Photonic Waveguides

Azzedine Boudrioua is actually associated Professor at the University of Metz (France). After a M. Sc. in Physics from the University of Annaba (Algeria), he prepared a Ph. D. in Physic at the University of Metz where he is conducting, since 15 years, his research in the field of integrated optics and photonic crystals.

• Foreword ixAcknowledgments xiIntroduction xiiiChapter 1. Optical Waveguide Theory 11.1. Principles of optics 21.1.1. Total reflection phenomenon 21.1.2. Parallel-face plate 41.2. Guided wave study 51.2.1. General description 51.2.2. Step index planar waveguide 71.2.3. Graded index planar waveguide 211.3. Channel waveguides 281.3.1. Effective index method 301.4. Light propagation in anisotropic media 331.5. Bibliography 35Chapter 2. Optical Waveguide Fabrication Techniques 392.1. Optical waveguide fabrication techniques 402.1.1. Thin film deposition techniques 402.1.2. Substitution techniques 442.2. Integrated optic materials 592.2.1. Glass 602.2.2. Organic materials 602.2.3. Dielectric materials 612.2.4. Semiconductor materials 642.2.5. SiO2/Si materials 652.2.6. New non-linear crystals 652.3. Bibliography 69Chapter 3. Optical Waveguide Characterization Techniques 773.1. Coupling techniques 773.1.1. Transversal coupling 773.1.2. Longitudinal coupling 803.2. “m-lines” spectroscopy 893.2.1. The experimental setup 893.2.2. Experimental arrangement 913.2.3. Measurement accuracy 933.2.4. Theoretical study of the effective index Nm 963.2.5. Waveguide parameter determination 993.3. Optical losses 1073.3.1. Optical losses origin 1073.3.2. Optical loss measurements 1103.3.3. Characterization in near-field microscopy of optical waveguides 1173.4. Bibliography 119Chapter 4. Non-linear Effects in Integrated Optics 1254.1. General considerations 1264.2. Second harmonic generation 1294.2.1. Second harmonic generation in the volume 1314.2.2. Quasi-phase matching (QPM) 1374.2.3. Fabrication of periodically poled structures 1424.3. Second harmonic generation within waveguides 1544.3.1. Overlap integral calculation 1604.4. Non-linear optical characterization of waveguides 1634.4.1. SHG setup 1634.4.2. Second harmonic generation by reflection 1654.4.3. Second harmonic generation in waveguides 1704.5. Parametric non-linear optical effects 1734.5.1. Parametric amplification 1734.5.2. Optical parametric oscillation (OPO) 1744.6. Laser sources based on non-linear optics 1774.7. Bibliography 182Chapter 5. The Electro-optic Effect in Waveguides 1875.1. Introduction 1875.2. The electro-optic effect 1885.2.1. The case of LiNbO3 1935.3. The electro-optic effect in waveguides 2005.3.1. Analysis of the electric field distribution 2025.4. Electro-optic measurement techniques 2095.4.1. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer 2095.4.2. The polarization change technique 2115.4.3. Angular displacement of guided modes (AnDiGM) technique 2135.5. Optical devices using the electro-optic effect 2225.5.1. Phase modulators 2235.5.2. Intensity modulators 2255.6. Integrated optic setups using the electro-optic effect 2355.6.1 Optimal design of the electrodes for integrated EO modulators 2355.6.2. Integrated EO phase modulator 2385.6.3. Integrated EO intensity modulator (Mach-Zehnder) 2405.7. Modulation in optical networks: state-of-the-art 2485.8. Bibliography 254Chapter 6. Photonic Crystal Waveguides 2616.1. Dispersion relation 2626.1.1. Dispersion relation of an isotropic medium 2626.1.2. Dispersion relation of an anisotropic medium 2646.1.3. Dispersion relation in waveguides 2656.2. Photonic crystals 2676.2.1. Definitions 2676.2.2. Bragg’s mirror 2706.2.3. Photonic crystal geometries 2726.2.4. 2D photonic crystal cells 2736.2.5. Electron-photon analogy 2766.2.6. Dispersion relation and band structures 2786.2.7. Simulation methods 2806.3. Photonic crystal fabrication techniques 2906.3.1. Etching techniques 2906.3.2. Ion and electron beam lithography 2936.3.3. Laser processing 2966.4. Examples of photonic crystal applications 3006.4.1. Optical micro-sources (point defects) 3016.4.2. Photonic crystal waveguides (linear defects) 3026.4.3. Optical filter 3036.4.4. Hetero-structures 3046.5. Photonic crystals and non-linear optics 3056.6. Bibliography 309Conclusion 317Index 321