Alain Marchal is a senior scientist in Linguistics and Phonetics at the French National Research Center (CNRS). He conducts interdisciplinary research work on speech production with a special focus on cross-language aspects of coarticulation in a number of european languages, using multisensor recording techniques, including electropalatography.

• Preface ixChapter 1. Respiration and Pulmonary Initiation 11.1. The rib cage 21.2. Lungs 31.3. Normal respiration 51.4. Respiration muscles 51.5. Pulmonary capacity and pulmonary volume 101.6. Respiration in phonation 11Chapter 2. Phonation and the Larynx 232.1. The larynx 232.2. The laryngeal cartilages 302.3. Joints and ligaments 322.4. The larynx muscles 352.5. Innervation of the larynx 502.6. The mucous membrane of the larynx 502.7. Phonation 502.8. The linguistic functions of laryngeal activity 592.9. Phonetic features 63Chapter 3. Articulation: Pharynx and Mouth 653.1. The oral cavity 663.2. The pharynx 77Chapter 4. Articulation: The Labio-Mandibular System 974.1. The lips: anatomical and functional description 984.2. The jaw 1064.3. Linguistic functions of lip movement 1104.4. Motor coordination between the lips and the lower jaw 114Chapter 5. Elements of Articulatory Typology 1175.1. Aerodynamic mechanisms 1175.2. Phonatory modes 1215.3. Articulation 125Chapter 6. The Articulatory Description of Vowels and Consonants 1336.1. Vowels 1346.2. Consonants 141Chapter 7. Coarticulation and Co-production 1537.1. Translation models 1557.2. Action models 1617.3. Towards a direct theory of speech production 1657.4. The nature of coarticulation phenomena 1737.5. Interpretation of coarticulation phenomena 1777.6. Conclusion 177Bibliography 179Index 209

Alain Marchal is a senior scientist in Linguistics and Phonetics at the French National Research Center (CNRS). He conducts interdisciplinary research work on speech production with a special focus on cross-language aspects of coarticulation in a number of european languages, using multisensor recording techniques, including electropalatography.

• Preface ixChapter 1. Respiration and Pulmonary Initiation 11.1. The rib cage 21.2. Lungs 31.3. Normal respiration 51.4. Respiration muscles 51.5. Pulmonary capacity and pulmonary volume 101.6. Respiration in phonation 11Chapter 2. Phonation and the Larynx 232.1. The larynx 232.2. The laryngeal cartilages 302.3. Joints and ligaments 322.4. The larynx muscles 352.5. Innervation of the larynx 502.6. The mucous membrane of the larynx 502.7. Phonation 502.8. The linguistic functions of laryngeal activity 592.9. Phonetic features 63Chapter 3. Articulation: Pharynx and Mouth 653.1. The oral cavity 663.2. The pharynx 77Chapter 4. Articulation: The Labio-Mandibular System 974.1. The lips: anatomical and functional description 984.2. The jaw 1064.3. Linguistic functions of lip movement 1104.4. Motor coordination between the lips and the lower jaw 114Chapter 5. Elements of Articulatory Typology 1175.1. Aerodynamic mechanisms 1175.2. Phonatory modes 1215.3. Articulation 125Chapter 6. The Articulatory Description of Vowels and Consonants 1336.1. Vowels 1346.2. Consonants 141Chapter 7. Coarticulation and Co-production 1537.1. Translation models 1557.2. Action models 1617.3. Towards a direct theory of speech production 1657.4. The nature of coarticulation phenomena 1737.5. Interpretation of coarticulation phenomena 1777.6. Conclusion 177Bibliography 179Index 209

Alain Marchal is a senior scientist in Linguistics and Phonetics at the French National Research Center (CNRS). He conducts interdisciplinary research work on speech production with a special focus on cross-language aspects of coarticulation in a number of european languages, using multisensor recording techniques, including electropalatography.

• Preface ixChapter 1. Respiration and Pulmonary Initiation 11.1. The rib cage 21.2. Lungs 31.3. Normal respiration 51.4. Respiration muscles 51.5. Pulmonary capacity and pulmonary volume 101.6. Respiration in phonation 11Chapter 2. Phonation and the Larynx 232.1. The larynx 232.2. The laryngeal cartilages 302.3. Joints and ligaments 322.4. The larynx muscles 352.5. Innervation of the larynx 502.6. The mucous membrane of the larynx 502.7. Phonation 502.8. The linguistic functions of laryngeal activity 592.9. Phonetic features 63Chapter 3. Articulation: Pharynx and Mouth 653.1. The oral cavity 663.2. The pharynx 77Chapter 4. Articulation: The Labio-Mandibular System 974.1. The lips: anatomical and functional description 984.2. The jaw 1064.3. Linguistic functions of lip movement 1104.4. Motor coordination between the lips and the lower jaw 114Chapter 5. Elements of Articulatory Typology 1175.1. Aerodynamic mechanisms 1175.2. Phonatory modes 1215.3. Articulation 125Chapter 6. The Articulatory Description of Vowels and Consonants 1336.1. Vowels 1346.2. Consonants 141Chapter 7. Coarticulation and Co-production 1537.1. Translation models 1557.2. Action models 1617.3. Towards a direct theory of speech production 1657.4. The nature of coarticulation phenomena 1737.5. Interpretation of coarticulation phenomena 1777.6. Conclusion 177Bibliography 179Index 209