonic origin 201.2. Faults 261.2.1. Relationship between earthquakes and faults 271.2.2. Classification of faults 291.2.3. Focal mechanisms 381.2.4. Different aspects of rupture 451.3. Non-tectonic earthquakes 471.3.1. Non-tectonic quakes with natural causes 481.3.2. Artificial earthquakes 491.3.3. Induced earthquakes 50Chapter 2. Parameters Used to Define Earthquakes 552.1. Elementary theory of elastic rebound 562.1.1. Description of the elementary model 562.1.2. Energy balance 612.1.3. Law of scale 652.2. Geometry of the faults 702.2.1. Length of fault and length of rupture 702.2.2. Well documented examples of fault ruptures 782.2.3. Correlations of geometric characteristics of ruptures with moment magnitude 822.3. Parametric description of earthquakes 932.3.1. Source parameters and effect parameters 932.3.2. Different magnitudes 99Chapter 3. Manifestations of the Seismic Phenomena on the Surface 1073.1. Deformation of superficial terrains 1073.1.1. Deformations linked to tectonics 1073.1.2. Deformations linked to vibratory motions 1103.2. Seismic waves 1143.2.1. Different types of seismic waves 1143.2.2. Ideas on the theory of rays 1213.2.3. Attenuation of seismic waves 1353.3. Induced phenomena 1433.3.1. Soil liquefaction 1433.3.2. Landslides 1483.3.3. Tsunamis and seiches 1543.3.4. Other seismic manifestations 159Part 2. Strong Ground Motions 161Chapter 4. Strong Vibratory Motions 1654.1. Recordings 1654.1.1. Examples of accelerograms recorded in the near zone 1654.1.2. Parametric description of the accelerograms 1684.1.3. The three components of vibratory motion 1784.2. Attenuation laws of peak values 1864.2.1. General considerations as regards attenuation laws 1864.2.2. Examples of attenuation laws for peak values 1884.2.3. Recommendations for the use of attenuation laws 1974.3. Directivity effects and site effects 2014.3.1. Inadequacy of a description based on magnitude and distance 2014.3.2. Directivity effects 2024.3.3. Presentation of site effects 2104.3.4. Causes of site effects 212Chapter 5. Calculation Models for Strong Vibratory Motions 2235.1. Orders of magnitude deduced from the basic theory of elastic rebound 2235.1.1. Limits of the basic theory of elastic rebound for the calculation of motions 2235.1.2. Model of elastic rebound with multiple ruptures 2275.1.3. Calculation of the theoretical attenuation laws associated with the model of rebound elasticity with multiple ruptures 2295.2. Digital source models 2325.2.1. General considerations pertaining to models of digital simulation of the seismic source 2325.2.2. Examples of digital simulation of real earthquakes 2345.3. Practical calculations of the site effects 2405.3.1. Models of soil behavior 2405.3.2. Seismic responses of columns of soil 2485.3.3. Review of the assessment of site effects 267Part 3. Seismic Hazards 275Chapter 6. The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Seismicity 2816.1. Data available on the spatial and temporal distribution of seismicity 2816.1.1. Geological data 2816.1.2. Historical seismicity 2836.1.3. Archeoseismicity and paleoseismicity 2886.1.4. Instrumental seismicity 2946.2. Models of temporal distribution of seismicity 2966.2.1. Return periods 2966.2.2. Gutenberg-Richter law 3006.2.3. Model of a characteristic earthquake 3056.3. Prediction of earthquakes 3076.3.1. Seismic precursors 3086.3.2. Current questions on forecast 309Chapter 7. Assessment of Seismic Hazard 3157.1. Methods of assessment of seismic hazard 3157.1.1. General notes pertaining to different approaches 3157.1.2. An example of the deterministic method 3177.1.3. Probabilistic methods 3217.2. Practices for the evaluation of seismic hazard 3267.2.1. Normative evaluation and specific evaluation 3267.2.2. Zoning for the anti-seismic codes 3277.2.3. Seismic microzoning 3307.2.4. Orders of magnitude for hazards due to a fault (vibratory motion and surface rupture) 3337.2.5. Orders of magnitude of vibratory hazard in diffuse seismicity zones 3447.2.6. Effect of the size of the site on the vibratory hazard in a zone of diffuse seismicity 353Part 4. Seismic Action 359Chapter 8. The Seismic Coefficient 3658.1. The seismic coefficient in past earthquake-resistant codes 3658.1.1. Notion of seismic coefficient 3658.1.2. Development of the seismic coefficient 3668.2. The seismic coefficient in current earthquake-resistant codes 3708.2.1. The structure of current earthquake-resistant codes 3708.2.2. The definition of seismic action and the rules of calculation in current earthquake-resistant codes 371Chapter 9. The Response Spectrum 3759.1. The response spectrum of elastic oscillators 3759.1.1. Response spectrum of elastic oscillators associated with a natural accelerogram 3759.1.2. Response spectrum of elastic oscillators that can be used for designing 3869.2. Introduction to spectral modal analysis of elastic structures 3949.2.1. Presentation of a simple example to introduce spectral modal analysis 3949.2.2. Calculation model for the chosen example 3989.2.3. Non-damped eigenmodes 4019.2.4. Calculation of the response for the chosen example 4079.2.5. Calculation of displacements, accelerations and forces for the chosen example 4109.3. Structural design spectra 4189.3.1. Reasons for the general consideration of nonlinearities: the behavior coefficient 4189.3.2. Elastic and inelastic design spectrum 427Chapter 10. Other Representations of Seismic Action 43310.1. Natural or synthetic accelerograms 43310.1.1. Types of analyses for which accelerogram representation is necessary 43310.1.2. Choice of accelerograms for linear analysis 43510.1.3. Choice of accelerograms for nonlinear analysis 43710.2. Random processes 44510.2.1. Unfiltered white noise 44610.2.2. Filtered white noise 45210.2.3. Theorem of general Brownian motion 456Part 5. The Effects of Earthquakes on Buildings 467Chapter 11. Deformation Effects Sustained by Superficial Ground 47311.1. Effects of irreversible deformations 47311.1.1. Damage directly due to movements on fault surfaces 47311.1.2. Damage due to irreversible deformations of the ground in a horizontal direction (other than fault movements) 48111.1.3. Damage due to irreversible deformation of the ground in a vertical direction (other than fault movements) 48711.2. Effects of reversible deformation 49011.2.1. Details of effects due to reversible deformation with respect to those due to irreversible deformations 49011.2.2. Static or dynamic character of effects due to reversible deformations 492Chapter 12. Effects of Vibratory Motions 49712.1. Effects at the structure/subsoil contact 49812.1.1. Slipping and tilting 49812.1.2. Rupture of the ground or foundation system 50712.2. Inertial effects in structures 51212.2.1. General observations on the inertial effects 51212.2.2. Damage and destruction patterns due to horizontal inertial effects for concrete structures 51312.2.3. Damage and destruction patterns due to horizontal inertial effects for steel structures 53512.2.4. Damage and destruction patterns due to horizontal inertial effects for structures made of masonry or wood 54612.2.5. Damage patterns due to vertical inertial effect 55312.2.6. Effects of shocks 55612.3. Effects on non-structural elements and supported equipment 56412.3.1. Deformations imposed on non-structural elements 56412.3.2. Accelerations transmitted to supported equipment 567Chapter 13. Effects of Induced Phenomena 57313.1. Effects of naturally induced phenomena 57313.1.1. Effects of liquefaction 57313.1.2. Other naturally induced phenomena 57513.2. Phenomena induced in networks and industrial setups 57513.2.1. Disruption of the functioning of networks 57513.2.2. Fires 57813.2.3. Accidents in industrial facilities 580Chapter 14. Scales of Macroseismic Intensity 58114.1. Characterization of the force of earthquakes through assessment of their effects 58114.1.1. A summary of the history of scales of intensity 58114.1.2. Description of some scales of intensity 58314.1.3. Benefits and limitations of the notion of intensity 58814.2. Numerical correlations using intensities 59414.2.1. Correlations of intensities with parameters of vibratory motion 59414.2.2. Magnitude-intensity relations and attenuation laws of intensity 598Part 6. Seismic Calculations 603Chapter 15. Linear Seismic Calculation 60715.1. General observations on linear calculation 60715.1.1. General formulation with relation to absolute axes 60715.1.2. Formulations for block movement of supports 61215.1.3. Representation of damping 61915.1.4. Notes on modeling 62715.2. Modal spectral analysis for block translation of supports 63715.2.1. Eigenmodes and quantities attached to modes 63815.2.2. Number of modes to be retained and combination of modal responses 65315.2.3. Combination of effects with three components 66715.2.4. Some properties of stick models working in shear 67315.2.5. Continuous models. Example of a uniform cantilever beam 685Chapter 16. Notions on Soil/Structure Interaction 70316.1. General observations on soil/structure interaction 70316.1.1. Presentation of the soil/structure interaction phenomena 70316.1.2. Kinematic and inertial interaction 70916.1.3. Radiative (or geometric) damping 71316.2. Practical consideration of the soil/structure interaction 72116.2.1. General case 72116.2.2. Shallow foundations 72416.2.3. Cases of deep foundations and linear embedded structures 73916.2.4. Winkler type models 746Chapter 17. Overview of Nonlinear Calculations 76717.1. General observations on nonlinear calculations 76717.1.1. The problem of hypothesis and criteria 76717.1.2. Methods of giving recognition to nonlinearities 77217.2. Some examples of nonlinear calculations 78117.2.1. Tilting of the rigid blocks 78117.2.2. Basemat uplifts 79317.2.3. Slipping of massive blocks 80017.2.4. Plasticization of building structures 80817.2.5. Nonlinear shock absorbers for bridges 82217.2.6. Pipelines going through a fault 827Part 7. Seismic Prevention Tools 833Chapter 18. Technical Aspects of Prevention 83918.1. Tools for learning 83918.1.1. The analysis of past experience 83918.1.2. Test methods 84418.1.3. Calculation methods 85618.2. Earthquake engineering codes for normal risks 85818.2.1. Area of application and technical objectives of the codes 85818.2.2. Current and future earthquake engineering codes 86318.3. Special earthquake resistant devices 86618.3.1. Earthquake resistant supports made of sandwiched elastomer layers 86618.3.2. Other special earthquake resistant devices 88718.3.3. Active control 89818.4. Earthquake engineering practices for special risk 89918.4.1. Nuclear power plants and facilities 90018.4.2. Chemical, oil and gas plants 90718.4.3. Dams 90918.5. Seismic diagnosis and reinforcement of the existing framework 91318.5.1. The different aspects of seismic diagnosis 91418.5.2. Rehabilitation and reinforcement 928Bibliography 933Index 953