Bernard Schrefler is professor of Structural Mechanics at the University of Padua. He received his Ph.D. at the University of Wales Swansea where he obtained subsequently a Doctor of Science degree. He was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science from the St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, from the Technical University of Lodz and an Honorary Degree from the University of Wales Swansea as well as a Honorary Guest Professorship from the University of Technology of Dalian. He is author of over 350 publications, author/co-author of 5 textbooks and editor/co-editor of 18 monographs and conference proceedings and is associate editor of Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics & Engineering, regional editor of Mechanics Research Communications and serves on the editorial board of 16 International Journals. Pierre Delage is Professor of Geotechnical Engineering at Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (ENPC), Paris, France and Head of CERMES, the Centre? for Teaching and Research in Soil Mechanics of ENPC. He is also Vice-Chairman of the French Geotechnical Association (CFMS), he has been Chief-Editor from 2000 to 2004 of the Revue Française de Géotechnique. He also participates to the Editorial Boards of Géotechnique (2000-2003), of the Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM (1997-present) and of Computers and Geotechnics, Elsevier, (2000-present).His main research areas concern the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of soils with applications to unsaturated soils, polluted soils, nuclear waste confinement, soil microstructure, deep marine sediments. He is co-editor of 4 books and has published more than 150 scientific papers. He is frequently invited as panellist or Keynote lecturer in Internatonal Conferences.

"This book covers a range of topics that are of increasing importance in engineering practice: natural hazards, pollution, and environmental protection through good practice." (Quote.com, 10 February 2011)

• Introduction xiiiChapter 1. Debris Flows 1Christophe ANCEY1.1. Introduction 11.2. Typology of torrential flows 21.3. Initiation, motion and effects of debris flows 61.4. Modeling debris flows 121.5. Bibliography 30Chapter 2. Snow Avalanches 39Christophe ANCEY2.1. Introduction 392.2. Modeling avalanches 452.3. Bibliography 65Chapter 3. Instability of Soil Masses 73Laurent VULLIET3.1. Introduction 733.2. Slowly moving slopes 753.3. Limit state analysis 783.4. Case of non-saturated masses 843.5. Conclusion and prospects 903.6. Bibliography 91Chapter 4. Instability of Rock Masses 93François DESCOEUDRES4.1. Introduction 934.2. Cliff stability and toppling 944.3. Contact-impact 994.4. Flight trajectory 1014.5. Sliding and rolling 1034.6. Impact on an embankment (safety embankment) 1074.7. Capacity of the protective structures 1114.8. Conclusion 1144.9. Bibliography 114Chapter 5. Subsidence Phenomena 117Bernhard SCHREFLER and Luciano SIMONI5.1. Subsidence caused by water withdrawal 1175.2. Artificially-induced land uplift 1415.3. Conclusions 1465.4. Bibliography 147Chapter 6. Soil Collapse due to Water Infiltration 149Yu-Jun CUI and Pierre DELAGE6.1. Introduction 1496.2. The loess in Northern France 1516.3. Conclusion 1656.4. Bibliography 167Chapter 7. Subsidence Induced by Fossil Fuel Extraction 171Christian SCHROEDER, Yu-Jun CUI and Bernhard SCHREFLER7.1. Introduction 1717.2. Subsidence due to coal extraction 1727.3. Recap of the basic Barcelona mode1 1767.4. Subsidence due to oil exploitation 1797.5. Subsidence due to the exploitation of gas reservoirs 1857.6. Acknowledgements 1977.7. Bibliography 197Chapter 8. Deterioration of Stone in Monuments 201Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN8.1. Introduction 2018.2. Intrinsic degradation factors 2028.3. Extrinsic degradation factors 2148.4. Acknowledgements 2408.5. Bibliography 240Chapter 9. The Physics of Water Transfer in Stone 247Jean-Paul LAURENT9.1. General concepts and terminology 2479.2. Water in stones: capillarity 2509.3. Modeling water transfer in stone 2639.4. Bibliography 271Chapter 10. Experimental Techniques for Characterizing Alterations 275Claude BRUNJAIL, Guy BASTIAN, Grégoire CHÉNÉ and Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN. Updated by Philippe BROMBLET10.1. Laboratory and in situ testing 27510.2. Hydric and thermal transfers: specific techniques 29610.3. Bibliography 303Chapter 11. Case Studies 313Jean GODIN, Claude BRUNJAIL, Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN and Ann BOURGÈS11.1. Notre-Dame-la-Grande Church in Poitiers, in situ study 31311.2. Research on earthen plaster stabilized with bitumen and polychrome decoration: Navrongocathedral, North Ghana 32111.3. Bibliography 330Chapter 12. The Nature and Survey of Soil Pollution 333Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Pierre DELAGE and Michel WOJNAROWICZ12.1. Introduction 33312.2. The nature of soil pollution 33412.3. The survey of contaminated sites 33912.4. Conclusions 35612.5. Bibliography 357Chapter 13. Retention and Transfer of Soluble Chemical Pollutants: Mechanisms and NumericalModeling 361Robert CHARLIER and Jean-Pol RADU13.1. Introduction 36113.2. Ideal pollutant transport in an ideal continuous medium 36213.3. Pollutant retention phenomena 36613.4. Balance equations 36913.5. Numerical modeling of transport by advection 37113.6. Finite elements modeling of the problem with advection and diffusion 37213.7. Examples and applications 38013.8. Conclusions 38813.9. Acknowledgments 38813.10. Bibliography 38913.11. Notations table 390Chapter 14. Retention and Transfer of Pollution by Hydrocarbons: Mechanisms and Numerical Modeling 393Bernhard SCHREFLER and Pierre DELAGE14.1. Introduction 39314.2. Mechanisms 39314.3. Numerical modeling 39814.4. Conclusion 41514.5. Bibliography 416Chapter 15. Methods of Soil Environmental Remediation 419Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Michel WOJNAROWICZ and Mario MANASSERO15.1. Introduction 41915.2. Pollution control techniques 42015.3. Active containment in situ 42315.4. Passive treatment in situ 42515.5. Active treatment in situ 42915.6. Conclusions 45315.7. Bibliography 454Chapter 16. Liners for Waste Containment Facilities 459Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Michel WOJNAROWICZ and Mario MANASSERO16.1. Introduction 45916.2. Types of lining systems and definition of basic components 46216.3. Mass balance of the contaminants 46416.4. Functions, performance and modeling 46516.5. Environmental impact evaluation (risk analysis) 46616.6. Bottom barriers 46916.7. Equivalence of liner systems 48116.8. Composite liners 49116.9. Conclusions 50116.10. Bibliography 502List of Authors 509Index 513

Bernard Schrefler is professor of Structural Mechanics at the University of Padua. He received his Ph.D. at the University of Wales Swansea where he obtained subsequently a Doctor of Science degree. He was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science from the St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, from the Technical University of Lodz and an Honorary Degree from the University of Wales Swansea as well as a Honorary Guest Professorship from the University of Technology of Dalian. He is author of over 350 publications, author/co-author of 5 textbooks and editor/co-editor of 18 monographs and conference proceedings and is associate editor of Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics & Engineering, regional editor of Mechanics Research Communications and serves on the editorial board of 16 International Journals. Pierre Delage is Professor of Geotechnical Engineering at Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (ENPC), Paris, France and Head of CERMES, the Centre? for Teaching and Research in Soil Mechanics of ENPC. He is also Vice-Chairman of the French Geotechnical Association (CFMS), he has been Chief-Editor from 2000 to 2004 of the Revue Française de Géotechnique. He also participates to the Editorial Boards of Géotechnique (2000-2003), of the Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM (1997-present) and of Computers and Geotechnics, Elsevier, (2000-present).His main research areas concern the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of soils with applications to unsaturated soils, polluted soils, nuclear waste confinement, soil microstructure, deep marine sediments. He is co-editor of 4 books and has published more than 150 scientific papers. He is frequently invited as panellist or Keynote lecturer in Internatonal Conferences.

"This book covers a range of topics that are of increasing importance in engineering practice: natural hazards, pollution, and environmental protection through good practice." (Quote.com, 10 February 2011)

• Introduction xiiiChapter 1. Debris Flows 1Christophe ANCEY1.1. Introduction 11.2. Typology of torrential flows 21.3. Initiation, motion and effects of debris flows 61.4. Modeling debris flows 121.5. Bibliography 30Chapter 2. Snow Avalanches 39Christophe ANCEY2.1. Introduction 392.2. Modeling avalanches 452.3. Bibliography 65Chapter 3. Instability of Soil Masses 73Laurent VULLIET3.1. Introduction 733.2. Slowly moving slopes 753.3. Limit state analysis 783.4. Case of non-saturated masses 843.5. Conclusion and prospects 903.6. Bibliography 91Chapter 4. Instability of Rock Masses 93François DESCOEUDRES4.1. Introduction 934.2. Cliff stability and toppling 944.3. Contact-impact 994.4. Flight trajectory 1014.5. Sliding and rolling 1034.6. Impact on an embankment (safety embankment) 1074.7. Capacity of the protective structures 1114.8. Conclusion 1144.9. Bibliography 114Chapter 5. Subsidence Phenomena 117Bernhard SCHREFLER and Luciano SIMONI5.1. Subsidence caused by water withdrawal 1175.2. Artificially-induced land uplift 1415.3. Conclusions 1465.4. Bibliography 147Chapter 6. Soil Collapse due to Water Infiltration 149Yu-Jun CUI and Pierre DELAGE6.1. Introduction 1496.2. The loess in Northern France 1516.3. Conclusion 1656.4. Bibliography 167Chapter 7. Subsidence Induced by Fossil Fuel Extraction 171Christian SCHROEDER, Yu-Jun CUI and Bernhard SCHREFLER7.1. Introduction 1717.2. Subsidence due to coal extraction 1727.3. Recap of the basic Barcelona mode1 1767.4. Subsidence due to oil exploitation 1797.5. Subsidence due to the exploitation of gas reservoirs 1857.6. Acknowledgements 1977.7. Bibliography 197Chapter 8. Deterioration of Stone in Monuments 201Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN8.1. Introduction 2018.2. Intrinsic degradation factors 2028.3. Extrinsic degradation factors 2148.4. Acknowledgements 2408.5. Bibliography 240Chapter 9. The Physics of Water Transfer in Stone 247Jean-Paul LAURENT9.1. General concepts and terminology 2479.2. Water in stones: capillarity 2509.3. Modeling water transfer in stone 2639.4. Bibliography 271Chapter 10. Experimental Techniques for Characterizing Alterations 275Claude BRUNJAIL, Guy BASTIAN, Grégoire CHÉNÉ and Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN. Updated by Philippe BROMBLET10.1. Laboratory and in situ testing 27510.2. Hydric and thermal transfers: specific techniques 29610.3. Bibliography 303Chapter 11. Case Studies 313Jean GODIN, Claude BRUNJAIL, Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN and Ann BOURGÈS11.1. Notre-Dame-la-Grande Church in Poitiers, in situ study 31311.2. Research on earthen plaster stabilized with bitumen and polychrome decoration: Navrongocathedral, North Ghana 32111.3. Bibliography 330Chapter 12. The Nature and Survey of Soil Pollution 333Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Pierre DELAGE and Michel WOJNAROWICZ12.1. Introduction 33312.2. The nature of soil pollution 33412.3. The survey of contaminated sites 33912.4. Conclusions 35612.5. Bibliography 357Chapter 13. Retention and Transfer of Soluble Chemical Pollutants: Mechanisms and NumericalModeling 361Robert CHARLIER and Jean-Pol RADU13.1. Introduction 36113.2. Ideal pollutant transport in an ideal continuous medium 36213.3. Pollutant retention phenomena 36613.4. Balance equations 36913.5. Numerical modeling of transport by advection 37113.6. Finite elements modeling of the problem with advection and diffusion 37213.7. Examples and applications 38013.8. Conclusions 38813.9. Acknowledgments 38813.10. Bibliography 38913.11. Notations table 390Chapter 14. Retention and Transfer of Pollution by Hydrocarbons: Mechanisms and Numerical Modeling 393Bernhard SCHREFLER and Pierre DELAGE14.1. Introduction 39314.2. Mechanisms 39314.3. Numerical modeling 39814.4. Conclusion 41514.5. Bibliography 416Chapter 15. Methods of Soil Environmental Remediation 419Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Michel WOJNAROWICZ and Mario MANASSERO15.1. Introduction 41915.2. Pollution control techniques 42015.3. Active containment in situ 42315.4. Passive treatment in situ 42515.5. Active treatment in situ 42915.6. Conclusions 45315.7. Bibliography 454Chapter 16. Liners for Waste Containment Facilities 459Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Michel WOJNAROWICZ and Mario MANASSERO16.1. Introduction 45916.2. Types of lining systems and definition of basic components 46216.3. Mass balance of the contaminants 46416.4. Functions, performance and modeling 46516.5. Environmental impact evaluation (risk analysis) 46616.6. Bottom barriers 46916.7. Equivalence of liner systems 48116.8. Composite liners 49116.9. Conclusions 50116.10. Bibliography 502List of Authors 509Index 513

Bernard Schrefler is professor of Structural Mechanics at the University of Padua. He received his Ph.D. at the University of Wales Swansea where he obtained subsequently a Doctor of Science degree. He was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science from the St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, from the Technical University of Lodz and an Honorary Degree from the University of Wales Swansea as well as a Honorary Guest Professorship from the University of Technology of Dalian. He is author of over 350 publications, author/co-author of 5 textbooks and editor/co-editor of 18 monographs and conference proceedings and is associate editor of Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics & Engineering, regional editor of Mechanics Research Communications and serves on the editorial board of 16 International Journals. Pierre Delage is Professor of Geotechnical Engineering at Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (ENPC), Paris, France and Head of CERMES, the Centre? for Teaching and Research in Soil Mechanics of ENPC. He is also Vice-Chairman of the French Geotechnical Association (CFMS), he has been Chief-Editor from 2000 to 2004 of the Revue Française de Géotechnique. He also participates to the Editorial Boards of Géotechnique (2000-2003), of the Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM (1997-present) and of Computers and Geotechnics, Elsevier, (2000-present).His main research areas concern the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of soils with applications to unsaturated soils, polluted soils, nuclear waste confinement, soil microstructure, deep marine sediments. He is co-editor of 4 books and has published more than 150 scientific papers. He is frequently invited as panellist or Keynote lecturer in Internatonal Conferences.

"This book covers a range of topics that are of increasing importance in engineering practice: natural hazards, pollution, and environmental protection through good practice." (Quote.com, 10 February 2011)

• Introduction xiiiChapter 1. Debris Flows 1Christophe ANCEY1.1. Introduction 11.2. Typology of torrential flows 21.3. Initiation, motion and effects of debris flows 61.4. Modeling debris flows 121.5. Bibliography 30Chapter 2. Snow Avalanches 39Christophe ANCEY2.1. Introduction 392.2. Modeling avalanches 452.3. Bibliography 65Chapter 3. Instability of Soil Masses 73Laurent VULLIET3.1. Introduction 733.2. Slowly moving slopes 753.3. Limit state analysis 783.4. Case of non-saturated masses 843.5. Conclusion and prospects 903.6. Bibliography 91Chapter 4. Instability of Rock Masses 93François DESCOEUDRES4.1. Introduction 934.2. Cliff stability and toppling 944.3. Contact-impact 994.4. Flight trajectory 1014.5. Sliding and rolling 1034.6. Impact on an embankment (safety embankment) 1074.7. Capacity of the protective structures 1114.8. Conclusion 1144.9. Bibliography 114Chapter 5. Subsidence Phenomena 117Bernhard SCHREFLER and Luciano SIMONI5.1. Subsidence caused by water withdrawal 1175.2. Artificially-induced land uplift 1415.3. Conclusions 1465.4. Bibliography 147Chapter 6. Soil Collapse due to Water Infiltration 149Yu-Jun CUI and Pierre DELAGE6.1. Introduction 1496.2. The loess in Northern France 1516.3. Conclusion 1656.4. Bibliography 167Chapter 7. Subsidence Induced by Fossil Fuel Extraction 171Christian SCHROEDER, Yu-Jun CUI and Bernhard SCHREFLER7.1. Introduction 1717.2. Subsidence due to coal extraction 1727.3. Recap of the basic Barcelona mode1 1767.4. Subsidence due to oil exploitation 1797.5. Subsidence due to the exploitation of gas reservoirs 1857.6. Acknowledgements 1977.7. Bibliography 197Chapter 8. Deterioration of Stone in Monuments 201Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN8.1. Introduction 2018.2. Intrinsic degradation factors 2028.3. Extrinsic degradation factors 2148.4. Acknowledgements 2408.5. Bibliography 240Chapter 9. The Physics of Water Transfer in Stone 247Jean-Paul LAURENT9.1. General concepts and terminology 2479.2. Water in stones: capillarity 2509.3. Modeling water transfer in stone 2639.4. Bibliography 271Chapter 10. Experimental Techniques for Characterizing Alterations 275Claude BRUNJAIL, Guy BASTIAN, Grégoire CHÉNÉ and Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN. Updated by Philippe BROMBLET10.1. Laboratory and in situ testing 27510.2. Hydric and thermal transfers: specific techniques 29610.3. Bibliography 303Chapter 11. Case Studies 313Jean GODIN, Claude BRUNJAIL, Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN and Ann BOURGÈS11.1. Notre-Dame-la-Grande Church in Poitiers, in situ study 31311.2. Research on earthen plaster stabilized with bitumen and polychrome decoration: Navrongocathedral, North Ghana 32111.3. Bibliography 330Chapter 12. The Nature and Survey of Soil Pollution 333Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Pierre DELAGE and Michel WOJNAROWICZ12.1. Introduction 33312.2. The nature of soil pollution 33412.3. The survey of contaminated sites 33912.4. Conclusions 35612.5. Bibliography 357Chapter 13. Retention and Transfer of Soluble Chemical Pollutants: Mechanisms and NumericalModeling 361Robert CHARLIER and Jean-Pol RADU13.1. Introduction 36113.2. Ideal pollutant transport in an ideal continuous medium 36213.3. Pollutant retention phenomena 36613.4. Balance equations 36913.5. Numerical modeling of transport by advection 37113.6. Finite elements modeling of the problem with advection and diffusion 37213.7. Examples and applications 38013.8. Conclusions 38813.9. Acknowledgments 38813.10. Bibliography 38913.11. Notations table 390Chapter 14. Retention and Transfer of Pollution by Hydrocarbons: Mechanisms and Numerical Modeling 393Bernhard SCHREFLER and Pierre DELAGE14.1. Introduction 39314.2. Mechanisms 39314.3. Numerical modeling 39814.4. Conclusion 41514.5. Bibliography 416Chapter 15. Methods of Soil Environmental Remediation 419Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Michel WOJNAROWICZ and Mario MANASSERO15.1. Introduction 41915.2. Pollution control techniques 42015.3. Active containment in situ 42315.4. Passive treatment in situ 42515.5. Active treatment in situ 42915.6. Conclusions 45315.7. Bibliography 454Chapter 16. Liners for Waste Containment Facilities 459Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Michel WOJNAROWICZ and Mario MANASSERO16.1. Introduction 45916.2. Types of lining systems and definition of basic components 46216.3. Mass balance of the contaminants 46416.4. Functions, performance and modeling 46516.5. Environmental impact evaluation (risk analysis) 46616.6. Bottom barriers 46916.7. Equivalence of liner systems 48116.8. Composite liners 49116.9. Conclusions 50116.10. Bibliography 502List of Authors 509Index 513